In re Maliyah M.
The respondent parents in three separate cases appealed to this court from the judgments of the trial court terminating their parental rights as to their minor children. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the trials on the termination petitions were held virtually, either in whole or in part, via the Microsoft Teams platform, during which witnesses for the petitioner, the Commissioner of Children and Families, testified remotely. On appeal, the parents claimed that they were denied their rights to due process under the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution because the trial courts did not first conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether, under State v. Jarzbek (204 Conn. 683), there was a compelling need for the petitioner‘s witnesses to testify remotely. Held that the records of the three trials were inadequate under State v. Golding (213 Conn. 233) to review the parents’ unpreserved claims that they were denied due process when the trial courts failed to conduct hearings pursuant to Jarzbek before allowing the petitioner‘s witnesses to testify remotely: because the parents never objected to the virtual format of the termination trials on the ground that it violated their constitutional rights to confront the witnesses in person, the trial courts had no occasion to make findings of fact regarding the threat posed by COVID-19 and whether that threat was sufficiently compelling to curtail the parents’ confrontation rights; moreover, the parents could not overcome the inadequacy of the trial records by claiming that they had an unqualified right to a hearing at which the petitioner would bear the burden of establishing by clear and convincing evidence a compelling governmental interest in presenting the witnesses’ testimony virtually, that claim having been rejected by our Supreme Court in In re Annessa J. (343 Conn. 642); furthermore, even if the parents’ claim was distinct from that asserted in In re Annessa J., it would fail under Golding, as there is no constitutional right to a Jarzbek-type hearing ordered by a trial court sua sponte.
PER CURIAM. These three appeals present the same legal claim and involve similar, though unrelated, factual and procedural histories. In each appeal, the respondent parent appeals from the judgment of the trial court terminating his or her parental rights. On appeal, each respondent asserts the same claim—that the court “denied the respondent the due process of law under the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution” when it conducted the termination of parental rights trial, either in whole or in part, virtually, via Microsoft Teams,1 without first holding an evidentiary hearing to determine whether there was a compelling need for virtual testimony.
After the respondents filed their principal briefs in each appeal, this court granted the unopposed motions filed by the petitioner, the Commissioner of Children and Families, requesting that her brief be due thirty days after our Supreme Court issued its decisions in In re Annessa J., 343 Conn. 642, A.3d (2022), and its companion cases, In re Vada V., 343 Conn. 730, 275 A.3d 1172 (2022), and In re Aisjaha N., 343 Conn. 709, 275 A.3d 1181 (2022), which involved claims similar to the claim in the present cases. Our Supreme Court issued those decisions on June 20, 2022, and we now conclude that In re Annessa J. is dispositive of the issue in the present appeals. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the trial courts.
In Docket No. AC 45183, the respondent father, Hector R.-B., appeals from the judgment of the court terminating his parental rights as to Maliyah M. on the ground of failure to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation pursuant to General Statutes
In Docket No. AC 45199, the respondent father, Jason D., appeals from the judgment of the court terminating his parental rights as to his minor child, Octavia D., on the grounds of failure to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation pursuant to
In Docket No. AC 45369, the respondent mother, Lymari O., appeals from the judgments of the court terminating her parental rights as to her four minor children, Edgar S., Jaden A., Jeomarye A., and Josue G., on the ground of failure to achieve a sufficient degree of personal rehabilitation pursuant to
Each respondent concedes that their claim is unpreserved and seeks review pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239–40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), as modified by In re Yasiel R., 317 Conn. 773, 781, 120 A.3d 1188 (2015). “Pursuant to Golding, a [respondent] can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation . . . exists and . . . deprived the [respondent] of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the [petitioner] has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . [S]ee In re Yasiel R., [supra, 781] (modifying third prong of Golding). The first two steps in the Golding analysis address the reviewability of the claim, [whereas] the last two steps involve the merits of the claim.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Annessa J., supra, 343 Conn. 656–57.
In In re Annessa J., the respondent mother, Valerie H., appealed from the judgment of the trial court terminating her parental rights. Id., 650. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial had been conducted virtually, via Microsoft Teams, and, on appeal to this court, the respondent mother claimed, inter alia, that the trial court “violated her right to due process of law by precluding her from confronting witnesses in court and in person . . . .” Id. She conceded that her claim was unpreserved and sought review pursuant to Golding. Id., 661. This court determined that, “because Valerie did not ask the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing on the need for a virtual trial, the record was inadequate
After granting the respondent mother certification to appeal, our Supreme Court agreed with this court that the record was inadequate to review her unpreserved claim. The court explained that, “[u]nlike her state constitutional claim, which did not require any factual predicates because she claimed an unqualified right to an in person trial, Valerie‘s federal constitutional claim is not based on an alleged unqualified right to confront the petitioner‘s witnesses in person under the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution. Rather, Valerie claims that she had the right to do so ‘in the absence of evidence demonstrating the existence of a compelling governmental interest sufficient to curtail the right.’ Valerie thus acknowledges that there are certain countervailing governmental interests that may be sufficient to justify curtailing any constitutional right to in person confrontation. Indeed, to address the merits of Valerie‘s claim, this court would apply the three part test set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976). The third part of that test requires us to consider the governmental interests at stake. . . . [T]he trial court explained that, ‘[d]ue to the COVID-19 . . . pandemic, the trial [on the termination of parental rights petition] was conducted virtually.’ As a result, we would need to consider the specific factual circumstances surrounding the trial and the COVID-19 pandemic to properly evaluate Valerie‘s claim. As Valerie concedes, ‘[a]lthough the trial court referenced the COVID-19 public emergency as the reason for conducting the trial virtually, there was no actual evidence before the court that [SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19], threatened the health or safety of any of the persons involved in this particular case.’ It is for this reason that the record is inadequate to review Valerie‘s unpreserved federal due process claim. Even if this court were to assume that Valerie had a right to in person confrontation in the absence of compelling countervailing interests, this court has no factual record or factual findings on which to base a determination of whether that right was violated or whether the trial court correctly concluded that the government‘s interests were sufficiently great to warrant conducting the trial virtually.” (Citation omitted.) Id., 661–62. The court also rejected the respondent mother‘s contention that the lack of evidence in the record was not her burden to overcome under the first prong of Golding. Id., 662–63.
Similarly, in In re Vada V., supra, 343 Conn. 738, the respondent parents appealed from the judgments of the trial court terminating their parental rights after a trial held virtually, via Microsoft Teams, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents asserted an unpreserved claim that “the trial court denied them the right to physically confront and cross-examine the witnesses
After those decisions were issued, the petitioner moved to dismiss each of the present appeals, arguing that, because the records are inadequate to review the respondents’ unpreserved due process claim “in the same way the respective records in In re Annessa J. and In re Vada V. were inadequate, the result must be the same.” This court denied the motions to dismiss and, sua sponte, ordered the parties in each appeal to file supplemental memoranda of law addressing whether the judgments terminating the respondents’ parental rights should be summarily affirmed in light of our Supreme Court‘s decisions in In re Annessa J., In re Vada V., In re Aisjaha N. and In re Juvenile Appeal (Docket No. 10155), 187 Conn. 431, 435–41, 446 A.2d 808 (1982) (holding that respondent father‘s constitutional rights were not violated when he was unable to be physically present in courtroom for termination of parental rights trial but participated via telephone).
In their principal briefs, filed before our Supreme Court issued its decisions in In re Annessa J., In re Vada V. and In re Aisjaha N., the respondents in the present appeals contended that the trial court violated their right to due process by failing to hold a compelling needs hearing pursuant to State v. Jarzbek, 204 Conn. 683, 529 A.2d 1245 (1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1061, 108 S. Ct. 1017, 98 L. Ed. 2d 982 (1988), before allowing the petitioner‘s witnesses to testify remotely. In State v. Jarzbek, supra, 707, our Supreme Court held “that, in criminal prosecutions involving the alleged sexual abuse of children of tender years, videotaping the testimony of a minor victim outside the physical presence of the defendant is a constitutionally permissible practice if, and only if, the state proves by clear and convincing evidence a compelling need to exclude the defendant from the witness room during the victim‘s testimony.”
In their supplemental memoranda of law, the respondents contend that their unpreserved constitutional claim is distinct from the one recently addressed by our Supreme Court because, “[u]nlike in In re Annessa J. and In re Vada V., the issue to be resolved in [these] appeal[s] is whether the rule in [Jarzbek]—requiring the state to establish a compelling governmental need
In her brief to the Supreme Court in In re Annessa J., the respondent mother cited Jarzbek in support of her due process claim and argued “that the right of physical confrontation under the due process clause is not limited to criminal cases but extends to civil matters, including parental rights termination cases, where state action threatens fundamental liberty interests. . . . Although the trial court referenced the COVID-19 public emergency as the reason for conducting the trial virtually, there was no actual evidence before the court that the COVID-19 virus threatened the health or safety of any of the persons involved in [the trial]. . . . [T]his lacuna in the record with respect to whether there was a compelling reason to curtail her right of physical confrontation was not [the respondent‘s] burden to overcome under the first prong of . . . Golding. Under Golding, it was sufficient for the respondent to show that she was denied the ability to confront physically the witnesses against her at the virtual trial, with the burden falling on the state to demonstrate that the record disclosed facts sufficient to justify an abridgment of the right.” (Citation omitted.) In re Annessa J., Conn. Supreme Court Briefs & Appendices, Third Term, 2021–2022, Appellant‘s Brief pp. 22–24.
In rejecting the claim that the lack of evidence in the record “was not her burden to overcome,” our Supreme Court expressly held that the respondent mother‘s claim must be analyzed pursuant to the three part Mathews test. In re Annessa J., supra, 343 Conn. 661. Because that test is fact intensive, the court held that her claim failed in the absence of an evidentiary record regarding the Mathews factors and that she indeed had the burden to ensure an adequate evidentiary record for review of her claim. In particular, the court explained: “During the trial, the petitioner and the trial court were never put on notice that Valerie objected to the virtual nature of the termination of parental rights trial on the basis that it violated her right to confront the petitioner‘s witnesses. . . . Because the trial court was not alerted to this right to confrontation issue, it did not have occasion to make findings of fact regarding the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and whether that threat
“Not only would such an assumption be improper, but, because, under the test in Golding, [the reviewing court] must determine whether the [appellant] can prevail on his [or her] claim, a remand to the trial court would be inappropriate. The first prong of Golding was designed to avoid remands for the purpose of supplementing the record. . . . The parties agree that there is an inadequate basis in the record for the trial court to determine whether the government‘s interests warrant conducting a virtual trial. Thus, in order to make the requisite findings, the trial court, on remand, would have to open the evidence. In cases of unpreserved constitutional claims, this court consistently has refused to order a new trial when it would be necessary to elicit additional evidence to determine whether the constitutional violation exists. . . . Therefore, we agree with the Appellate Court that the record is inadequate for review of this claim.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Annessa J., supra, 343 Conn. 662–64.
In the present cases, just as in In re Annessa J., 343 Conn. 661, the respondents acknowledge that their right to confrontation is not unqualified and agree that their due process claims must be analyzed pursuant to the three part test in Mathews. Furthermore, there is no dispute that they failed to object to the virtual format of the trial on the ground that it violated their right to confront the petitioner‘s witnesses.5 Nevertheless, the respondents attempt to avoid the consequences of the inadequacy of the records by claiming that they have an unqualified right to a hearing at which the burden would be on the petitioner to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest pursuant to State v. Jarzbek, supra, 204 Conn. 707. According to the respondents, because the record establishes that no such hearing was held, this court may “review whether [they were] denied the due process of law when the trial court dispensed with [their] right of physical confrontation at the parental rights termination trial[s] without first determining by clear and convincing evidence at a special hearing that there was a compelling state interest that justified curtailment of the right.”
The respondents, presuming that the rule in Jarzbek applies, then argue that the three part Mathews due process balancing test weighs in their favor because “[t]he state‘s interest in limiting [their] right of physical confrontation . . . was never established in the
We see no meaningful distinction between the claim presented in the present appeals and the one rejected by our Supreme Court in In re Annessa J., supra, 343 Conn. 662. In the same way that the respondent mother in In re Annessa J. invoked Jarzbek to claim that the inadequacy of the record was not her burden to overcome, the respondents here rely on Jarzbek to disclaim their burden under the first prong of Golding by claiming that the constitutional error was the trial court‘s failure to make a finding, sua sponte, as to an issue the respondents failed to raise. As our Supreme Court explained, however, ”[b]ecause the trial court was not alerted to this right to confrontation issue, it did not have occasion to make findings of fact regarding the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and whether that threat was sufficiently compelling to curtail any constitutional right to in person confrontation.” (Emphasis added.) Id., 663. In other words, the trial court had no duty to make findings of fact relevant to the right of confrontation issue when that issue never was raised before the court. Thus, our Supreme Court necessarily rejected the present claim, which seeks to impose such a duty. Merely recasting the claim as involving an unqualified right to a Jarzbek hearing instead of relying on Jarzbek to argue that they had no burden to overcome the lack of evidence in the record does not alter our analysis. Consequently, for the same reason that the respondent mother‘s claim in In re Annessa J. failed under Golding‘s first prong, so, too, does the respondents’ claim in the present cases.
Furthermore, even if we were to treat the respondents’ claim as somehow different from that asserted in In re Annessa J., the result would be the same. By rejecting the respondent mother‘s argument in In re Annessa J. that, pursuant to Jarzbek, the burden was on the petitioner “to demonstrate that the record disclosed facts sufficient to justify an abridgment of the right [of physical confrontation],” the court necessarily determined that there was no constitutional right to a sua sponte Jarzbek-type hearing. Consequently, insofar as the respondents’ claim is distinct from the respondent mother‘s claim in In re Annessa J., it fails under the third prong of Golding because they have failed to establish that the alleged constitutional violation exists. See In re Tayler F., 296 Conn. 524, 554, 995 A.2d 611 (2010) (“[a] due process violation exists only when a claimant is able to establish that he or she was denied a specific procedural protection to which he or she was entitled” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The judgments are affirmed.
* In accordance with the spirit and intent of General Statutes
** November 22, 2022, the date that this decision was released as a slip opinion, is the operative date for all substantive and procedural purposes.
Notes
“The Court: . . . [W]hat‘s your position if you and your client were put in a [courtroom] and were able to access an interpreter for simultaneous interpretation, not consecutive?
“[The Respondent‘s Counsel]: Would the interpreter be assisting my client in [the] courtroom . . . also?
“The Court: There—this is hypothetically; yes.
“[The Respondent‘s Counsel]: I‘m trying to think to make sure the—so, [he] would be getting an interpreter interpreting what‘s going on with the trial; is that correct?
“The Court: So, theoretically, all right, your client would have headphones on . . .
“[The Respondent‘s Counsel]: Let me. I‘m trying to see what—if there‘s issues with that.
“The Court: All right. So, this is all hypothetical. So, I agree that this concurrent or nonconsecutive interpretation is not feasible in a trial of this complexity. I am hoping that in the next months, because we are scheduling out now until next year, that we have innovation in our technology that will permit simultaneous interpretation by an interpreter. If we get that type of technology, what I need to have answered, [counsel], is, will that obviate your concerns and objections?
“[The Respondent‘s Counsel]: I think the—I think the uniformity of the procedure, the input of the Limited English Proficiency Committee, just—and I think that it would be vetted so that it‘s a uniform process . . . that‘s just the concern I have, is, you know, I‘d like to see what the procedures is of, you know, what it looks like.”
After hearing from all the parties involved, the court ruled as follows: “I think the bigger issue that we have to resolve is the simultaneous interpretation. And so at this point, having heard from the parties, the court makes a finding that, based on the complexity of this trial, meaning the number of days of the trial that are left to be had, the number of witnesses that are left to testify, the additional documentary evidence that may be forthcoming, and the fact that this is a termination trial, and up to it not being a case that is not conducive to being tried virtually unless and until we have the ability to have the interpreter interpret simultaneously. So, I am—to the extent [the] objection relates to the [consecutive] interpretation during the [termination] trial, the court agrees, but the court also will pursue a virtual trial with accommodations, use of the courtroom here, use of one or more interpreters, assuming we can get the interpretation to occur simultaneous with the testimony.”
After scheduling tentative dates for the virtual trial, the court stated: “All right. And . . . just so everyone‘s clear on the court‘s order, assuming we have the ability and the technology in February and March of 2021, this trial will be conducted virtually if simultaneous interpretation to accommodate [the respondent] father‘s needs can be effectuated. Anything else today?”
The respondent‘s counsel, along with counsel for all parties involved, responded in the negative, and the court adjourned. Thus, although the respondent‘s counsel raised the right to confrontation in his written objection, he failed to advance that claim at the hearing on his objection and, instead, seemed to accept the court‘s solution of in-court concurrent interpretation. On appeal, the respondent father concedes that his due process claim based on his right of confrontation was not preserved.