John Terry Malone v. Potomac Highlands Airport AuthorityJohn Terry Malone v. Potomac Highlands Airport Authority
Harry A. Smith, III, Esq., McNeer, Highland, McMunn and Varner, L.C., Elkins, WV, for Petitioner.
Ramon Rozas, III, Esq., Friend & Rozas, LLC, Cumberland, Maryland, for Respondent.
Petitioner John Terry Malone (hereinafter “petitioner“) appeals the Circuit Court of Mineral County‘s July 28, 2014, order denying his “Motion for Reconsideration” of the circuit court‘s dismissal of his case pursuant to
Based upon our review of the briefs, legal authorities, appendix record, and upon consideration of arguments of counsel, this Court finds that petitioner‘s complaint fails to state a claim with sufficient clarity to satisfy even our liberal notice pleading standards. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court‘s dismissal of the subject complaint.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Petitioner is a pilot, former part-time manager of the GCRA, and former Board member of the PHAA. The GCRA is operated by PHAA, a federally-created public corporation existing for the purpose of operating the GCRA (formerly known as the Cumberland Municipal Airport) located in Mineral County, West Virginia and which services areas of West Virginia and Maryland.1 On March 28, 2013, the PHAA‘s attorney wrote to petitioner advising him that he was “barred from entering the property of the Authority, including the airport terminal and grounds” and that entering the premises without the “express written permission” from the PHAA would be considered trespassing. The letter gave no explanation for why petitioner was being barred and also requested that he return his keys to the GCRA. Petitioner retained counsel who requested the “specific reason” petitioner was barred and indicated that all keys had been returned, save one hangar key that he could not locate. The PHAA‘s attorney responded on May 8, 2013, stating only that
[t]he Board was concerned about complaints it has received from tenants regarding Mr. Malone‘s actions, as well as interactions that have occurred between PHAA personnel and Mr. Malone. The Board‘s concern, as always, is the safe, efficient and appropriate operation of the Airport and this action was taken in line with that concern.
The letter further indicated, however, that if petitioner had a “legitimate business or personal reason to be on Airport grounds, he is welcome to request prior written permission to be present on a specific date or time and the Board would certainly consider the same.”2
Petitioner filed suit alleging that the PHAA had “no legitimate basis” to bar him, that he was “entitled to have access . . . as any citizen would, and [PHAA‘s] denial of such access is wrongful[.]” Petitioner‘s complaint alleged a loss of income as a result of his inability to access the airport premises and sought injunctive relief. In response, PHAA filed an answer and counter-claim for conversion for petitioner‘s alleged failure to return all the keys. PHAA also filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to
A hearing on the preliminary injunction was held on August 5, 2013. After hearing testimony from petitioner,3 the circuit court
More importantly for purposes of this appeal, the court thereafter entertained argument on PHAA‘s motion to dismiss. PHAA argued that it had the discretion to ban persons from its premises “for any reason the Board feels is appropriate.” Petitioner countered that as a publicly funded corporation, the PHAA could not “arbitrarily” ban him, but that there was “no law that [he could] ascertain on the subject[.]” At no time during the hearing was a specific rationale for petitioner‘s banishment adduced, nor is any such information contained elsewhere in the appendix record aside from the explanation in counsel‘s May 8, 2013, letter. The circuit court found that PHAA had the discretion to bar “disruptive” persons and granted PHAA‘s motion to dismiss by order dated September 3, 2013.
Nine days later, on September 12, 2013, petitioner filed a “Motion for Reconsideration and Rehearing” purportedly pursuant to
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This matter is on appeal from the circuit court‘s denial of petitioner‘s “Motion for Reconsideration and Rehearing.” This Court has held that “[a] motion to amend or alter judgment, even though it is incorrectly denominated as a motion to ‘reconsider‘, ‘vacate‘, ‘set aside‘, or ‘reargue’ is a
[w]hen a party filing a motion for reconsideration does not indicate under which West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure it is filing the motion, the motion will be considered to be either a Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend a judgment or a Rule 60(b) motion for relief from a judgment order. If the motion is filed within ten days of the circuit court‘s entry of judgment, the motion is treated as a motion to alter or amend under Rule 59(e). If the motion is filed outside the ten-day limit, it can only be addressed under Rule 60(b).
Syl. Pt. 2, Powderidge Unit Owners Ass‘n v. Highland Properties, Ltd., 196 W.Va. 692, 474 S.E.2d 872 (1996); see also Savage v. Booth, 196 W.Va. 65, 68, 468 S.E.2d 318, 321 (1996) (“If a motion [for reconsideration] is filed within ten days of judgment, the motion is treated as a motion to alter or amend judgment under Rule 59(e). Alternatively if it is filed more than ten days after entry of judgment, we look to Rule 60(b) to provide the basis for analysis of the review.“).
We note that although petitioner captioned his motion as one for “reconsideration and rehearing,” he did reference
However, we pause in our analysis briefly to comment upon the apparently predominant practice of haphazardly and imprecisely characterizing an attempt to obtain relief from a judgment under our Rules of Civil Procedure. This Court has repeatedly emphasized that a “motion to reconsider” is a fiction which does not exist under our Rules of Procedure; nevertheless, practitioners continue to file motions captioned as such. As we observed many years ago, “[t]he reason for this may be partially our fault because we continue to treat a ‘motion to reconsider’ as either a motion to alter or amend judgment . . . or a motion for relief from judgment[.]” Richardson v. Kennedy, 197 W.Va. 326, 329-30, 475 S.E.2d 418, 421-22 (1996). We continue to recognize, in fairness, that this lack of precision in procedural practice is one which this Court has seemingly countenanced for greater than twenty years.5 However, seldom in our jurisprudence has this Court seen fit to do the work of practitioners for them with such regulari-ty, correcting a blatant legal error and going so far as to create precedent which forgives, as a matter of law, the failure to properly denominate a critical procedural motion. Irrespective of this construct that attempts to properly categorize such rogue motions, the failure to accurately identify the Rule of Procedure under which a party seeks relief unnecessarily burdens both lower and appellate courts with untangling the nature of the relief sought and, more importantly, obfuscates the proper analysis to be employed to ascertain if relief is warranted. See Mey v. Pep Boys-Manny, Moe & Jack, 228 W.Va. 48, 56-7, 717 S.E.2d 235, 243-44 (2011) (discussing proper analysis of Rule 59(e) and 60(b) motions).
We are loath to allow this practice to continue unabated, yet are mindful of the Court‘s long-standing tolerance of this practice, which was developed as a matter of lenity and an effort to render justice. We note that we are not the only court to grow weary of practitioners who are content to avail themselves of the court‘s indulgence in this regard and continue to refuse to properly identify the source of the relief requested.6 Therefore, while we decline at this juncture to expressly overrule our precedent permitting the Court to re-categorize motions to reconsider, we again reiterate to practitioners that a “motion to reconsider” is not recognized under our Rules of Civil Procedure. When motions seek relief afforded by the
That said and in view of our reticence to drastically alter our precedent, we proceed with our review of this matter as an appeal from a motion filed pursuant to
[t]he standard of review applicable to an appeal from a motion to alter or amend a judgment, made pursuant to W. Va. R. Civ. P. 59(e), is the same standard that would apply to the underlying judgment upon which the motion is based and from which the appeal to this Court is filed.
Syl. Pt. 1, Wickland v. Am. Travellers Life Ins. Co., 204 W.Va. 430, 513 S.E.2d 657 (1998). In this case, the “underlying judgment” is the circuit court‘s grant of PHAA‘s motion to dismiss. As is well-established, “[a]ppellate review of a circuit court‘s order granting a motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syllabus point 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W.Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995). Syl. Pt. 1, Longwell v. Bd. of Educ. of the Cty. of Marshall, 213 W.Va. 486, 583 S.E.2d 109 (2003). With this standard of review in mind, we proceed to the substance of petitioner‘s appeal.
III. DISCUSSION
Petitioner asserts that the circuit court erred in concluding that he failed to state a viable cause of action sufficient to survive a motion pursuant to
However, despite this liberal standard, the Court has made equally clear that complaints must minimally place a defendant on notice of the claim against it.
Critically, even liberal notice pleading requirements “do[] not justify a carelessly drafted or baseless pleading.” Sticklen v. Kittle, 168 W.Va. 147, 164, 287 S.E.2d 148, 157-58 (1981). The Court has noted that “the plaintiff‘s attorney must know every essential element of his cause of action and must state it in the complaint.” Id. (quoting Lugar and Silverstein, West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure at 75 (1960)). The Court has further agreed that
more detail often is required than the bald statement by plaintiff that he has a valid claim of some type against defendant. Moreover, if the allegations in the complaint, taken as true, do not effectively state a claim, the added assertion by plain-tiff
that they do state a claim will not save the complaint.
Id. at n. 12 (emphasis added); see also Roth v. DeFeliceCare, Inc., 226 W.Va. 214, 226, 700 S.E.2d 183, 195 (2010) (Benjamin, J., dissenting) (“[T]he consideration before us [on appeal of an order granting dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)] . . . is whether all of these allegations adequately give notice of a claim for which our legal system may grant relief.“).
This case presents precisely the type of deficient complaint described in Sticklen. Although typically this Court is confronted with
All of petitioner‘s arguments and written filings merely insist that the PHAA cannot ban him from the premises, but fail to identify any legal authority which prohibits it from9 doing so and why such prohibition is applicable to and actionable by him. Importantly, despite multiple opportunities, petitioner has asserted no civil rights violation, constitutional deprivation, discriminatory act, or identified an unlawful rule or regulation which prohibits PHAA‘s actions and pursuant to which he is entitled to relief. In absence of an identification of the legal authority underlying his claim for relief and thereby the nature of his claim, PHAA cannot defend itself.
We are careful to note, however, that our conclusion regarding the sufficiency of petitioner‘s complaint must not be interpreted as concluding that the facts underlying his complaint are in no way actionable or cannot form the basis of a valid legal claim. Rather, our decision is based upon the well-understood premise that it is not the role of this Court to ferret through facts and conjure a cause of action which may provide petitioner with relief. As this Court recently held:
The Court takes the pleadings and record as it finds them and the adversarial process makes it incumbent on the parties to plead the causes of action and present the requisite evidence necessary to maintain viability of their case. Courts cannot concoct or resurrect arguments neither made nor advanced by the parties.
Syl. Pt. 13, W. Va. Reg‘l Jail & Corr. Facility Auth. v. A.B., 234 W.Va. 492, 766 S.E.2d 751 (2014) (emphasis added).
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the July 28, 2014, order of the Circuit Court of Mineral County is hereby affirmed.
Affirmed.
Notes
Gillett v. Price, 135 P.3d 861, 863 (Utah 2006).We are now persuaded that it is time this practice comes to an end. In our system, the rules provide the source of available relief. They “[are] designed to provide a pattern of regularity of procedure which the parties and the courts [can] follow and rely upon.” Drury v. Lunceford, 18 Utah 2d 74, 415 P.2d 662, 663 (1966). Accordingly, the form of a motion does matter because it directs the court and litigants to the specific, and available, relief sought. See
Utah R. Civ. P. 7(b) (“A motion shall be in writing and state succinctly and with particularity the relief sought and the grounds for the relief sought.“). Hereafter, when a party seeks relief from a judgment, it must turn to the rules to determine whether relief exists, and if so, direct the court to the specific relief available. Parties can no longer leave this task to the court by filing so-called motions to reconsider and relying upon district courts to construe the motions within the rules.
Despite multiple opportunities, petitioner has never asserted a constitutional deprivation occasioned by PHAA‘s actions, even assuming such a claim could be made. See Hannemann v. Southern Door Cty. Sch. Dist., 673 F.3d 746, 757 (7th Cir. 2012) (“The right to intrastate travel protects the right to move from place to place, not the right to access certain public places.“); Williams v. Town of Greenburgh, 535 F.3d 71, 76 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[I]t would distort the right to free travel beyond recognition to construe it as providing a substantive right to gain admittance to a specific government building.“) (emphasis added).