In Re Spring Valley Farms, Inc.
George White, Gadsden, Ala., for defendants-appellees.
Appеal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.
Before JOHNSON and CLARK, Circuit Judges, and VINSON*, District Judge.
JOHNSON, Circuit Judge:
I. FACTS
In this case the district court granted summary judgment in favor of creditors on motions to determine whether their claims had been discharged in bankruрtcy and to amend their complaint. 85 B.R. 593 (N.D.Ala.1988). We affirm.
In July 1980, Bessie Crow and her neighbors brought suit against Spring Valley Farms seeking damages for the nuisance allegedly created by its chicken processing operations. In November 1982, Spring Valley Farms and a closely related corporation, Spring Valley Foods (collectively “Spring Valley defendants“), filed for bankruptcy in North Carolina. Plaintiffs never received any official notice of any sort from the bankruptcy court. Plaintiffs did, however, have actual knowledge of the existence of the bankruptcy proceedings from a letter mailed by the Spring Valley defendants’ attorney to plaintiffs’ attorney. The Spring Valley defendants’ attorney also mailed a letter to Crow individually, in care of plaintiffs’ attorney, notifying her that her claim had been scheduled as contingent, disputed, or liquidated. With the exception of Crow, plaintiffs’ claims were not scheduled with the bankruptcy court.1
Plaintiffs never filed any proofs of claim with the North Carolina bankruptcy court, nor did thеy otherwise participate in proceedings there. On August 20, 1984, the Spring Valley defendants’ debts were discharged in accordance with
The Spring Valley defendants argue that this case is controlled by In re Alton, 837 F.2d 457 (11th Cir.1988) (per curiam). In Alton, this Court held that in order to avoid the discharge of its debt, a creditor with knowledge of the debtor‘s initiation of bankruptcy proceedings was obligated to file a proof of claim, even though he had received no notice of the bar date for filing such a claim.
The Court in Alton based its decision on
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt--
(3) neither listed nor scheduled under section 521(1) of this title, with the name, if known to the debtor, of the creditor to whom such debt is owed, in time to permit(A) if suсh debt is of a kind specified in paragraph (2), (4), or (6) of this subsection, timely filing of a proof of claim ... unless such creditor had notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for such timely filing ...
(emphasis added). The Court held that
However, Section 523 is not applicable in this case. The Spring Valley defendants are corporate debtors. Section 523(a)(3) places a burden of inquiry upon a creditor only when the debtor is an “individual debtor.” A corporate debtor is not an individual debtor for the purposes of Section 523. Yamaha Motor Corp. v. Shadco, Inc., 762 F.2d 668, 670 (8th Cir.1985) (applying Section 523 to corporations would “rendеr meaningless employment by Congress of the term ‘individual’ “) (citing In re Kuempel Co., 14 B.R. 324, 325 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1981)); In re Push & Pull Enter., Inc., 84 B.R. 546, 548 (N.D.Ind.1988) (“It is almost undebatable and universally held that a corporate Chapter 11 debtor is not subject to the dischargeability provisions of 11 U.S.C.A. Sec. 523.“); Colliеr on Bankruptcy, Sec. 523.04 at 523-11 (1988).
Defendants argue that even if Section 523 does not apply, any debts arising from plaintiffs’ nuisance claims were extinguished by operation of
Considerable support exists for plaintiffs’ assertion that due process prevents Section 1141 frоm being read to extinguish their claims when no notice of the bar date for filing a proof of claim has been sent in compliance with Bankruptcy Rule 2002(a)(8). See Sheftelman v. Standard Metals Corp., 839 F.2d 1383, 1386 (10th Cir.1987) (notice under Rule 2002(a) “must also be given to satisfy due process requirements,” even when creditor had actual notice of bankruptcy); Reliable Elec. Co., Inc. v. Olson Const. Co., 726 F.2d 620, 622-23 (10th Cir.1984) (discharging of debt under Sec. 1141 violated due process when creditor with knowledge of the bankruptcy did not receive statutory notice of confirmation hearing). Relevant case law also exists under the former Bankruptcy Code. See City of New York v. New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 344 U.S. 293, 73 S.Ct. 299, 97 L.Ed. 333 (1953) (discharge provision of bankruptcy code did not operate against claim of creditor who never received actual notice of bar date for filing a claim); In re Intaco Puerto Rico, Inc., 494 F.2d 94, 99 (1st Cir.1974) (“[T]he fact that the creditor may, as here, be generally aware of the pending reorganization, does not itself impose upon him an affirmative duty to intervene in that matter аnd present his claim.“); In re Harbor Tank Storage, 385 F.2d 111, 115 (3d Cir.1967) (“[A] creditor has every right to assume that he will be sent all notices to which he is entitled under the Act.“).
Under the current Bankruptcy Code, Rule 2002(a)(8), as under the former code,
Nor can the bar order against New York be sustained because of the city‘s knowledge that reorganization of the railroad was taking place in the court. The argument is that such knowledge puts a duty оn creditors to inquire for themselves about possible court orders limiting the time for filing claims. But even creditors who have knowledge of a reorganization have a right to assume that the statutory “reasonable notice” will be given them before their claims are forever barred. When the judge ordered notice by mail to be given the appearing creditors, New York City acted reasonably in waiting tо receive the same treatment.
The statutory command for notice embodies a basic principle of justice--that a reasonable opportunity to be heard must precede judiсial denial of a party‘s claimed rights. New York City has not been accorded that kind of notice.
344 U.S. at 297, 73 S.Ct. at 301. In the present case plaintiffs were likewise not provided mandatory statutory notice and, like Nеw York City, failed to file a timely notice of claim. As did the creditor in City of New York, plaintiffs seek an exception from the bankruptcy court‘s final discharge order because they never received notice of the bar date for filing a proof of claim.
The language in City of New York clearly is not grounded in goals unique to the former bankruptcy act. The Court‘s emphasis on notice and opportunity to be heard underlines a due рrocess concern. See id., 344 U.S. at 297, 73 S.Ct. at 301 (“The statutory command for notice embodies a basic principle of justice--that a reasonable opportunity to be heard must precede judicial denial of a party‘s claimed rights.“). In affirming the district court, we hold that
Finally, we must briefly consider the district court‘s approvаl of the late amendment of Spring Valley Foods as a defendant. The court found as a fact that plaintiffs’ failure to previously name Spring Valley Foods was due to purposely misleading discovery responses. A plaintiff should be allowed to amend its complaint when the defendant‘s misconduct has caused the pleading to be deficient. Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, Sec. 1500; cf. Gifford v. Wichita Falls and Southern Railway Co., 224 F.2d 374, 376-77 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 895, 76 S.Ct. 153, 100 L.Ed. 787 (1955).
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.