JEREMIAH FELTON, Pеtitioner-Appellant, v. BRYAN BARTOW, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 18-1954
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Decided June 18, 2019
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
No. 18-1954
JEREMIAH FELTON,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
BRYAN BARTOW,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 14-cv-965 — Nancy Joseph, Magistrate Judge.
ARGUED FEBRUARY 22, 2019 — DECIDED JUNE 18, 2019
Before RIPPLE, MANION, and BRENNAN, Circuit Judges.
first degree intentional homicide in Wisconsin state court for
the death of his three-month-old son, Jeremiah Felton Jr. (J.J.).
The jury heard testimony about the days leading up to J.J.’s
death, such as those who cared for and had contact with him,
including Felton. The jury also heard about Felton’s conver-
sations with police, whom he told that J.J. had slipped and hit
his head in the bathtub, and with fellow jail inmate, Douglas
House, who testified that Felton said he had swung J.J. into a
bathroom door. J.J.’s treating physicians and the medical ex-
aminer also testified about J.J.’s injuriеs and cause of death,
which two of the physicians stated, in part, was due to shak-
ing. The medical examiner concluded that blunt force trauma
was the cause of death. The jury found Felton guilty.
Felton sought post-conviction relief in the Wisconsin state
court based on ineffective assistance of counsel. In particular,
Felton cited his attorney’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s
statement during closing argument that House could not re-
ceive a sentence modification for his testimony in Felton’s trial
and failure to secure medical expert testimony to rebut the
State’s witnesses. At the post-conviction hearing, Felton’s
counsel testified as well as three medical experts who con-
cluded J.J. had not been shaken and J.J.’s injuries were con-
sistent with a fall of two to four feet. The state trial court de-
nied Felton’s petition, and the Wisconsin Court of Appeals af-
firmed the denial. The Wisconsin Supreme Court summarily
denied Felton’s petition for review. Felton sought a writ of ha-
beas corpus under
district court denied Felton’s petition, аnd Felton now appeals
to this court. Because the decision of the Wisconsin Court of
Appeals was not unreasonable, Felton’s petition is denied.
I.
A. Criminal Trial1
J.J. Felton was born on February 16, 2008. During his short
life, J.J. lived with his mother, Sasha Fulton, and his father,
Jeremiah Felton, would sometimes stay with them. Sasha and
Felton were not married. They had renewed their relationship
apartment the weekend before J.J. died. On Sunday, June 1,
2008, J.J. spent the day at the park with various family mem-
bers, including his parents. Sasha took J.J. home around sup-
pertime while Felton stayed out until after midnight. That
night, Felton stayed with Sasha and J.J. at the new apartment.
Sasha’s cousin, Bryiana Fulton, and her baby also stayed there
that night.
1. The Day at the Apartment
The next morning, while Felton slept, Sasha fed and
played with J.J. before going to work shortly before 9 a.m. Bry-
iana sometimes cared for J.J., but that day, Sasha told her to
leave him with Felton. It was the first time Sasha left J.J. in
Felton’s care for the day while she was at work.
While Felton was home with J.J., different family members
came in and out of the apartment throughout the day. Bryiana
left the apartment sometime after 9 a.m. When she returned
around noon, Felton and J.J. were there along with Byrian Ful-
ton (Bryiana’s brother) and Casey Fulton (Sasha’s brother).
J.J. seemed to be acting normally at that time. Bryiana gave
him a bottle before leaving around 12:30 p.m. Casey and Byr-
ian left at the same time, and Felton remained in the apart-
ment with J.J. Sasha called Felton from work about 2:30 or
3 p.m., and he told her that J.J. had been sleeping all day.
Sasha’s fifteen-year-old cousin, Anthony Hendrix, came
by the apartment sometime after his school let out for the day
at 2:30 p.m. There he found Felton alone in the apartment with
J.J., who was sleeping on the couch while Felton was getting
out of the shower. Hendrix testified that J.J. cried multiple
times while he was there, аnd that both he and Felton picked
him up. Hendrix put J.J. down in his crib and patted his back.
J.J. stopped crying, and Hendrix left soon after.
When Sasha returned home from work around 5:25 p.m.,
she checked on J.J., who was sleeping. She let him sleep; J.J.
was a fussy baby, and Sasha did not want to disturb him. Bry-
iana came back around the same time. Felton asked Sasha to
drive him to his friend’s graduation. After eating a sandwich,
Sasha borrowed Bryiana’s car to drive Felton to the gradua-
tion ceremony and returned about a half hour to forty
minutes later. While Sasha and Felton were gone, Bryiana
stayed at Sasha’s apartment with her son and J.J. When Sasha
returned, she did not check on J.J.right away, but let him sleep
and began cleaning the kitchen and bathroom. About fifteen
minutes later, she heard J.J. make a funny noise and went to
check on him. There she found J.J. with one eye open and one
eye shut. Sasha cried out that something was wrong. Bryiana
thought that Sasha was overreacting until she saw J.J. She then
told Sasha to call 911 while she attempted to revive J.J.
2. At the Hospital
J.J. was taken by ambulance to St. Vincent Hospital in
Green Bay around 7:30 p.m. Dr. John Taylor, pediatric critical
care physician, first saw J.J. shortly after he arrived at the hos-
pital. Dr. Taylor intubated J.J. and ordered x-rays and a CT
scan. The CT scan revealed J.J. had a skull fracture just above
and slightly behind his right ear, specifically his right parietal
bone, bleeding under his skull and in his brain, and retinal
hemorrhages. Dr. Taylor told Sasha and Felton he was con-
cerned someone had hurt J.J. because there was no record of
a car accident or someone falling or tripping down the stairs
with their son, and J.J. was not yet rolling or moving by him-
self. Sasha told Dr. Taylor that the day before while she had
been
walked through the door. Felton did not give any explanation
to Dr. Taylor.
A number of family members came to the hospital that
night. Some of them played in the halls, including Felton, who
pushed Casey around in a wheelchair. Hospital staff asked
them to leave because they were too noisy and disruptive. Fel-
ton and Sasha were allowed to stay, and they fell asleep in the
family waiting room.
That same night, the hospital or Brown County Human
Services contacted the police about J.J.’s serious injuries and
the lack of explanation for them. Detective Robert Haglund
and Detective Walter Wickman of the Green Bay Police De-
partment arrived at the hospital around 3 a.m. on Tuesday,
June 3. Haglund woke Felton and Sasha. He interviewed
Sasha with a human services representative present, and
Wickman interviewed Felton in a separate room. There Felton
told Wickman that he did not know what could have hap-
pened because J.J. was with him or people they knew. He told
Wickman about Sasha bumping J.J.’s head into the door, but
provided no other explanation about how J.J. might have sus-
tained his injuries. After interviewing Sasha, Haglund joined
Wickman and Felton and asked Felton what had happened.
After confirming Felton told him the same thing he had just
told Wickman, Haglund and Wickman left the hospital.
Haglund returned to the hospital the next day and spoke
with various family members, including Bryiana and Hen-
drix, asking them what might have happened to J.J. He
learned about the move to the new apartment on Friday and
Saturday and the day at the park on Sunday. At the end of his
interviews, Haglund asked the family, including Felton,
Sasha, and Bryiana, to be quiet because they were being noisy
playing up and down the halls. Haglund also told them he
believed one of the family members was responsible for J.J.’s
injuries and his prime suspects were Felton, Bryiana, and
Sasha because they had been alone with J.J. on Monday. Hag-
lund also advised Felton to check in with his probation officer
as he was required to do if he spoke with law enforcement.
While at the hospital, Felton statеd more than once, “I just
don’t want to go to jail.” In one instance, Bryiana testified Fel-
ton expressed frustration over what he thought was a lack of
information from doctors, and he did not want to hit the doc-
tor and go to jail.
3. J.J.’s Death and Felton’s Conversation with Police and
Fellow Inmate
J.J.’s condition worsened, and he died from his injuries on
June 5th. Shortly after his son’s death, Felton went to the
Brown County Jail on a probation hold. On June 9, 2008, Fel-
ton asked to talk with police and spoke with Haglund. Felton
gave Haglund a statement, which Haglund typed and Felton
read and signed. In that statement, Felton recounted that
around 2 p.m. on the day J.J. was rushed to the hospital, “I got
in the bathtub with my baby and started giving him a bath.
There was only two inches of water. He was sitting between
my legs and his butt slipped forward and his head came back-
wards and his head hit the bottom of the tub between my legs.
His right ear went in the water, but his face didn’t go under
the water. He started crying. I wiped him off, got him dressed,
and gave him a bottle, patted him to sleep while he was lying
on the couch.” Felton told Haglund he felt it in his legs when
J.J. hit the bottom of the tub and J.J. hit the tub “kind of hard.”
Felton said he was going to tell Haglund about this in the hos-
pital, but Haglund made him nervous.
the doctors said that the slip in the tub could not have caused
J.J.’s injuries. When Haglund left the interview room, Felton
stood by the door trying to listen to what was being said out-
side the room, which Haglund stated witnesses typically do
not do. After speaking with Felton on June 12th, Haglund sent
the case file over to the District Attorney’s Office recommend-
ing Felton be charged with first degree intentional homicide
for J.J.’s death. On June 13, 2008, the Green Bay Police Depart-
ment issued a press release abоut its request and stated J.J.
had suffered a skull fracture from blunt force trauma. The
press release did not say where the fracture was located on
the skull.
Meanwhile, Douglas House, one of Felton’s fellow in-
mates at the Brown County Jail, sent police a request form,
otherwise known as a “kite,” dated June 13, 2008. House had
nine to ten prior convictions and had a reputation as both a
jailhouse lawyer and a snitch. House’s kite stated, “I have con-
clusive evidence to convict Jeremiah Felton, Sr. in the death of
his infant son, Junior. That was caused by right side trauma
to head behind right ear. Will only come out if called out as
an attorney visit.”
Haglund spoke with House on June 16th. (It was the not
the first time Haglund and House spoke with one another;
they had previously talked about other cases.) House told
Haglund that when Felton approached him, Felton had not
yet been charged with J.J.’s death, and they discussed the time
constraints for Felton’s probation hold. After that, Felton told
him about J.J. House told Haglund that Felton had told him
that J.J. was getting on his nerves, so he swung J.J. into the
bathroom door hitting the right side of J.J.’s head behind his
ear. House also asked Haglund to look into whetherthe рolice
were harassing his children.
House spoke again with Haglund on June 23rd. Haglund
told House that the police were watching another house near
his children. House, in turn, told Haglund that Felton told
him that the police questioned him about J.J. and he planned
to blame it on his girlfriend’s sister. In addition to telling Hag-
lund about Felton, House asked Haglund if he could look into
police harassing his son and daughter. Haglund checked into
this and later told House that the police were not watching his
kids, but were watching a nearby house.
4. Other Criminal Trial Testimony
Felton was charged with first degree intentional homicide
in J.J.’s death, and the case proceeded to trial. Several wit-
nesses, including Sasha and Felton’s mother, testified that J.J.
was a fussy baby. On one occasion, Bryiana “popped” J.J. and
her son on their diapers when they were “both a little crabby.”
Sasha testified that she did not like that Bryiana spanked J.J.,
but she was very close with her cousin and trusted her to сare
for J.J. As for Felton, Sasha and others testified that he was
good with his children and nieces and nephews, and they also
testified that if J.J. got fussy, Felton would pass J.J. to someone
else or put him in his car seat until he stopped crying.
House testified at trial:
A. Well, he [Felton] said that he had been home, I be-
lieve he said he was home with his girlfriend’s sister,
or wife’s sister, one or the other, and that he was giving
the baby a bath, and the baby slipped. That the baby
had either gotten water in his eyes or mouth and
started crying, and he tried for a long period of time to
quiet the baby down, but that didn’t happen.
pened?
A. He had gotten frustrated and was holding the baby,
and then swung the baby into the bathroom door. The
baby, Jeremiah, hit his head on the right side, and he
pointed to the left - - or the right side behind his ear of
where the baby hit his head.
Q. I was going to ask, how do you know it was the right
side?
A. Well, as he was telling me, he made the motion, and
he said he was holding the baby, swung the baby, and
the baby hit his head, and I said where, and he said
right here, and he pointed right behind his head.
…
Q. Did he say anything else to you after - -
A. He did. You know, he made it sound like he was
going to put the blame on the - - the girlfriend’s sister,
and he said he - - he also said you know, for a substan-
tial amount of time that baby shut up so he knew some-
thing was wrong.
House found Felton’s demeanor odd because “it was like
there was no concern whatsoever for the baby.” House also
told the jury about Felton’s confession and identified Felton
in the courtroom. He testified that after Felton was charged,
Felton approached House about the kite and asked why
House snitched on him.
On cross-examination, House denied ever talking with his
attorney about getting anything in return for information he
had about Felton. Felton’s counsel impeached House by play-
ing two recorded telephone conversations that House had
while in the Brown County Jail. The first call was between
House and his attorney. During that call, House’s attorney
told him she had spoken with Haglund who said he was un-
sure he could do anything for House unless House testified in
Felton’s case. House’s attorney also discussed information
House had about another homicide. The second call was be-
tween House and one of his daughters. House’s daughter told
him that Haglund had said House needed to testify “against
[sic] for the baby or something.” On redirect, House testified
his case was over and he did not receive any consideration in
his case for his testimony in Felton’s trial.
Felton called his Brown County Jail cellmate, Ishtayopi
Jones, to testify. Jones came to the jail on June 14th. He was
familiar with House because they had met previously, though
he tried to stay away from House because his family warned
him that House was a “con artist.” Jones stated House ex-
pressed concern to him when he learned that Jones was room-
ing with Felton, though House did not tell Jones why. Jones
said he learned about Felton’s case from the television. Jones
stated he did talk with Felton about House and what a “big
troublemaker” and “scam artist” he was.
On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Jones about a
kite he signed and dated October 8, 2008. The kite stated, in
part, “I did not and will not try and tell on Jeremiah Felton.”
When asked at trial, “What’s there to tell on Jeremiah Felton,”
Jones responded, “Nothing, I guess.” The prosecutor further
questioned Jones about the kite, and Jones’s testimony made
it clear that he knew nothing about Felton’s case from Felton
or House and that Felton, not Jones, wrote the kite. When
asked why he signed the request form, Jones responded,
“‘Cause [Felton] looked pretty mad at me, then I just told him
I’d sign it and that if he needs me to testify, I’ll do that for
him.” Jones also testified he told Haglund that Felton had
nevertalked with Felton about his case and that House “is just
lying and making stuff up to get himself
he’s in right now.”
5. Medical Testimony
Also at trial, the State called three physicians, two of J.J.’s
treating physicians and the medical examiner, to present tes-
timony about J.J.’s injuries and cause of death. Dr. John Tay-
lor, who first treated J.J. upon his arrival at the hospital, testi-
fied that both J.J.’s fracture and retinal hemorrhaging were the
result of a significant amount of force, such as a car accident.
In J.J.’s case, Dr. Taylor suspected “most likely that this was a
result of significant shaking.” Dr. Taylor stated that a bump
like Sasha bumping J.J.’s head in the doorway would not ac-
count for J.J.’s injuries because the bump was on J.J.’s left side,
the force would have been insufficient, and J.J. was eating,
sleeping, awakening, and playing in an age-appropriate way
after that. He also testified that it is difficult to establish a time
frame for when the injuries were sustained. According to
Dr. Taylor, it could be at the longest a day, but he believed it
was within an hour or two of the injuries presenting them-
selves.
A couple hypotheticals were posed to Dr. Taylor while he
was testifying. The prosecutor asked him about a child J.J.’s
size slipping in the bathtub between someone else’s legs and
hitting his head. Dr. Taylor responded that the distance of the
fall would not have caused the skull fracture, hemorrhages,
and bruising in the back of the eye. He stated that J.J.’s injuries
were more consistent with his head being swung into a door
than falling in a bathtub. Felton’s counsel asked whether, hy-
pothetically, those injuries could have resulted from someone
falling with J.J. at the playground. Dr. Taylor responded that
it was “[e]xtraordinarily unlikely, but … there was a
miniscule possibility.”
Another of J.J.’s treating physicians, Dr. Ralph Vardis, also
testified. He concluded that J.J.’s injuries were consistent with
being violently shaken and slammed into a hard surface. On
cross-examination, Dr. Vardis stated that the injuries could
have been caused by a fifteen-year-old so long as it was vio-
lent and intentiоnal. Dr. Vardis testified about the progression
of J.J.’s symptoms, namely the brain swelling, and concluded
that J.J. was so severely shaken that his brain completely died.
He said J.J.’s brain bleeding and skull fracture were not likely
caused by a short fall, but rather “[t]he only way you can get
the kind of findings that we saw is if the height was one to
two stories from the top of a building.” According to Dr. Var-
dis, some of J.J.’s bleeding was due to the skull fracture and
some of the bleeding was due to the shaking. He acknowl-
edged on cross-examination that there was a disagreement
between his opinion regarding J.J.’s cause of death, i.e. shaken
baby syndrome, and the medical examiner’s conclusion in the
autopsy report, i.e. head injuries due to blunt force trauma.
As for timing, Dr. Vardis noted that there is no way to tell
when the injuries оccurred. He stated that the injury could not
have happened on Sunday, but it could have happened be-
tween five minutes to twelve hours from when the symptoms
were evident. He also expected the same physical findings if
it had taken place at 1 p.m. or 5 p.m. the day J.J. came to the
hospital.
The third doctor to testify at trial was Dr. Mark Witeck. Dr.
Witeck, a forensic pathologist, served as the medical examiner
for Brown County. He performed the autopsy on J.J. Based on
his examination, Dr. Witeck concluded that J.J. died of “cra-
nial cerebral trauma, in other words, head injuries due to
blunt force trauma.” Dr. Witeck testified that J.J. was just un-
der 15 pounds and was 24.5 inches long, had no external inju-
ries, including bruises,
referred to as the soft spot in the front of the head, was bulg-
ing outward. This was consistent with brain swelling, and the
severity and global nature of the swelling was consistent with
a head injury. J.J. had fractures on the right side and front base
of his skull in “what’s called the orbital plate, that’s the little
bone plate that’s just above the eye.” There was also a blood
clot and bleeding on the surface of the right side of the brain.
Dr. Witeck stated “that requires a lot of trauma to the head to
get that kind of bleeding.” Dr. Witeck testified J.J.’s brain
bleeding was consistent with the fracture. While he stated eye
hemorrhages are often seen in children who are shaken, he
did not opine whether J.J. had been shaken.
According to Dr. Witeck, the fracture was consistent with
having been caused by blunt force trauma. This means J.J.’s
head was hit with something or against something, though
there was no way to know whether it was a single blow or
multiple blows. He also said J.J.’s injuries were consistent
with being swung into an object with significant force.
Dr. Witeck testified J.J.’s fractures were not consistent with a
baby standing and falling to the floor, but were consistent
with a fall only from a large height, like off of a one- or two-
story building. When asked whether a child of 24.5 inches tall
sitting in a bathtub, slipping, and hitting his head on the bath-
tub could cause the injuries that he saw, Dr. Witeck re-
sponded, “Not at all.” On cross-examination, Dr. Witeck tes-
tified a premature birth could play a part in a child’s suscep-
tibility to fracture.
Felton did not call any medical experts to testify on his be-
half. (As discussed below, his attorney consulted with her
physician husband and a medical student, but did not call ei-
ther as witnesses at trial.) Other than the testimony elicited
from the State’s medical experts on cross-examination, Felton
did not present any medical evidence at trial.
6. Jury Instructions, Closing Arguments, and Verdict
After the close of evidence, the trial judge instructed the
jury. In part, the judge instructed, “Consider only the evi-
dence received during this trial as given to you by these in-
structions, and from these alone, guided by your soundest
reason and best judgment, reach your verdict.” The judgе also
instructed, “Remarks of the attorneys are not evidence. If the
remarks suggested certain facts not in evidence, disregard the
suggestion. In a few moments, you will hear the closing argu-
ments of the attorneys. Consider carefully the closing argu-
ments of the attorneys, but their arguments and conclusions
and opinions are not evidence. Draw your own conclusions
from the evidence and decide upon your verdict according to
the evidence and the instructions given you by the court.” Af-
ter instructions, the prosecutor and Felton’s counsel pre-
sented their closing arguments to the jury.
During closing arguments, the prosecutor argued in part:
What House is testifying has to be the truth … what
did he get for testifying on October 21st or 22nd, 2009?
The answer is nothing. Absolutely nothing. Is there a
case pending against him? No. Long gone. Over. Done
with. There’s nothing that House was going to gain by
testifying. Because his case was over. It was done. Per-
haps, just maybe, perhaps, he testifies because he was
subpoenaed by the state and maybe, even somebody,
even a criminal like Doug House, can do the right thing
once in a while.
In response, Felton’s counsel stated:
And by the way, I am going to set the record straight.
State said, well, his case
concessions. Cooperation with law enforcement, that
matter can be reopened any time for a sentence modi-
fication. So the fact that he hasn’t received any benefit
yet, it might be ‘cause we had to wait for this case to go
forward. Doesn’t mean he’s not getting it. It means he
hasn’t gotten it yet.
And the prosecutor responded in the State’s rebuttal:
Mr. House has absolutely nothing to gain here. He was
honest with you. His case is closed. He can’t receive
anything for his testimony at this point. … [H]e won’t
gain anything, no advantages from the state. Just a
lightening of his conscience. … And he’s received no
consideration for this. His case is closed. Once again,
it’s done.
Felton’s counsel did not object to this latter statement.
(Several months later, House received a sentence reduction
for his testimony at Felton’s trial, though the State remained
silent on that motion.) After deliberating for about four hours,
the jury found Felton guilty of first degree intentional homi-
cide. Felton was sentenced to life imprisonment.
B. Post-conviction Proceedings
Felton filed a post-conviction motion asserting ineffective
assistance of counsel based on two alleged errors. First, he ar-
gued that his attorney erred by not securing medical experts
to rebut the State’s medical testimony at trial. Second, Felton
argued his attorney erred by not objecting to the prosecutor’s
closing argument rebuttal statement that House would re-
ceive no benefit from his testimony.2
1. Felton’s Counsel
The state trial court conducted a hearing on Felton’s mo-
tion. There Felton’s trial counsel testified. Felton was first rep-
resented by a public defender, and counsel began to represent
Felton after he and his family privately retained her. While
the original agreement was that she would receive $15,000 to
take the case through trial, she essentially represented Felton
pro-bono receiving only $750 in payments. Despite a lack of
compensation, counsel continued to represent Felton because
she felt strongly about his case. Financial constraints, though,
impacted her decision about medical experts. Counsel testi-
fied that she did not hire medical experts because of the ex-
pense (the two out-of-state experts she contacted both wanted
a minimum $2,500 retainer, and she never sought funding
through the state public defender’s office). Counsel also
stated that she did not think that “hired guns” would play
well to a Green Bay jury. Instead, she researched medical lit-
erature and consulted her husband, a general internist who
specialized in endocrinology, and a medical student, who was
working for her husband, about the case. The medical student
had relationships with physicians at Milwaukee Children’s
Hospital and presented J.J.’s file to one of the doctors there.
That doctor said that the race of the family was the first thing
at which he would look. This raised red flags for counsel, and
she did not pursue an evaluation of the case from that doctor.
Finally, when asked, counsel testified she was aware of State
v. Edmunds, 746 N.W.2d 590 (Wis. 2008), in which the Wiscon-
sin Supreme Court granted a new trial to a defendant based
on newly discovered evidence rebutting
drome theory. Counsel stated she did not contact any of the
Edmunds experts.
Regarding House, counsel said she repeatedly argued to
the jury why it should not believe House. She also noted she
worked hard to discredit Detective Haglund, including ques-
tioning him about any concessions for House, such as check-
ing on the surveillance of his daughter. She also explored al-
ternate avenues from which House could have learned about
the case, such as the Green Bay Police Department press re-
lease. She stated she made the strategic decision not to object
to the prosecutor’s closing argument rebuttal statement about
House because she concluded it was better in the face of the
jury not to object. Moreover, counsel noted that she “objected
by giving a narration of my objection, rather than saying, ob-
jection.” In other words, she described to the jury House
could be entitled to a sentence modification even if he had not
received one yet.
2. Post-Trial Medical Experts
Felton also called three medical experts to testify at his
post-conviction hearing. These physicians were critical of the
State’s medical experts in two key respects: they concluded
J.J.’s injuries were not from shaking and his injuries cоuld
have been the result of a short fall.
The first doctor to testify was Dr. Patrick Barnes, a pediat-
ric radiologist and neuroradiologist from Stanford University
School of Medicine. Dr. Barnes disagreed with the State’s ex-
perts that J.J. had been shaken. He noted that J.J. would have
suffered a neck injury if he had been shaken. Moreover,
Dr. Barnes stated that even if J.J. had been shaken, his injuries
would have resulted from some sort of impact and not shak-
ing alone. He also strongly disagreed with the State’s experts
about J.J.’s injuries being equivalent to those of a multi-story
fall. Rather, Dr. Barnes testified that J.J.’s fracture was a classic
example of a fall between two and three feet, such as a child
falling while being held by a standing adult. He stated,
though, J.J.’s fracture and other injuries were less likely a re-
sult of a shоrt fall, estimating a five percent chance. Dr. Barnes
also testified that J.J.’s skull fracture “is what we call a linear
skull fracture. It’s actually a very common type of traumatic
injury to an infant’s skull due to accidental injury scenarios,
like dropping the baby to the floor or hitting the baby’s head
against something, but it still doesn’t tell us if it was inten-
tional or accidental.” Dr. Barnes stated it is uncommon for a
child to die from a three or four foot fall. While a bump could
cause a simple skull fracture, because of J.J.’s other injuries,
namely the brain swelling and bleeding, something other
than a bump to the head or banging his head against the wall
happened according to Dr. Barnes. Regarding the bleeding
between J.J.’s brain and skull, Dr. Barnes testified that it has
been reported to be connected with either a lack of oxygen or
blood flow to the baby’s brain or where there is malignant
brain swelling from either accidental or non-accidental
causes. Dr. Barnes went on to testify that J.J. had lung abnor-
malities suggestive of an improper intubation that could have
interfered with the oxygen to his brain.
The second physician, Dr. Joseph Scheller, staff child neu-
rologist at Children’s National Medical Center in Washington,
D.C., also disagreed with the State’s experts that J.J. had been
shaken and noted the absence of a neck injury. He said J.J. had
a skull fracture, and “[i]t’s physically impossible to create a
skull fracture without force against the outside of the head, so
we are sure that something happened to the outside of this
child’s head that was a
Barnes, he was critical of the State’s medical exрerts’ testi-
mony analogizing the force to that of a car accident or a multi-
story fall. He testified that a short fall of two or three feet
would less commonly cause a skull fracture, and it was less
likely to have a skull fracture from a short fall than from being
swung or slammed into a hard object. Though Dr. Scheller
thought that J.J.’s injuries were more in line with a fall because
of the absence of bruising, he later stated it was possible to
have a skull fracture without any bruising. Dr. Scheller testi-
fied, “I believe that the baby did develop the skull fracture,
the brain swelling, and the retinal hemorrhages from a short
fall rather than having been maliciously slammed into some-
thing” because “from witnessed short falls, that when babies
get a skull fracture, it is in the parietal area … and that’s where
baby Felton’s skull fracture was. And we really didn’t see any
evidence of bruising. Again, if a baby’s being held violently
and being slammed, then you’re going to look for bruising or
bone injuries somewhere else, and we really didn’t see that.”
He noted a parietal fracture was a common injury in infants
and, in his experience, if the injury is not witnessed and there
is no other abnormality, the conclusion is that the injury was
accidental. As for when J.J. sustained his injuries, Dr. Scheller
testified it could have been three to six hours, maybe twelve
hours, but not twenty-four hours.
The final doctor to testify at the hearing was Dr. John Plun-
kett, a forensic pathologist from Minnesota. Dr. Plunkett
stated that J.J. was pretty immobile, so “we’re not talking
about him rolling or falling off of some structure. We’re talk-
ing about an adult either intentionally or accidentally drop-
ping him or throwing him. Those are your possibilities, at
least from the history that I have, so you can’t draw an anal-
ogy and just say fall.” Put another way, Dr. Plunkett testified
that J.J.’s fracture was “consistent with an aggressive, mali-
cious act against the baby’s head and it’s also consistent with
a short fall,” but there was no way to tell absolutely. Similarly,
there was no way to tell just by looking at the injuries whether
they were the result of an accidental or intentional cause ac-
cording to Dr. Plunkett. He stated that he would expect to see
other injuries if a child had been swung into a wall like a base-
ball bat. On cross-examination, Dr. Plunkett testified it was
possible, though, for а child to be propelled or struck against
an object with the same velocity and acceleration that would
result from a three-and-a-half-foot fall.
The state trial court denied Felton’s post-conviction mo-
tion for relief, analyzing both the performance and prejudice
prongs of the ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The Wis-
consin Court of Appeals similarly denied Felton’s petition,
concluding that neither counsel’s failure to object to the pros-
ecutor’s closing argument statement nor her failure to call
medical experts was prejudicial. The Wisconsin Supreme
Court summarily denied Felton’ petition for review. Felton
filed a petition for federal habeas relief in federal court. The
district court denied his petition, but it issued a certificate of
appealability. Felton now appeals.
II.
To succeed on his claim of ineffective assistance of coun-
sel, Felton must show his counsel’s performance was deficient
and he was prejudiced as a result. Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We are not required to consider perfor-
mance or prejudice in a particular order or even address “both
components of the inquiry
showing on one.” Id. at 697.
We review a district court’s denial of a petition for habeas
corpus de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Barrow v.
Uchtman, 398 F.3d 597, 602 (7th Cir. 2005). The Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) authorizes us to
grant habeas relief only if the state court decision was “con-
trary to, or involved an unreasonable application of clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States” or “based on an unreasonable determi-
nation of the facts in the light of the evidence presented in the
state court proceeding.”
“the last reasoned opinion on the claim,” which in this case is
from the Wisconsin Court of Appeals. Woolley v. Rednour, 702
F.3d 411, 421 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501
U.S. 797, 803 (1991)). A state court’s application of federal law
is unreasonable if it is “more than incorrect; it must have been
objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 420 (citing Wiggins v. Smith,
539 U.S. 510, 520 (2003)); accord Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362,
411 (2000). “‘Unreasonable’ in [the AEDPA] context means
more than just incorrect; it means something … lying well
outside the boundaries of permissible differences of opinion.”
McGhee v. Dittmann, 794 F.3d 761, 769 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting
Corcoran v. Neal, 783 F.3d 676, 683 (7th Cir. 2015)). “The bar for
establishing that the state court’s application of the Strickland
[ineffeсtive assistance of counsel] standard was ‘unreasona-
ble,’ is a high one.” Taylor v. Bradley, 448 F.3d 942, 948 (7th Cir.
2006). “[A]s long as we are satisfied that the Wisconsin Court
of Appeals took the constitutional standard seriously and pro-
duce[d] an answer within the range of defensible positions,
we will affirm the district court’s decision to deny the writ.”
Id. (citation and internal quotation omitted).
Before turning to the merits of Felton’s claim, we must de-
termine the appropriate standard ofreview in this case. Felton
argues the Wisconsin Court of Appeals is not entitled to
AEDPA deference on either the performance or prejudice
prongs of Strickland. As for the performance prong, we agree.
Because the Wisconsin Court of Appeals did not address the
performance prong, we are to review counsel’s performance
de novo. Woolley, 702 F.3d at 422.
Regarding the prejudice prong, Felton argues that our re-
view also should be de novo because the Wisconsin Court of
Appeals unreasonably applied Strickland. See Thomas v. Clem-
ents, 789 F.3d 760, 767 (7th Cir. 2015) (reviewing state court’s
prejudice prong analysis de novo where the court “only used
two sentences to address the prejudice prong and did not ac-
tually analyze why there was no prejudice”). First, Felton as-
serts the state appellate court unreasonably applied the Strick-
land prejudice standard to the facts by not “indеpendently un-
dertaking a complete review and analysis of the trial and
postconviction expert testimony.” Felton, however, did not
present this argument to the district court. “[A]rguments in a
federal habeas petition which were not raised in the district
court are not properly raised for the first time on appeal.”
Mertz v. Williams, 771 F.3d 1035, 1043 (7th Cir. 2014). “Regard-
less of whether a habeas claim was fairly presented or de-
faulted in the state courts, if an argument was not presented
to the federal district court, it is forfeited in this court.” Frazier
v. Varga, 843 F.3d 258, 262 (7th Cir. 2016). By not presenting it
to the district court, Felton similarly forfeited his contention
that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals unreasonably
Strickland by failing to review counsel’s errors cumulatively.
As he did argue before the district court, Felton contends
that he is entitled to de novo review because the state court im-
properly used an outcome-determinative test in applying
Strickland. Concluding counsel’s failure to object to the prose-
cutor’s closing argument “was nоt prejudicial,” the Wisconsin
Court of Appeals stated, “[W]e do not believe there is a rea-
sonable probability that it affected the outcome of the trial.”
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals’s use of the word “outcome”
does not mean it applied the outcome-determinative standard
that the Supreme Court declined to adopt in Strickland, par-
ticularly because it is modified by no “reasonable probabil-
ity.” 466 U.S. at 693 (declining to adopt an outcome-determi-
native standard, “that counsel’s deficient conduct more likely
than not altered the outcome in the case.”) (emphasis added);
see Ruhl v. Hardy, 743 F.3d 1083, 1092 (7th Cir. 2014) (summa-
rizing that to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a de-
fendant must show, in part, that “there is a reasonable proba-
bility that counsel’s еrrors affected the outcome of the proceed-
ing.”) (emphasis added). We are also unpersuaded by Felton’s
argument that the state appellate court’s conclusion that “the
State’s case did not hinge on House’s testimony” is proof it
applied an outcome-determinative approach. In so stating,
the Wisconsin Court of Appeals was describing House’s testi-
mony in relation to the other evidence presented at trial, in-
cluding the trial evidence undermining House’s credibility. In
other words, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals was stating why
counsel’s failure to object did not “undermine confidence in
the outcome” of the trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. This is
exactly what the Wisconsin Court of Appeals was required to
do to determine whether there was a “reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. Therefore, our re-
view of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals’s denial of Felton’s
ineffective assistance оf counsel claim based on prejudice is
“highly deferential.” Hinesley v. Knight, 837 F.3d 721, 732 (7th
Cir. 2016) (quoting Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 18 (2013)).
Because we will review the prejudice determination of the
Wisconsin Court of Appeals for whether it was unreasonable
in light of the evidence presented,
Strickland’s performance prong de novo, we will first consider
the prejudice prong. Only if Felton prevails on the prejudice
prong will we need to consider the performance prong. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (noting “there is no reason for a
court deciding an ineffective assistance claim … to address
both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an in-
sufficient showing on one.”).
With the standard of review decided, we turn to the prej-
udice prong of Felton’s ineffective assistance claim. To estab-
lish prejudice, Felton must show “that
probability that, but for counselʹs unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. A reason-
able probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confi-
dence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Felton must
do more than show that “it is possible a reasonable doubt
might have been established if counsel acted differently.”
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 111 (2011). “Instead, Strick-
land asks whether it is ‘reasonably likely’ the result would
have been different.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696).
“The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not
just conceivable.” Id. at 112.
Felton argues his trial counsel erred in two ways: by fail-
ing to object to the prosecutor’s closing argument statement
regarding the availability of a sentence modification for
House and by failing to call medical experts at trial. We first
address counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s closing
argument. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals held counsel’s
failure to object to the prosecutor’s statement was not preju-
dicial. The state appellate court noted House had credibility
issues, citing his criminal history, and counsel diminished the
impact of the State’s statement by noting the availability of a
sentence modification in the future. We conclude that this is
not an unreasonable conclusion in light of the facts.
House had a host of credibility problems, and the jury was
aware of these problems. At the time of trial, House was in jail
and had nine or ten prior convictions. He was known as a jail-
house lawyer, snitch, and scam artist. Moreover, as trial coun-
sel demonstrated through the jailhouse phone calls, House
was willing to reveal information he obtained while in prison
to law enforcement for his own benefit and then later lie un-
der oath about doing just that. Whether House received a ben-
efit for his testimony at Felton’s trial did not diminish House’s
significant credibility problems. Any objection to the prosecu-
tor’s non-evidentiary statement in closing argument rebuttal
would not have altered House’s testimony about Felton’s con-
fession. The jury also heard Felton’s counsеl’s closing argu-
ment where she asserted that House did not receive any ben-
efit yet. Therefore, even if counsel erred by not objecting to the
prosecutor’s closing argument rebuttal statement, there was
not a substantial likelihood of a different result had counsel
objected, Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696, and we conclude the Wis-
consin Court of Appeals was not unreasonable in concluding
that Felton was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to object,
cf. Baer v. Neal, 879 F.3d 769, 788 (7th Cir. 2018) (When review-
ing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, “we are to consider
the prosecutorʹs conduct not in isolation, but in the context of
the trial as a whole, to determine if such conduct was so in-
flammatory and prejudicial to the defendant … as to deprive
him of a fair trial.”) (internal quotations and citations omit-
ted).
Regarding counsel’s other error, Felton argues having ex-
perts to challenge the State’s medical evidence “was essential
to the defense because Felton said J.J. accidentally slipped and
fell in the bathtub. If experts could show the accident as a
plausible cause of death, the jury could harbor reasonable
doubt.” In support of his claim of prejudice, Felton also as-
serts that his experts made two key points: first, there was no
medical evidence to support a diagnosis of shaking, and sec-
ond, his experts supported his claim that J.J.’s injuries were
the result of a relatively minor
Taking the second point first, Felton’s medical expert tes-
timony does not support the theory that J.J.’s bathtub slip and
fall caused his death. Those experts testified that J.J.’s injuries
were consistent with a fall from two to four feet or striking
something with the force of a fall from two to four feet. J.J.
was 24.5 inches tall. Even if J.J. slid from the seated position
and hit his head in the tub, such a fall would only have been
from about one foot and would not have been a free fall, but,
rather, a slide from the seated position. Therefore, there is not
a reasonable probability that Felton would not have been con-
victed because the habeas medical testimony would not have
supported the claim that J.J.’s death was caused by his bath-
tub fall.
Furthermore, both the trial and habeas medical experts
agreed that J.J. was not mobile at the time of his death, and
there was no evidence at trial that someone fell while holding
J.J. To the extent that Felton’s theory was that someone else
hurt J.J. at the playground, trial counsel elicited testimony
from Dr. Vardis that, hypothetically, J.J.’s injuries could have
been the result of a playground fall. And the jury heard testi-
mony about Sasha bumping J.J.’s head on the door frame and
medical testimony from Dr. Taylor that such a bump on the
left side of the head would not have caused J.J.’s injuries. Sim-
ilarly, Dr. Barnes testified at the habeas hearing that J.J.’s in-
juries were not the result of an accidental bump to his head.
Regarding shaking, it is true that two of the State’s experts
testified at trial that J.J. had been shaken, and according to
Dr. Vardis, shaken severely, and that Felton’s habeas experts
rebutted that testimony citing the absence of a neck injury.
Shaking, however, was not the only evidence the jury heard
about the cause of death. Dr. Witeck testified that the cause of
J.J.’s death was “head injuries due to blunt force trauma.” And
even Dr. Vardis testified that J.J. had been slammed into a
hard object, which is consistent with the testimony of Dr.
Barnes that even if J.J. had been shaken, his injuries were from
some sort of impact and would not have been from shaking
alone. In light of this evidence, the Wisconsin Court of Ap-
peals was not unreasonable in its conclusion that “we are not
convinced that the differences in expert medical testimony
were significant enough to undermine our confidence in the
outcome or prevent the real controversy from being tried”.5
that House’s testimony corroborated the State’s medical testi-
mony and, in turn, the State’s medical testimony corroborated
House’s testimony. House’s testimony, however, did not cor-
roborate the medical evidence in the way Felton asserts in his
brief. Without citation to the record, Felton repeatedly states
that House testified that Felton confessed to shaking and
slamming J.J. At trial, though, House never testified about
shaking, but rather testified that Felton “swung [the baby]
into the bathroom door.” Further, the habeas medical testi-
mony did not undermine House’s testimony, and, in fact, was
supported in part by Dr. Plunkett’s testimony that J.J. could
have been struck with the same force as a three to four foot
fall. Even if the habeas medical experts had testified at trial
and Felton’s counsel had objected to the prosecutor’s closing
argument, it was not reasonably likely the jury’s decision
would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696.
Finally, as the Wisconsin Court of Appeals noted, counsel
presented evidence that others had “custody of [J.J.] on the
day he was admitted to the hospital,” and these alleged errors
did not affect that evidence. Similarly, the unfavorable trial
testimony about Felton was unaffected by these alleged er-
rors. Id. (noting that some errors will not affect some of the
factual findings). Felton’s failure to tell anyone about J.J.’s slip
contain “a statement of facts relevant to the issues presented for review,
with appropriate references to the record,” Wis. Stat. 809.19(1)(d) and
“[j]udges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in the record,” Gross
v. Town of Cicero, 619 F.3d 697, 702 (7th Cir. 2010), the Wisconsin Court of
Appeals’s conclusion about a lack of prejudice was not unreasonable. See
generally United States v. Lewis, 594 F.3d 1270, 1275 (10th Cir. 2010) (“[I]t is
not this court’s duty to scour without guidance a voluminous record for
evidence supporting the government’s theory.”).
in the bathtub, including Sasha when she phoned from work
or the hospital physicians, his delay in telling the police J.J.
fell in the tub, testimony that he was goofing around while his
son was in the NICU suffering severe brain trauma, testimony
that Felton stated at the hospital that he did not want to go to
jail, testimony that he had limited experience caring for J.J. by
himself, and testimony he compelled his cellmate to sign a re-
quest form he had written in an attempt presumably to un-
dermine House were all unaffected by the errors that Felton
now alleges. And as we discussed above, the habeas medical
testimony would not have supported Felton’s claim about the
cause of J.J.’s injury. Accordingly, the Wisconsin Court of Ap-
peals did not unreasonably conclude that Felton was not prej-
udiced by counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s state-
ment and failure to call medical experts.
III.
We AFFIRM the denial of Felton’s petition for a writ of
habeas corpus.