Jamie Morgan v. Justin MorganJamie Morgan v. Justin Morgan
George E. Tillman, St. Charles, MO, for respondent.
Lisa P. Page, Judge
This is an appeal by Jamie Morgan ( “Mother“) from the trial court‘s judgment modifying a previous judgment dissolving her marriage to Justin Morgan (“Father“). We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On or about April 11, 2011, the marriage as between Mother and Father was dissolved pursuant to a consent judgment (“Dissolution Judgment“) entered by the Circuit Court of St. Charles County. Therein, the court awarded Mother and Father joint legal custody of their two minor children born of the marriage: K.M. (then age 6) and O.M. (then age 4) (collectively, “Minor Children“). Additionally, Mother was awarded “primary physical custody ... subject to [Father‘s] rights of temporary custody and visitation pursuant to the Parenting Plan.” The Dissolution Judgment also awarded Mother $935 per month as and for the support of two children to be paid by Father.
Pursuant to the Dissolution Judgment, during the school year, Father was awarded physical custody of Minor Children every other weekend (beginning Friday at 6:00 P.M. and ending on Sunday at 6:00 P.M.) and one weekly visitation (beginning at 5:00 P.M. and ending at 8:00 P.M. on the same evening). During summer break, Father‘s weekly visitation converted to a weekly overnight visitation, in addition to the continued every other weekend schedule. Further, during summer break, Father was awarded six weeks (to be exercised in two-week intervals) of custody. Throughout the year, Mother and Father alternated holidays and birthdays. At all other times therein, Mother was awarded physical custody of Minor Children.
Two years after the entry of the Dissolution Judgment, on April 12, 2013, Father filed a motion to modify the Dissolution Judgment in which he sought sole legal custody, sole physical custody, and other relief. Mother filed a cross-motion to modify, seeking sole legal custody, a modification of father‘s visitation, and other relief. Mother also filed a cross-motion for contempt in which she sought, inter alia, interest on father‘s past-due child support. A Guardian ad litem was appointed (“GAL“).
After trial, the trial court awarded, inter alia, Father sole legal and sole physical custody of Minor Children, with rights of visitation afforded to Mother (“Modification Judgment“). In effect, Mother was awarded almost the exact amount of physical custody as Father was previously awarded under the Dissolution Judgment. Furthermore, the Modification Judgment ordered Mother to pay Father $236 per
This appeal now follows.
DISCUSSION
Mother contends, in four separate points on appeal, the trial court erred in entering the Modification Judgment. Specifically, Mother claims the Modification Judgment improperly adjudicated physical and legal custody of Minor Children, child support arrears, and attorney‘s fees. We will discuss, in considerable detail, the particulars of each point throughout the analysis.
Standard of Review
The applicable standard of review requires this court to affirm the trial court‘s judgment unless it is not supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the evidence, or erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo.banc 1976); see also Dawson v. Dawson, 366 S.W.3d 107, 112 (Mo.App.W.D.2012). The trial court‘s determination is given greater deference in child custody cases than in other cases. Huffman v. Huffman, 11 S.W.3d 882, 885 (Mo.App.W.D.2000); Beshers v. Beshers, 433 S.W.3d 498, 505 (Mo.App.S.D.2014) (“An appellant seeking to reverse a trial court‘s ruling concerning custody of a child has to overcome a high standard of review.“).
The trial court is in a superior position to weigh all the evidence and render a judgment based upon that evidence; as such, the judgment is to be affirmed under any reasonable theory supported by the evidence. Love v. Love, 75 S.W.3d 747, 754 (Mo.App.W.D.2002). “The trial court‘s determination of custody will not be disturbed on appeal unless this court is firmly convinced it is erroneous and the award is against the child‘s best interests[.]” Bather v. Bather, 170 S.W.3d 487, 492 (Mo.App.W.D.2005).
Analysis
Point I: Modification of Physical Custody
In her first point on appeal, Mother contends the trial court erred in entering the Modification Judgment and ordering a change in sole physical custody of Minor Children from Mother to Father. Specifically, Mother maintains the trial court‘s determination is against the weight of the evidence, in that the trial court: (1) was “overly-influenced” by the GAL‘s recommendation regarding the appropriate school district for Minor Children; (2) relied upon “stale” evidence when assessing Minor Children‘s school attendance records; (3) failed to account for or give proper weight to Father‘s admission that Minor Children were succeeding in Mother‘s school district; (4) conferred undue weight to Father‘s testimony regarding the quantity of Mother‘s relocations since the Dissolution Judgment; (5) accorded undue weight to Mother‘s failure to provide Father‘s contact information to the Minor Children‘s schools; and (6) assigned undue weight to Mother‘s unanswered requests for admissions. Ostensibly, Mother‘s Point I argues the trial court erred in modifying the physical custody arrangement because said modification was not in Minor Children‘s best interest.
It should be noted that although not expressly set forth in a separate point on appeal, Mother also contends, via her analysis and argument under Point I, the trial court erroneously declared or applied the law in finding substantial change in circumstances as to Mother (the custodian under the Dissolution Judgment) or the
A. Physical Custody Modification Standards
Initially, there appears to be significant confusion regarding the standard applicable to the modification of the physical custody at issue. The confusion springs from both the complex nature of our custody statutes and appellate court attempts to create clarity in an area of law that is increasingly challenged by evolving societal standards. We, herein, attempt to provide precision and simplicity for future trial courts and litigants confronted with motions to modify.
In Missouri, two distinct statutes “govern the modification of prior parenting arrangements.” Russell v. Russell, 210 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Mo.banc 2007); see
1. Modification Standards
Pursuant to
Typically, uncertainty and perplexity arise as to whether the parent seeking to modify must prove either a “change in circumstances” or a “substantial change in circumstances.” See Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 196-98. Thus, the recognition of these two related, but distinct, standards implies
Section 452.410 Statutory Standard
First, the “change in circumstances” burden of proof—or the “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard“—applies in those instances where the modification sought does not “deprive one custodial parent of custody altogether.” Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 194. Accordingly, by definition, this “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard” applies in only two circumstances:
- Joint Physical Custody to Joint Physical Custody: When a joint physical custodial parent seeks to modify the physical custody arrangement, but requests that both parties remain joint physical custodians, the “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard” applies. Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 196 (“Thus, by definition, a modification of joint physical custody is a custody modification, triggering the application of section 452.410.“).
- Sole Physical Custody to Joint Physical Custody: When one parent was awarded sole physical custody in the previous child custody decree (and the other parent was awarded visitation rights) and a motion to modify is sought to award both parents joint physical custody, the “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard” applies. Strobel v. Strobel, 219 S.W.3d 295, 298 (Mo.App.W.D. 2007) (“[A]s our Supreme Court has recently clarified, the change in circumstances that must be shown need not be ‘substantial’ where, as here, the modification ordered is from sole custody to joint custody.“).
The reasoning and logic of the “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard” is premised upon the long declared public policy of this State that children maintain “frequent, continuing and meaningful contact with both parents after the parents have separated ....”
Section 452.410 Case Law Standard
Second, the courts have added to the burden of proof in certain circumstances, requiring a “substantial change in circumstances“—or the “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard“—when the modification sought does “deprive one custodial parent of custody altogether.” Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 194. Accordingly, by definition, this “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard,” similarly, applies in only two circumstances:
- Sole Physical Custody to Sole Physical Custody: When one parent was awarded sole physical custody in the previous child custody decree (and the other parent was awarded visitation rights) and a motion to modify is sought to award the other parent sole physical custody, the “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard” applies. Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 197 (“A change from sole custody in one parent to sole custody in another parent is drastic, and courts rightly conclude that the modification must be based on a ‘substantial’ change.“).
- Joint Physical Custody to Sole Physical Custody: When both parents were awarded joint physical custody in the previous child custody decree and a modification is sought to award only one parent
sole physical custody (with rights of visitation to the other parent), the “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard” applies.
The reasoning and logic of the “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard” is premised not only upon this State‘s long declared public policy, supra, but also upon the “principles of res judicata and the concern for finality of judgments.” Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 196. Such extensive modifications in physical custodial arrangements contradict the continuity that shall be valued for children, necessitating the implication of the legal principle of res judicata and, thereby, the more rigid burden of proof. Reeves-Weible v. Reeves, 995 S.W.2d 50, 57 (Mo. App.W.D.1999) (children should not be uprooted from one environment to the next upon slight changes of the status of either parent).
Section 452.400.2 Modification Standard
Pursuant to
Logically, based upon the holding in Russell,
2. Summary of Applicable Child Custody Modification Standards
Accordingly, under current Missouri law, there exist three separate and distinct applicable standards when modifying a physical custody arrangement:
- “Section 452.410 Statutory Standard“;
- “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard“; and
- “Section 452.400.2 Standard.”
As is self-evident, the type of modification sought dictates the standard and burden. Accordingly, the proper designation of the prior and modified physical custodial arrangements as either “sole” or “joint” is crucial when determining the standard to apply when seeking a modification, as we discuss, infra.
B. Determining the Physical “Custody” Designation
For over ten years our appellate courts have, without exception, sternly admonished the use of “primary physical custody.” ‘[C]ustody,’ as defined ... does not include ‘primary physical custody’ as a statutorily permissible physical custodial arrangement, only joint or sole physical custody” is statutorily permissible. Derks v. Surface, 189 S.W.3d 692, 697 (Mo.App.W.D.2006); see also Loumiet v. Loumiet, 103 S.W.3d 332, 338 (Mo.App.W.D.2003)
In the instant matter, the initial child custody decree—the Dissolution Judgment—failed to classify the physical custody arrangement as either “joint” or “sole.” Rather, the physical custody arrangement reads as follows:
The parties hereto agree that legal custody of the minor children be granted to both parties and that the primary physical custody, care and control shall be with Petitioner [Mother] subject to Respondent‘s [Father] rights of temporary custody and visitation pursuant to the Parenting Plan ....
Moreover, the Modification Judgment did not explicitly denominate the physical custody arrangement awarded under the Dissolution Judgment.2
In Missouri, the designation of the prior physical custody arrangement and the modified physical custody arrangement has been problematic.
First, in Baker v. Welborn, 77 S.W.3d 711, 716 (Mo.App.S.D.2002) (abrogated on other grounds), the Missouri Court of Appeals, Southern District, set forth a paradigm to determine the applicable classification of the physical custody arrangement when a parent seeks a physical custody modification. Baker, 77 S.W.3d at 715-16. That court reviewed the “substance” of the modification and awarded parenting time, rather than the prior child custody decree‘s designation of the physical custody arrangement. Id. at 718. Pursuant to Baker, “the requirements for modifying rights of parents following a dissolution of marriage must be determined on a case-by-case basis regardless of the terminology used in the judgment that is sought to be modified.” Id. Essentially, the court was not concerned with the terminology given to the physical custody arrangement used in the prior child custody decree. Rather, the court focused upon the actual allocation of parenting time awarded in the prior child custody decree in determining the appropriate designation of the physical custody arrangement.
Second, in Timmerman v. Timmerman, 139 S.W.3d 230 (Mo.App.W.D.2004) (en banc), the Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District, explicitly rejected the Baker paradigm. Timmerman, 139 S.W.3d at 236. Timmerman simply set forth a bright line test to determine the designation of the physical custody arrangement set forth in the prior child custody decree. Id. That bright line test merely requires the modification court to review the designation given to the physical custody arrangement in the prior child custody decree. Id. Accordingly, the court does not review the allocation of parenting time, but, only the terminology specified. Thus, if the most recent child custody decree labeled the physical custodial arrangement as “joint,” then the “joint” designation
Third, in Russell v. Russell, 2006 WL 2251819 (Mo.App.E.D. Aug. 8, 2006) (hereinafter, “Russell, E.D.“), prior to transfer to the Supreme Court, this court also examined this exact issue. In Russell, E.D., this court, like the Western District, rejected the paradigm prescribed by Baker, and instead elected to adopt the bright line test drawn in Timmerman. Russell, E.D., 2006 WL 2251819 at *5. In adopting Timmerman, and rejecting Baker, this court found that “the Southern District approach [in Baker] leaves the determination of whether to apply
Finally, upon accepting transfer of Russell, E.D., the Supreme Court effectively resolved the distinct appellate split. Russell, 210 S.W.3d at 196. Although Russell did not explicitly cite to, adopt, or distinguish Baker or Timmerman, the Supreme Court did provide guidance and a method for determining the modification standard to be applied. Id. Pursuant to Russell, as a “threshold matter” in determining which modification statute applies—
Essentially, although Russell relied upon the prior child custody decree‘s designation of the physical custody arrangement in determining the appropriate modification standard, the Supreme Court also implied that said designation must be “appropriately” denominated in compliance with the statutory definition of joint physical custody.3 The Supreme Court merged the Baker paradigm and the Timmerman bright line test.
Therefore, pursuant to the direction and guidance of Russell, this court holds when a court confronts a modification of physical custody, that court must give weight to the prior child custody decree‘s designation of the physical custody arrangement so long as said designation complies with the statutory definition of
C. Application of Custody Designation to the Dissolution & Modification Judgments
Turning, now, to the physical custody awarded in the Dissolution Judgment, we find the Dissolution Judgment awarded Father physical custody of Minor Children every other weekend, one weekly visitation, six weeks during summer break, and alternating holidays and birthdays; Mother was awarded physical custody at all other times therein. Ostensibly, Father was awarded what is commonly referred—at least in domestic attorney parlance—as a “Siegenthaler Schedule.”4 McElroy v. McElroy, 910 S.W.2d 798, 805 n. 3 (Mo.App.E.D.1995).
Insomuch as Father was awarded a “Siegenthaler Schedule” in the initial child custody decree, the modification court was confronted with the issue of classifying that physical custody arrangement as either joint or sole. As noted supra, pursuant to
Similar to “sole physical custody,” the term “significant” is left undefined by statute. Generally, in such a scenario, this court reverts to the principles of statutory interpretation. Lutes v. Schaefer, 431 S.W.3d 550, 556 (Mo.App.E.D.2014). In the absence of a statutory definition, “the words used in the statute are given their plain and ordinary meaning.” Columbia Athletic Club v. Dir. of Revenue, 961 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Mo.banc 1998) (overruled on other grounds). “The dictionary is frequently used as a tool in determining the
In accordance with
As we discuss, infra, the Modification Judgment awarded Mother a very similar physical custody arrangement. Certainly, Mother would never contend she has been awarded joint physical custody. In fact, we don‘t believe any reasonable parent would argue 2 or 3 nights out of 14 nights constitutes “joint physical custody.” Pennington v. Marcum, 266 S.W.3d 759, 767 (Ky.2008) (“This is perhaps too legalistic in a reality-based world. To most people, having custody means having possession of the child.“).
Moreover, this designation is in accord with our State‘s long declared public policy that children maintain “frequent, continuing and meaningful contact with both parents after the parents have separated ....”
The instant matter does not present this court with the opportunity to determine that which would actually constitute “joint physical custody.” As such, we decline to draw a bright line test, and reserve resolu-
Nevertheless, observing and effectuating this State‘s avowed public policy (
Therefore, we affirm the modification court‘s implicit finding that the Dissolution Judgment awarded Mother sole physical custody, with rights of visitation to Father.
D. Application of the Appropriate Modification Standard
Next, having denominated the physical “custody” ordered in the initial child custody decree as “sole physical custody,” this court turns to the modification sought and subsequently ordered by the trial court.
Father‘s Motion to Modify prayed that the trial court award him sole physical custody. The Modification Judgment, awarded Mother physical custody of Minor Children every other weekend, one weekly dinner visitation, every other week during summer break, and alternating holidays and birthdays; Father was awarded physical custody at all other times therein. The Modification Judgment denominated the physical custody arrangement as “sole physical custody” to Father.
Manifestly, the Modification Judgment‘s physical custody arrangement was merely a comparable variation of a “Siegenthaler Schedule.” Accordingly; pursuant to our analysis supra, the trial court appropriately denominated this physical custody arrangement as “sole.”
In finding that the trial court modified sole physical custody from Mother to Father, the applicable standard governing the trial court‘s Modification Judgment is set forth in the “Section 452.410 Case Law Standard,” supra. As such, Father carried the burden of evidencing, (a) a substantial change in circumstances of the child or his custodian and (b) said modification was necessary to serve the best interests of Minor Children.
Here, the Modification Judgment reveals the trial court found Father met the issue of substantial change of circumstances as to Minor Children and their custodian.7 Upon said finding, the court then determined the physical custody arrangement upon consideration of the Minor Children‘s best interests by analyzing all relevant factors, including those set forth in
Now, on appeal, Mother requests this court to reweigh certain evidence, or give no weight thereto, and determine physical custody in manner differently than the trial court. However, “[a] trial court‘s custody determination is afforded greater deference than other decisions.” McGahan v. McGahan, 237 S.W.3d 265, 269 (Mo.App.E.D.2007). We grant the trial court broad discretion and do not reweigh the evidence, even if the evidence may have supported another conclusion. Dunkle v. Dunkle, 158 S.W.3d 823, 832-33 (Mo.App.E.D.2005). This court will not reverse a trial court‘s child custody determination unless we are “firmly convinced” that the welfare of the child requires an alternative arrangement. Siegfried v. Remaklus, 95 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Mo.App.E.D.2001); see also Mahoney v. Mahoney, 162 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Mo.App.W.D.2005) (“we proceed under the presumption that the trial court reviewed all evidence and based its decision on the child‘s best interests“) (citations omitted). If evidence does not “clearly preponderate in favor of either parent, we will reverse the trial court‘s award only when there has been an abuse of discretion.” Gulley v. Gulley, 852 S.W.2d 874, 876 (Mo.App.E.D.1993) (emphasis added).
Not only do we fail to harbor any belief that “firmly convinces” us that a different physical custody arrangement serves the best interests of the Minor Children, but we are firmly unconvinced a different physical custody arrangement would be appropriate under these given facts. Even if we were to exclude the trial court‘s reliance upon Mother‘s unanswered Requests for Admissions and the GAL‘s school district recommendation, we do not find the trial court abused its discretion as there is other competent and substantial evidence for the Modification Judgment. The trial court determined, after the presentation of an abundance of evidence, an award of sole physical custody to Father was in the best interest of Minor Children.
Mother‘s Point I is denied.
Point II: Modification of Legal Custody
In her second point on appeal, Mother avers that the trial court erred in entering the Modification Judgment by awarding Father sole legal custody of the Minor Children. Specifically, Mother contends the trial court‘s determination erroneously declared or applied the law in finding a change in circumstances as to award Father sole legal custody. Moreover, Mother contends that awarding Father sole legal custody was against the weight of the evidence, in that the trial court: (1) erroneously overcame the presumption of joint legal custody by unjustified reliance upon the litigants’ inability to share parental decisions; (2) failed to account for or give proper weight to the GAL‘s joint legal custody recommenda-
Identical to the
The “breakdown in communication and cooperation alone is sufficient to constitute a change of circumstances warranting the modification of legal custody.” Mehler v. Martin, 440 S.W.3d 529, 536 (Mo.App.E.D.2014). The parents’ ability and willingness to communicate and cooperate is “crucial in considering whether joint legal custody is proper[,]” and if the parents are unable to make shared decisions concerning the welfare of their children, joint custody is inappropriate and not in the children‘s best interests. Id.; see also In re Marriage of Sutton, 233 S.W.3d 786, 790 (Mo.App.E.D.2007) (“In determining whether joint legal custody is in the child‘s best interests, we consider the parties’ commonality of beliefs concerning parental decisions, the parties’ inability to function as a parental unit in making those decisions, and the parties’ demonstrated willingness and ability to share the rights and responsibilities of raising their children.“) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
However, joint legal custody is not always or necessarily inappropriate “merely because there is some level of personal tension and hostility” between the parents “provided that there is substantial evidence that despite this acrimony the parties nonetheless have the ability and willingness to fundamentally cooperate in making decisions concerning the child‘s upbringing.” McCauley v. Schenkel, 977 S.W.2d 45, 50-51 (Mo.App.E.D.1998) (emphasis in original).
First, Mother claims that the award of sole legal custody to Father was erroneous because there existed no substantial change in circumstances, in that the dispute over vaccinating Minor Children arose prior to or at the time of the Dissolution Judgment. However, Mother fails to account for the incessant breakdown in communication that has arisen since the entry of the Dissolution Judgment. Since the entry of the Dissolution Judgment Mother has failed to provide Father with statutorily mandated notices regarding several of her multiple relocations, Mother has caused Minor Children to sustain unwarranted absences and tardies from school without notifications or justifications to Father,9 Mother has failed to provide Father with any information regarding the medical providers treating Minor Children (if any), Mother often neglects to inform
Second, Mother contends the trial court upended this State‘s public policy preferring joint legal custody by lending inappropriate weight to Mother‘s culpabilities versus that of Father‘s flaws.
Pursuant to
Mother is accurate in her assertion that there exists evidence that both parties demonstrated a future objective to work together to raise their children. If the trial court had awarded joint legal custody, said award could or may have been supported by substantial and competent evidence as well. See, e.g., Frantz, 488 S.W.3d at 177. However, due to the considerable discretion afforded to the trial court, there also exists substantial and competent evidence for the trial court‘s award of sole legal custody to Father. Moreover, there is no evidence said award was intended to punish Mother; rather the substantial and competent evidence reveals the trial court found sole legal custody to Father was in the best interest of Minor Children. “We will not set aside a trial court‘s judgment of child custody unless we firmly believe that the decree is wrong and that the child‘s welfare requires another disposition.” In re Marriage of Sutton, 233 S.W.3d at 789.
Point II is denied.
Point III: Child Support
In her third point relied on, Mother argues the trial court erred in awarding Father a retroactive credit for Father‘s child support arrears. Specifically Mother contends the trial court‘s award of a retroactive child support credit to Father was either a misapplication of the law or against the weight of the evidence, in that that trial court: (1) bestowed undue weight upon Mother‘s answers to interrogatories propounded by Father regarding daycare expenses; (2) failed to account for or give proper weight to Father‘s testimony; and (3) incorrectly determined sufficient evidence existed so as to provide Father with said credit.
Accordingly, the trial court concluded Father was entitled to a “retroactive child support calculation without child care” in the following manner:
13. The Court therefore computes Father‘s retroactive credit as follows. The Judgment of April 11, 2011 included child support of $935.00 per month which included $625.00 per month in day care [expenses]. The Consent Order on October 30, 2014 (Ex. P) computed child support of $386.00 per month with no day care [expenses]. Therefore, Father over paid child support of $549.00 per month ($935.00 per month—$386.00 per month). [Father] filed his action on April 12, 2013. As a result, April 12, 2013 until October 30, 2014 is approximately 18.67 months. The total overpayment of child support during these months is $10,249.83 ($549 per month x 18.67 months). The arrears with the Family Support Division as of June 3, 2015 are $9,747.92. To this the Court adds interest of $1,194.95, for a total child support arrears of $10,942.87. The Court then credits Father with overpayment of child support of $10,249.83, for a total arrearage of $693.04. Therefore, Father owes total arrears to Mother of $693.04 ($10,942.87—$10,249.83) after adding interest and account for all credits. The Family Support Division shall update their records accordingly to reflect same.
Pursuant to
We note both the trial court and Mother denominated or described this child support award as a “credit” in favor of Father. However, the trial court‘s child support award was merely a retroactive application of child support. Although the vast majority of appellate cases applying the retroactive child support statute commences or increases a paying-parent‘s financial liabilities, the plain language of the
On October 30, 2014, Mother consented (via an Interim Order Regarding Custody and Support) to a reduction of Father‘s monthly child support. Specifically, therein, Father‘s child support liabilities decreased from $935.00 per month to $386.00 per month. This significant decrease was occasioned, in part, by Mother‘s lack of childcare expenses. Thus, Mother voluntarily conceded her lack of childcare expenses as of October 30, 2014.
Now, on appeal, Mother invites this court to reweigh the evidence and supplant our judgment for that of the trial court‘s judgment in regards to when Mother ceased incurring child care expenses. Such an entreaty will not be entertained lest there arises an abuse of discretion. Smetana, 963 S.W.2d at 2 (“Without a clear showing of abuse of discretion, the circuit court‘s determination as to the effective date of a child support will not be reversed.“).
“Form 14 expressly provides for allocation of the custodial parent‘s reasonable work-related child care costs.” M.L.R. v. Jones, 437 S.W.3d 404, 407 (Mo.App.S.D.2014) (citations omitted); see also McCormick v. McCormick, 934 S.W.2d 32, 34 (Mo.App.E.D.1996) (“In making its Form 14 calculations, the trial court is to determine the custodial parent‘s reasonable work-related child care costs, less any federal income tax credit.“). Accordingly, “[w]here a custodial parent establishes actual and necessary child care expenses incurred as a result of working or attending school, the expenses can be considered in calculating child support.” Stufflebean v. Stufflebean, 941 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Mo.App.W.D.1997) (emphasis added). However, the inclusion of an item, such as childcare expenses, on the Form 14 “must be supported by substantial evidence.” McCandless-Glimcher v. Glimcher, 73 S.W.3d 68, 80 (Mo.App.W.D.2002). The trial court is granted broad discretion in awarding child support; this broad discretion includes latitude in determining the need and the appropriate dollar amount regarding work-related child care expenses. Stufflebean, 941 S.W.2d at 846; see also Glimcher, 73 S.W.3d at 80.
Generally, the parent obligated to pay child support (“paying-parent“) “must strictly comply” with the child support order or seek court-ordered modification thereof if circumstances have changed. Ballard v. Hendricks, 877 S.W.2d 232, 235 (Mo.App.W.D.1994). Nevertheless, it is fundamental that “[t]he purpose of child support is to provide for the specific needs of the children.” In re Marriage of Gerhard, 985 S.W.2d 927, 935 (Mo.App.S.D. 1999) (emphasis added). To accomplish this purpose, the trial court is vested with the “equitable doctrine allowing the obligated parent [paying-parent] credit against arrearages in child support collection proceedings[.]” Hendricks, 877 S.W.2d at 236. This equitable power is germane and applicable based on the facts of each case. Id.
Without dispute, both Mother and Father acknowledged Mother incurred some childcare expenses since the entry of the Dissolution Judgment—the exact amount of those childcare expenses is left unresolved. However, during trial, Mother failed to proffer credible evidence that she incurred childcare expenses since Father‘s filing of his Motion to Modify on April 12, 2013. First, Mother freely admitted, both in her answers to Father‘s interrogatories and during trial, that she was not presently incurring childcare expenses. Second, Mother failed to adduce any evidence or
Having failed in proffering evidence of childcare expenses at trial, Mother now endeavors to bootstrap her past childcare expenses in order to meet her evidentiary burden. Evidence of Mother‘s childcare expenses in the past do not equate to evidence of childcare expenses incurred by Mother since Father‘s filing of his Motion to Modify. Accordingly, the trial court‘s retroactive child support award is supported by substantial evidence. Davies v. Davies, 887 S.W.2d 800, 804 (Mo.App.E.D.1994) (“When determining the sufficiency of the evidence, the reviewing court accepts as true the evidence and inferences therefrom that are favorable to the trial court‘s decree, and disregards all contrary evidence.“). To find in favor of Mother, this court would be required to reweigh the evidence and supersede the trial court‘s witness credibility determinations. That, this court will not do. Shelton v. Shelton, 29 S.W.3d 400, 405 (Mo.App.E.D.2000) (“Where conflicting evidence exists, deference is given to the trial court which can assess the credibility of the witnesses.“); Wennihan v. Wennihan, 452 S.W.3d 723, 730 (Mo.App.W.D.2015) (“It is not for this Court to reweigh the evidence.“).
Furthermore, we find the trial court appropriately employed its equitable powers as to provide Father with a “credit” for past due child support. The evidence reveals Mother was not incurring childcare expenses since, at least, the filing of Father‘s Motion to Modify. For the trial court to award Mother childcare expenses she did not incur would run afoul of the rationale of child support.
Therefore, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion or misapply the law in awarding Father a retroactive child support decrease so as to account for Mother‘s lack of childcare expenses. See, e.g., Finch v. Finch, 442 S.W.3d 209, 221-222 (Mo.App.W.D.2014) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering retroactive child support); Shelton, 29 S.W.3d at 405.
Point III is denied.
Point IV: Attorney‘s Fees
In her fourth and final point, Mother alleges that the trial court erred in awarding Father attorney‘s fees. Mother first argues the award of attorney‘s fees was a misapplication of the law or contrary to the law, in that the trial court‘s Modification Judgment equivocated as to the legal authority for the award; specifically, Mother contends it is unclear whether the award of attorney‘s fees was pursuant to
Again, we begin with a summary of the operable parts of the Modification Judgment. The trial court determined Father‘s and Mother‘s attorney‘s fees were $9,131.13 and $7,650, respectively. In ordering Mother to pay $4,566 of Father‘s attorney‘s fees, the trial court stated that it was “guided by RSMo. Section 452.355.” The trial court considered the parties’ financial resources, the merits of each litigant‘s case, the conduct of the parties:
The Court does not find that Father failed without good cause to comply with the Order. Father testified that he fell behind because he had lost his job. Mother presented no evidence to the
“Generally speaking, parties to a domestic relations case are responsible for paying their own attorney‘s fees.” Ethridge v. Ethridge, 239 S.W.3d 676, 684 (Mo.App.E.D.2007). However, pursuant to
In determining a party‘s request for attorney‘s fees under the authority of
Here, in awarding Father attorney‘s fees, the trial court‘s Modification Judgment explicitly cites to
The cynosure of Mother‘s argument is occupied upon the alleged financial disparity as between Mother and Father. Although the Modification Judgment found “the parties’ financial resources [to be] relatively similar[,]” the evidence presented at trial reveals disparate financial circumstances. According to the trial court‘s own Form 14, Line 3 indicated Father‘s proportionate share of the Gross Income was 69% compared to Mother‘s 31% share. Bothe v. Bothe, 266 S.W.3d 321, 326 (Mo.App.E.D.2008) (“The Form 14 is the most comprehensive assessment of the parties’ respective financial standings[.]“). Similarly, Line 1 of the trial court‘s Form 14 intimates Father‘s gross monthly income to stand at $3,533.00, whereas Mother‘s gross monthly income rests at $1,590.00. Cf. Thorp, 390 S.W.3d at 881-82 (affirming the trial court‘s award of attorney‘s fees to Mother occasioned by Father‘s 78.2% proportionate share of the Gross Income as indicated on the Form 14). Indisputably, Father has a greater ability to pay when contrasted with Mother; moreover, there was scant evidence regarding Father‘s inability to pay his own attorney‘s fees. McNair v. McNair, 987 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Mo.App.W.D.1998) (although, one party‘s inability to pay his or her attorney‘s fees is not a requirement for awarding attorney‘s fees, one party‘s greater ability to pay is sufficient to support an award of attorney‘s fees to the other party); Crews v. Crews, 949 S.W.2d 659, 672 (Mo.App.W.D.1997) (“[A] mere showing of financial inability to pay is not sufficient, in and of itself, to reverse the trial court‘s award of attorney‘s fees.“). Given only these facts, had the trial court exclusively premised its award of attorney‘s fees upon the first factor—the financial resources of the parties—said award of attorney‘s fees would not have been supported by competent and substantial evidence. Bothe, 266 S.W.3d at 327.
In the instant matter, however, the trial court did not ground its award of attorney fees upon the financial resources of the parties. In In re Marriage of Baker, 986 S.W.2d 950, 958 (Mo.App.S.D.1999) (“[T]he financial state of a party seeking an attorney fee award is only one factor to consider[,]” and the ability or inability of the party seeking attorney‘s fees to pay “is not determinative.“); see also Runyan v. Runyan, 907 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Mo.App.W.D.1995) (“The parties financial condition is not a controlling factor, but is only one of the relevant factors for the trial court to consider in determining whether to award [attorney] fees.“) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). To the contrary, the trial court‘s award of attorney‘s fees was based almost entirely upon the second and third factors: the merits of the case and the actions of the parties during the pendency of the action.
In evaluating these two factors, first, the trial court found Father “presented a meritorious case[.]” Conversely, the trial court determined Mother‘s counter motion to modify and contempt proceedings to be
Mother, nevertheless, claims the trial court was “overly critical” of her motion for contempt, occasioned by Father‘s past due child support. However, this court need not expound further upon the non-meritorious nature of Mother‘s motion for contempt than that which was discussed under Point III, supra. Mother sought contempt against Father even though Father‘s child support arrears were set in motion by Mother‘s non-existent childcare expenses.
Second, the trial court, ostensibly, found Mother‘s conduct during the pendency of the underlying action to be debasing. Specifically, the trial court noted “Mother‘s failure to timely file pleadings, comply with discovery, and continuation of the case on more than one (1) occasion when the case was set for trial and Father was prepared and ready to try the case.” Such conduct is troublesome and indicative of uncooperative propensities, especially in the context of litigation concerning the custody and best interests of her children. During the pendency of a domestic relations cause of action wherein minor children are at issue, litigants and attorneys alike should be scrupulously cognizant of the ramifications and consequences of their conduct and actions. Conduct like that demonstrated by Mother should not be tolerated and shall be admonished.
Moreover, conduct by a domestic relations litigant that unnecessarily increases the fees of the opposing party shall never be condoned. Long v. Long, 135 S.W.3d 538, 545 (Mo.App.S.D.2004) (“A party‘s actions during the pendency of litigation may be considered in determining whether to make an award of attorney fees, especially when those fees were the result of the other party‘s improper conduct.“); Bryant v. Bryant, 351 S.W.3d 681, 692 (Mo.App.E.D.2011). Mother‘s multiple, unjustified continuances—which Mother does not dispute—is a flagrant illustration of unsuitable conduct of a domestic relations litigant. See, e.g., T.B.G. v. C.A.G., 772 S.W.2d 653, 655 (Mo.banc 1989).
Therefore, although the first factor (the financial resources of the parties) under
Mother‘s Point IV is denied.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Sherri B. Sullivan, P.J. and Kurt S. Odenwald, J., concur.