Johnson v. State
305 Ga. 475
Ga.
2019
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S18A1562. JOHNSON v. THE STATE.

S18A1562

Supreme Court of Georgia

March 11, 2019

305 Ga. 475

BENHAM, Justice.

FINAL COPY. Murder. Chatham Superior Court. Before Judge Karpf. Robert L. Persse, for appellant. Meg E. Heap, District Attorney, Emily C. Puhala, Assistant District Attorney; Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Meghan H. Hill, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.

BENHAM, Justice.

Appellant Akeem Johnson appeals his convictions stemming from the shooting death of Jamon Middleton and the aggravated assault of Emory Graham.1 On appeal, appellant alleges his trial counsel rendered constitutiоnally ineffective assistance. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

In a light most favorable to upholding the jury‘s verdicts of guilty, the evidence shows as follows. On the night of October 7, 2011, and into the early morning hours of October 8, appellant, Middleton, and Graham were at a local nightclub. When the nightclub closed, Graham and Middleton, who were riding in a greenish-grey sedan, went to a nearby gas station. Appellant, who was driving a black SUV, also showed up there. Graham testified that as he was sitting in his car waiting on Middleton, who had gone into the gas station store, appеllant entered the back seat of the car. Graham testified that appellant expressed anger at Middleton over a $20 debt for “weed.” In an effort to defuse the situation, Graham paid appellant the money. Appellant exited Graham‘s car, returning to his оwn vehicle. When Middleton returned to the gas station parking lot, he and appellant exchanged some heated words. Eventually, Middleton re-entered Graham‘s car, and the two men drove away. Appellant followed Graham‘s car, pulling up alongside it at an intersection a few minutes later. Appellant shot into the passenger side of Graham‘s vehicle several times, killing Middleton.

Once appellant opened fire, Graham testified he sped away from appellant‘s vehicle and was en route to a hospital to sеek help for Middleton when the police stopped him for speeding. Graham informed the police of what had just transpired, leading police to commence an investigation. Upon being taken in for questioning, Graham identified appellant as the shooter. Meanwhile, Middleton was transported by ambulance to the hospital. The medical examiner testified Middleton died from a bullet wound to the chest. Police recovered a video recording from the gas station‘s surveillance system corroborating Graham‘s description of the activities that took place there minutes before the shooting, as well as recovered video recordings from the City of Savannah‘s street surveillance system depicting the shooting. These recordings were played for the jury.

1. Appellant does not dispute that the evidence was legally sufficient to sustain his convictions. Nevertheless, we have independently reviewed the record and conclude that ‍​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‍the evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable dоubt that appellant was guilty of the crimes for which he was convicted. See .

2. Appellant contends trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective on the grounds that counsel: had a conflict of interest, gave improper advice regarding a plea offеr from the State, and failed to object to the trial court‘s charge on possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. We now examine each allegation of ineffective assistance in turn.

(a) Appellant alleges trial counsel had a cоnflict of interest that rendered him unable to provide effective assistance.

Included within the constitutional right to counsel is the right to representation that is free from conflicts of interest. In order for appellant to prevail on his claim that his attorney was operating under a conflict of interest that violated his right to counsel, he must show an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected his attorney‘s performance.

(Citations omitted.) . An actual conflict may exist if counsel‘s duty of loyalty to his client is in conflict with his duty of loyalty to a third party. See (counsel‘s loyalties were divided between her client and her employer). See also (a conflict of interest may involve a “specific concern” that divides counsel‘s loyalties). “Whether a conflict of interest denied a defendant his right ‍​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‍to effective counsel is a mixed question of law and fact, and we review the questions of law involved de novo.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) .

At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel testified that, prior to trial, he and the prosecutor had discussed trial counsel‘s representing the prosecutor in the prosecutor‘s divorce. Trial counsel stated that he disclosed this issue to appellant before trial. Trial counsel testified appellant asked him if the potential divorce representation could be used to disqualify thе prosecutor from his case, to which trial counsel responded that, since appellant‘s criminal representation had come up first, he would forgo taking on the divorce case rather than seeking the disqualification of the prosecutor. Trial counsel testified that, upon discussing the matter, appellant stated he was fine with counsel‘s keeping the divorce case. Trial counsel testified that he was formally retained in the divorce action, and that it was filed after appellant‘s trial concluded. Trial counsel admitted the trial court was never informed of the matter before or during trial. Appellant, who also testified at the motion for new trial proceedings, denied he was aware of the issue until after his conviction.

Even assuming that a conflict existed, appellant hаs failed to present any evidence of how counsel‘s performance was adversely affected by counsel‘s agreement to represent the prosecutor in a divorce action. See (“The trial court was authorized to conclude that [appellant] failed to demonstrаte that his lawyer‘s theoretical division of loyalties ripened into an actual conflict of interest that significantly and adversely affected the adequacy of the lawyer‘s representation of him at trial.“). Having failed to carry his burden of proof, appellant‘s claim of ineffective assistance cannot be sustained.

(b) On appeal, appellant alleges trial counsel advised him that the judge would likely sentence him to the maximum sentence of 20 years to serve2 if he agreed to plead guilty to voluntary manslaughter.3 He also alleged that trial counsel advised him that thе jury would be instructed on voluntary manslaughter should he elect to go to trial; however, at trial, the trial court refused to give such an instruction. Appellant contends that but for the advice about the voluntary manslaughter instruction, he would have taken the plea.

In order to prevail on this ordinary claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must

prove both that his counsel‘s performance was professionally deficient and that, but for the unprofessional performance, ‍​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‍there is a reasonable prоbability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See . We need not review both elements of this test if the appellant fails to prove one of them. See .

. When reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we will accept the trial court‘s factual findings and determinations of credibility unless clearly erroneous, but will independently apply legal principles to the facts. See .

Assuming, without deciding, that counsel was deficient when he allegedly advised appellant that the trial cоurt would definitely charge the jury on voluntary manslaughter, appellant cannot show prejudice — i.e., whether the outcome of the plea process would have been different absent trial counsel‘s deficient advice. See . At the time the State offered the plea, appellant was facing a life sentence for murder, as well as additional years to serve for the aggravated assault of Graham and for the charges related to possession of a firearm. Even if an instruction on voluntary manslaughter had been given at trial as counsel requested, there was no guarantee and no allegation that trial counsel promised that the jury would return a verdict on a lesser included offense. Thus, by rejecting the plea offer, which guaranteed a single conviction for voluntary manslaughter and zero risk of being convicted of murder and other charges, appellant took a significant risk of being convicted of murder and other charges, whether or not the trial court instructed the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Furthermore, according to trial counsel‘s testimony, which the trial court implicitly credited, the reason appellant rejected the State‘s plea offer was because he did not want to agree to any deal that required him to serve more than ten years in prison. Therefore, appellant has failed tо show there was a reasonable probability he would have accepted the plea offer but for counsel‘s advice. . Accordingly, this claim of ineffective ‍​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‍assistance lacks merit.

(c) Finally, appellant alleges trial counsel rendered ineffeсtive assistance when he failed to object to the following instruction on possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime:

Members of the jury, the last offense in the indictment is the offense of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. I charge you that a person commits the offense of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime when the person has on his person a firearm during the commission of, or any attempt to commit a felony which is any crime involving the person of another. I further chаrge you that the crimes of murder and aggravated assault are felonies under the laws of this state.

Appellant argues this charge improperly enlarged the scope of his indictment for this crime. We disagree. Count 5 of the indictment for possession of a firearm during the сommission of a crime described the conduct at issue as follows: “[Appellant did] have on his person a firearm during the commission of a crime involving another person . . . .” In addition, appellant was indicted, in Counts 1 through 4, for the murder of Middleton and the aggravated assaults of Graham and Middleton by “shooting” at them. The charge as given was consistent with the entirety of the indicted charges for which verdicts of guilty were returned.4 See also OCGA §§ 16-5-1, 16-5-21, 16-11-106. Accordingly, trial counsel was not deficient for failing to make a meritless objection. See . Appellant‘s claims of ineffеctive assistance cannot be sustained.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

Notes

1
The crimes occurred on October 8, 2011. On November 30, 2011, a Chatham County grand jury indicted appellant on charges of malice murder (Middleton), felony murder (Middleton), two counts of aggravated assault (Middleton, Graham), possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon was bifurcated from the main trial which took place August 25-28, 2014. At the conclusion of the main trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on all counts that were not bifurcated. The State declined to move forward with the bifurcated trial. The trial court sentenced appellant to life in prison for malice murder, twenty ‍​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‍years to serve concurrently for aggravated assault (Graham), аnd five years to serve concurrently for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. The felony murder charge was vacated as a matter of law and the aggravated assault (Middleton) charge merged for sentencing purposes. Appellant mоved for a new trial on September 4, 2014, and amended the motion on September 22, 2016. On January 10, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on the motion for new trial as amended, and denied it on May 31, 2017. Appellant filed his notice of appeal on June 5, 2017. Upon receipt of the record, the case was docketed to the August 2018 term of this Court and submitted for a decision to be made on the briefs.
2
See OCGA § 16-5-2 (b).
3
The record shows the State offered appellant an open-ended plea to voluntary manslaughter with the recommendation that appеllant be sentenced to 20 years, with 14 of the years to be served in prison; however, the trial court had the discretion to sentence appellant to serve more time. At a pretrial hearing, appellant acknowledged to the trial court that he had discussеd the plea offer with counsel and stated on the record that he was rejecting it. At the motion for new trial hearing, counsel testified the reason appellant rejected the plea offer was because he was unwilling to take a deal that required serving more than ten years in prison.
4
Appellant also alleges the charge improperly expanded the scope of Count 6 of the indictment. This assertion is inapposite, however, because Count 6 of the indictment concerned possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, a crime for which appellant was not ultimately tried. See supra, n.1 herein.
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