WILLIAM KYLER, #412628 v. WARDEN RICHARD E MILLER and THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND
Civil Action No. PWG-15-1078
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND
August 6, 2018
Paul W. Grimm, United States District Judge
William Kyler, a self-represented Maryland prisoner, seeks habeas corpus relief pursuant
BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Kyler‘s convictions stemmed from a 2010 undercover operation conducted by the Calvert County Sheriff‘s Department. Kyler v. State, 96 A.3d 881, 884 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2014). As recounted by the Maryland Court of Special Appeals,2 police officers testified that they observed Kyler conducting hand-to-hand drug transactions with confidential informants and others. Id. Officers testified that, as part of the operation, they also observed behavior that they deemed indicative of drug transactions at businesses owned by or connected to Kyler. Id. For example, Detective B. testified that, at a barbershop at which Kyler was observed to be present on more than 20 occasions between July and September 2010,
Detective B. observed individuals pull in front of the barbershop, exit their vehicles, and go into the barbershop for such a short period of time that it was “impossible for them to get a haircut.” . . . Although the barbershop offered only men‘s haircuts, women were seen entering the shop alone and leaving several minutes later. Detective B. recognized several of the individuals he observed entering and quickly leaving the shop from prior CDS [or “controlled dangerous substance“] cases. Based on the visitor traffic at the shop, including the cars pulling in front of the shop and the drivers entering only briefly, Detective B. believed that the activity he witnessed was consistent with illegal drug activity. . . . Appellant often visited the shop following days when there was a lull in activity. After his visit, however, traffic would pick up again. Appellant typically was inside the shop for approximately 30 minutes, although he stayed for one to two hours during several visits. Sometimes, he would enter and leave the shop carrying a gym bag or a suitcase.
Detective B. also observed activity that was consistent with illegal drug transactions at the wireless telephone store owned by appellant. After customers entered the wireless shop, they left without a bag, cell phone, or any other merchandise one would expect to be sold at a wireless store. The shop itself did
not contain any cell phone or cell phone related merchandise; the only merchandise in the shop was clothing.
Id. at 884–85. Another officer conducted surveillance of an office building where Kyler‘s photography business was located. That officer testified that “[t]he exterior of the shop consisted of a door with the numbers 2–2–0 on the outside; there was no indication that the business was a photo shop” and the officer “never observed appellant enter or leave the shop with photography equipment.” Id. at 885.
After conducting surveillance for roughly four months, the officers obtained search warrants for Kyler‘s residence, his рhotography shop and wireless telephone store, and the barbershop where Kyler was frequently present. Id. The search of the photography shop yielded
a large quantity of suspected cocaine and suspected crack cocaine,3 “several items used in the process to convert cocaine into crack cocaine,” a digital scale, and $14,000. Corporal P. also found materials in the premises used to package cocaine and crack cocaine, as well as a candle, a hotplate, a mixer, and pyrex measuring glasses with a charred white residue. The police also found a lease agreement for the space in which the barbershop and wireless store were located.
Appellant was present during the search of the photo shop. His person was searched, and the police recovered money, more than 10 grams of suspected crack cocaine, and “independence cards” issued to individuals other than appellant. Corporal P. testified that these cards often are used by people to pay for drugs.
Id. at 885 (footnote omitted). Additionally, a fingerprint was recovered from a measuring cup found at the photography shop; a fingerprint specialist with the Sheriff‘s Office testified that the fingerprint belonged to Kyler. Id. Although no drugs were uncovered at the other three locations that were searched, “[n]o items indicative of a functioning business, such as a cash register or a receipt book, were found” at the wireless store or barbershop. Id. At Kyler‘s residence, police found a money counter and 37 cell phones. Id.
contained a dresser, which contained a black “laptop style carrying case” with $91,000 in cash and a piece of paper with numbers written on it. Detective G., who had conducted surveillance of appellant at the barbershop, identified the black laptop bag as the same bag that she had seen appellant carry into and out of the barbershop on at least one occasion.
Kyler proceeded to a jury trial in the Circuit Court for Calvert County Maryland. “At the start of appellant‘s trial, the State expressed its concern regarding undercover officers who remain assigned in an undercover capacity being required to testify in the open courtroom with their faces displayed to individuals who may be here watching the trial.” Id. at 888 (internal quotation marks omitted). The State suggested shielding the officers from public view by allowing them to enter the courtroom wearing masks or to testify behind a screen. Id. Kyler‘s counsel expressed the view that the State‘s requested measures “would have a chilling effect in terms of giving appellant a fair trial,” and sought to ensure that the officers could be accommodated “in such a way that‘s not obvious to the jury.” Id. at 889 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).
The court stated that there were two options it could use to protect the identity of the officers: “Keep the witness in the witness stand but clear the courtroom or have the witness testify over closest to the jury.” . . . [A]ppellant‘s counsel stated: “I would ask the court to clear the courtroom if that‘s the choice.” He then went on to elaborate on his election:
. . . [G]iven those two choices from the defense‘s point of view, it‘s probably best to have all witnesses testify. It doesn‘t suggest that one witness maybe has greater importаnce than another. It might be a chilling effect. I don‘t think these jurors—I think they‘re highly intelligent, and I think that they will perhaps view those precautions in a way that‘s suggestive that my client poses somehow a danger. They might misunderstand or misconstrue the purpose, and I think for those reasons . . . it‘s best to have the witness testify here and we‘ll clear the courtroom.
The court then suggested, as a way to accommodate the parties’ concerns regarding officer safety and appellant‘s right to a public trial, that the courtroom could be closed, but individuals who wanted to listen to the testimony could do so by listening to recorded trial proceedings in another room. It believed that would resolve defense counsel‘s concern regarding “perhaps highlighting those witnesses to the jury panel” by having them testify behind a screen. The court stated that interested individuals could “listen in to the trial and then they can come back and observe. So I think we‘ve solved both problems.” Appellant‘s counsel voiced no objection to that arrangement.
After speaking to the court administrator regarding setting up a listening room, the court then made the following findings, noting again its view that the proposed arrangement “solves all concerns“:
The court certainly mаkes an affirmative finding that we do live in a small community. Four or five of these witnesses are still working in an undercover capacity. It is a small community. For officer safety I think we need to make some accommodation for their safety as well as make an accommodation for a public trial for the defendant.
So the witnesses—the observers will be able to listen to the testimony but not see the witnesses. And I do think defense counsel‘s comments of highlighting the witnesses either if they came in masked and sat behind a screen might highlight their testimony. So I think our jury .... will not realize that there‘s no one in the courtroom because there will be a rule on witnesses. So if anyone is going to be a witness, they wouldn‘t be allowed in the courtroom anyway. And then all of the witnesses will testify in the courtroom in the same spot.
Appellant‘s counsel again voiced no objection.
The courtroom was closed during the testimony of the five undercover officers, and during that timе, members of the public were allowed to listen to the testimony in another courtroom. The courtroom otherwise was open during trial for public viewing
Id. at 889–90 (brackets in original omitted).
Sergeant McDonough explained the significance of the evidence found. Five packages recovered from the photo shop appeared to contain cocaine in its powder form, and one package contained cocaine that had “been converted back into its base form, which is known as crack.” The packing of the cocaine and crack indicated that they would each be sold for $150 to $200. Other packages of cocaine found at the photo shop, which were packagеd in much larger, quarter kilo amounts, indicated that the dealer had staff to whom he would give the quarter kilos to sell.
Other items found in the photo shop were related to drug dealing. The hotplate and baking soda found in the suitcase in the office could be used to convert powder cocaine into crack cocaine. Acetone, a component of the nail polish remover, is used to wash cocaine, i.e., to dissolve the materials used in diluting the cocaine during the process of converting the cocaine to crack. Inositol is used to dilute cocaine to increase profits to dealers.
The independence cards in other people‘s names, found on appellant‘s person, were also indicative of drug dealing activity. Sergeant McDonough explained that it is “fairly common” for people who do not have cash to purchase drugs with the funds on their independence cards by giving their cards to the dealer.
Sergeant McDonough stated that the large amount of money recovered from the laptop bag in the storage unit, $91,000, as well as the “substantial amount of cocaine,” indicated that appellant had sold a portion of an even larger amount of cocaine and was in the process of selling the remaining portion. He opined that the piece of paper that was found with the money appeared to be a ledger, where appellant kept track of money going in and out. . . .
Evidence that appellant had spent over $18,000 on rental cars over the course of 18 months was also significant to Sergeant McDonough. He explained that drug traffickers often drive different vehicles to avoid police surveillance and avoid having their personal vehicle forfeited in the event that they get caught. Drug traffickers also tend to avoid keeping any funds in a bank as an additional measure to avoid police detection. Based on the testimony and evidence presented against appellant, Sergeant McDonough opined that appellant was a mid-to-high level drug dealer.
Kyler, 96 A.3d at 886–87; see Trial Tr. Vol. III, at 102–55.
On September 28, 2012, the jury convicted Kyler of two counts of being a drug kingpin, one count of possession with intent to distribute (“PWID“) cocaine, one count of PWID cocaine
Kyler filed a timely appeal to the Maryland Court of Special Appeals. Kyler‘s appellate brief raised the following issues:
- Whether the trial court abused its discretion and violated Mr. Kyler‘s Sixth Amendment right to a public trial when it closed the courtroom based solely on an unsupported general proffer from the State.
- Whether the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Kyler was guilty of being a drug kingpin.
- Whether the trial court erred in sentencing Mr. Kyler both for being a volume dealer and for possession with intent to distribute.
Appellant Br. Md. Ct. Spec. App. 8, ECF No. 4-8. The appellate court rejected the Sixth Amendment argument, explaining that Kyler failed to timely оbject to the procedure that the trial court employed during the testimony of the undercover officers and thus had not preserved the argument. Kyler, 96 A.3d at 890–91. The appellate court also rejected Kyler‘s challenge regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, relying on the circumstantial evidence of Kyler‘s relationship with other defendants and McDonough‘s expert testimony about the significance of the quantity of drugs and cash connected to Kyler. Id. at 894–95. As to Kyler‘s sentencing claim, the Court of Special Appeals concluded that the volume dealer and PWID convictions were distinct offenses and thus did not merge under the required evidence test. Id. at 898–99.
Kyler filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Maryland Court of Appeals. Kyler‘s petition reiterated his Sixth Amendment and sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims that were rejected by the Court of Special Appeals. Pet.‘s Writ of Cert. & Or. 2–12.5 The petition also raised a variation of the sentence merger claim, acknowledging that he had succeeded on his argument before the Court of Special Appeals but asserted before the Court of Appeals that his sentences for volume dealing and being a drug kingpin should also be merged. Id. at 14–15. The Maryland Court of Appeals denied Kyler‘s petition on December 22, 2014. Id. at 20. Kyler did not seek review before the United States Supreme Court, nor did he pursue state postconviction relief. Pet. 4. On April 7, 2015,6 Kyler timely petitioned this Court for habeas relief under
CLAIMS
In his § 2254 petition, Kyler presents the following arguments for habeas relief:
A. Ground One[:] Violation of Sixth Amendment right to public trial.
B. Ground Two: Insufficient evidence
Supporting Facts: The Maryland Courts erred in holding that there was sufficient evidence at trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that petitioner was guilty of being a drug kingpin.
C. Ground Three: Illegal sentence
Supporting Facts: The Maryland Courts erred in only vacating petitioner‘s sentence for being a volume dealer and for possession with intent to distribute under the Rule of Lenity.
Pet. 6–7.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
An application for writ of habeas corpus may be grantеd only for violations of the Constitution or laws of the United States.
I. Threshold Considerations
A. Exhaustion
As a matter of comity, a federal habeas petitioner challenging state proceedings generally must exhaust claims in state court; failure to exhaust a claim requires dismissal by the federal court. See
In Maryland, a “complete round” of the state appellate review process may be accomplished either on direct appeal or in post-conviction proceedings. To exhaust a claim on direct appeal in non-capital cases, it must be raised in an appeal, if one is permitted, to the Maryland Court of Special Appeals and then to the Maryland Court of Appeals by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. See
B. Procedural Default
If a state prisoner fails to exhaust his claims in the state court but no procedure for exhaustion remains available at the time the prisonеr files his § 2254 petition, the claim is treated as exhausted but deemed procedurally defaulted. Gray, 518 U.S. at 161; see also Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 489–91 (1986) (failing to raise claim on direct appeal); Murch v. Mottram, 409 U. S. 41, 46–47 (1972) (failing to raise claim during state post-conviction proceedings constituted default). Procedural default also results where a § 2254 petition seeks to raise a claim that the state court rejected “on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment. This rule applies whether the state law ground is substantive or procedural.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729 (1991) (internal citations omitted); see also Breard v. Pruett, 134 F.3d 615, 619 (4th Cir. 1998) (“If a state court clearly and expressly bases its dismissal of a habeas petitioner‘s claim on a state procedural rule, and
When a claim is procedurally defaulted, a federal court may not address the merits of a state prisoner‘s habeas claim unless the petitioner can show (1) both cause for the default and prejudice resulting from the alleged violation of federal law; or (2) that failure to consider the claim on the merits would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice, i.e., the conviction of one who is actually innocent. See Murray, 477 U.S at 495–96 (1986); Breard, 134 F.3d at 620. “Cause” consists of “some factor external to the defense [that] impeded counsel‘s efforts to raise the claim in state court at the appropriate time.” Breard, 134 F.3d at 620 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Murray, 477 U.S. at 488 (“[T]he question of cause for a procedural default does not turn on whether counsel erred or on the kind of error counsel may have made. So long as a defendant is represented by counsel whose performance is not constitutionally ineffective under the standard established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), there is no inequity in requiring him to bear the risk of attorney error that results in a procedural default.“). In order to demonstrate prejudice, a habeas petitioner must show “not merely that the errors at his trial created a possibility of prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire trial with error of constitutional dimensions.” United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170 (1982) (emphasis in original).
Even when a petitioner fails to show cause and prejudice for a procedural default, a court must still consider whether it should reach the merits of a petitioner‘s claims in order to prevent a
the habeas petitioner [must] show that a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent. To establish the requisite probability, the petitioner must show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence. The petitioner thus is required to make a stronger showing than that needed to establish prejudice.
Id. at 327 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
II. Substantive Framework
If a § 2254 petition satisfies the procedural requirements, it is evaluated on the merits. The federal habeas statute at
A federal court may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless the state‘s adjudication on the merits:
- resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
- resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of thе evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
A state adjudication is contrary to clearly established federal law under
Under
Further, although a federal court conducting habeas review under
ANALYSIS
I. Sixth Amendment Claim
Kyler asserts that the trial court abused its discretion and violated his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial by closing the courtroom to the public. Pet. 6–7. Kyler exhausted this claim by raising the issue with the Maryland Court of Special Appeals and in his petition to the Maryland Court of Appeals seeking a writ of certiorari. Kyler Br. Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1; Pet. Writ of Cert. & Or.1. However, this claim is procedurally defaulted because the Maryland Court of Special Appeals rejected the claim based on adequate and independent state law. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 729. As the Court of Special Appeals explained,
Pursuant to
Maryland Rule 8–131(a) , an appellate court ordinarily “will not decide any ... issue unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court.” . . .In Robinson v. State, 410 Md. 91, 110, 976 A.2d 1072 (2009), the Court of Appeals held, “[c]onsistent with the vast majority of the courts that have spoken on the subject,” that “a claimed violation of the right to a public trial must be preserved for appellate review by a timely objection at trial.” The Court stated that, although an appellate court has discretion to review an unpreserved claim of error, it should do so “‘only when it is clear that it will not work an unfair prejudice to the parties or to the court.‘” Id. at 104, 976 A.2d 1072 (quoting Jones v. State, 379 Md. 704, 714, 843 A.2d 778 (2004)). . . .
Here, although defense counsel expressed concern with the State‘s suggestion of erecting a screen to protect the identities of undercover police officers, stating that it might have “a chilling effect,” defense counsel voiced no objection to the procedures employed by the court. Indeed, when the court suggested clearing the courtroom and setting up an alternate listening site for members of the public during the testimony of the officers, defense counsel stated that he “wouldn‘t have a problem with that” if it was “done in such a way that‘s not obvious to the jury.”
The State, not appellant, then addressed whether such an arrangement would implicate appellant‘s right to a public trial. After considering the State‘s concerns, as well as appеllant‘s concerns about highlighting the testimony of the undercover officers, the court proposed a solution that would protect officer safety and address defense counsel‘s concern. Again, appellant voiced no objection to the court‘s proposal.
Under these circumstances, it is clear that appellant‘s argument on appeal, that the alternative procedure employed by the court violated his constitutional right to a public trial, was not presented to the circuit court. We hold, as the Court of Appeals did in Robinson, 410 Md. at 105, 976 A.2d 1072, that it “would be unfair to the court and prejudicial to the State to review [appellant‘s] unpreserved claim of error.”
Kyler, 96 A.3d at 890–91. Thus, because the state court‘s rejection of this claim was based on an adequate and independent state procedural rule, Kyler‘s Sixth Amendment claim is proсedurally defaulted. See id.; Coleman, 501 U.S. at 729; Breard, 134 F.3d at 619. Further, although Kyler‘s Reply disputes whether the Maryland Court of Special Appeals correctly read
Kyler has failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice to overcome this procedural default. To demonstrate cause, Kyler must point to some “factor external to the defense [that] impeded counsel‘s efforts to raise the claim in state court at the appropriate time.” Breard, 134 F.3d at
II. Insufficient Evidence Claim
Next, Kyler contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions for being a drug kingpin. Pet. 7. Respondents do not dispute that the claim is both exhausted and
The standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence claim for a petition for writ of habeas corpus is whether, after viewing evidence in a “light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could havе found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This Court “must consider circumstantial as well as direct evidence, and allow the government the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the facts proven to the facts sought to be established.” United States v. Tresvant, 677 F.2d 1018, 1021 (4th Cir. 1982) (citing Holloway v. McElroy, 632 F.2d 605, 641 (5th Cir. 1980)). “The credibility of witnesses is a matter solely within the province of the jury, and is not reviewable by this Court.” Pigford v. United States, 518 F.2d 831, 836 (4th Cir. 1975); United States v. Saunders, 886 F.2d 56, 60 (4th Cir. 1989).
The elements of the drug kingpin offense are: (1) the existence of a “conspiracy to manufacture, distribute, dispense, transport in, or bring into the State a controlled substance“; (2) that the conspiracy involves a statutorily specified amount of a controlled substance (in this case, 448 grams or more of cocaine or 50 grams or more of cocaine base); and (3) that the defendant was an “organizer, supervisor, financer, or manager” of the conspiracy. See
The Court of Special Appeals explained that, in order to be an organizer, supervisor, financer, or manager, “there must be evidence that the accused acted as a leader of a drug trafficking network and he or she exercised a measure of control over the drug conspiracy.” Kyler, 96 A.3d at 894 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Being a “mere player” or “important cog” in the trafficking conspiracy is insufficient. Id. (citing Allen v. State, 597 A.2d 489, 503 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1991); Williams v. State, 616 A.2d 1275, 1284 (Md. 1992)).
Although it acknowledged that “there was no direct testimony in this case that appellant exerted control over Mr. Brooks, Mr. Savoy, or Mr. Brown,” the Court of Special Appeals nonetheless concluded that sufficient circumstantial evidence was presented at trial to establish that Kyler “acted as a drug kingpin, i.e., leader of the drug operation.” Id. at 219–20. Specifically, the Court of Special Appeals noted that:
Sergeant McDonough, an expert in drug distribution organizations, testified that appellant was a mid-to-high level drug dealer. He based his opinion on the large quantities of drugs, as well as materials used to package cocaine and crack cocaine for sale, and materials used to convert cocaine to cocaine base, or crack, found in appellant‘s photo shop. Moreover, the packages of cocaine found in the photo shop included: (1) packages that were packed to be sold for $150 to $200; and (2) larger, quarter kilo amounts, indicating a dealer who had staff to give the quarter kilos to sell. . . .
The evidence also showed that appellant‘s drug operation included Mr. Brooks and Mr. Savoy, and that appellant was the leader of the operation. There was evidence that appellant visited the barbershop that Mr. Savoy co-leased with appellant, and Mr. Brooks frequented, approximately 20 times in the three month surveillance period. Appellant was seen entering and leaving the shop with a bag, and after he left, the CDS activity would increase. Mr. Savoy and Mr. Brooks sold drugs to an undercover agent. A copy of the search warrant for appellant‘s house was found during a search of Mr. Brooks’ house.
In addition, almost $100,000 in cash was found inside a bag in appellant‘s storage unit, which was leased in his name. That bag, which matched the description of the bag that appellant was seen carrying when entering and exiting the barbershop, also contained what an expert determined was a ledger to track funds coming in and out. During the execution of the warrant for appellant‘s home, detectives found a money counter. Thus, in addition to being in possession of large quantities of CDS, and quantities of cocaine indicating a dealer who had staff to give large quantities of cocaine to sell, the evidence supported a finding that appellant was the person responsible for retaining large quantities of cash, as well as the means to count and track that cash. This evidence supports the jury‘s finding that appellant was a leader of a large drug operation, and that he managed the operation.
Id. at 220–21 (footnotes omitted).
Under
III. Illegal Sentence Claim
Finally, in his claim labeled “Illegal sentence,” Kyler asserts that “[t]he Maryland Courts erred in only vacating petitioner‘s sentence for being a volume dealer and for possession with intent to distribute under the Rule of Lenity.” Pet. 7. It is unclear from this statement what error
Kyler‘s Reply elaborаtes on his “illegal sentence” claim, making it clear that he contends that the state courts committed error in failing to merge his PWID/volume dealer and drug kingpin convictions. Pet.‘s Reply 19–20. “The ordinary rule in federal courts is that an argument raised for the first time in a reply brief or memorandum will not be considered. However, the power to decline consideration of such arguments is discretionary, and courts are not precluded from considering such issues in appropriate circumstances.” Clawson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 451 F. Supp. 2d 731, 734 (D. Md. 2006) (internal citations omitted). “[A]ppropriate circumstances” include instances where the opposing party‘s response addressed the counter-argument to the belatedly-raised claim in its Response or in a Surreply. See id. (citing cases). No such circumstances exist here.
In any event, even if properly raised, this claim would fail on the merits.11 Kyler does not articulate how the failure to merge his PWID/volume dealer and drug kingpin сonvictions or sentences amounts to a constitutional error, and his argument focuses primarily on the Rule of
Where . . . a legislature specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those two statutes proscribe the “same” conduct . . . a court‘s task of statutory construction is at an end and the prosecutor may seek and the trial court or jury may impose cumulative punishment under such statutes in a single trial.
Id. at 368–69. Such legislative intent is present in Kyler‘s case, as the drug kingpin statute states: “Notwithstanding any other provision of th[e] title [for Controlled Dangerous Substances, Prescriptions, and Other Substances], a conviction under this section does not merge with the conviction for any crime that is the object of the conspiracy.”
CONCLUSION
The Petition for habeas corpus relief will be denied and dismissed. When a district court dismisses a habeas petition, a certificate of appealability may issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.”
A separate order follows.
August 6, 2018 /S/
Paul W. Grimm
United States District Judge
jml