IN RE: ESTATE OF Stephen CARTER Appeal of: Michael Hunter
No. 1126 WDA 2016
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued February 22, 2017 Filed April 17, 2017
159 A.3d 970
Consequently, we now consider Appellant‘s sole remaining argument. Upon review, we find Appellant‘s issue that the trial court “neglected to take adequate consideration of his rehabilitative needs[,]” Appellant‘s brief at 15, does not raise a substantial question for our review. Disalvo, 70 A.3d 900 at 903 (“[T]his Court has held on numerous occasions that a claim of inadequate consideration of mitigating factors does not raise a substantial question for our review.“) (quoting Commonwealth v. Downing, 990 A.2d 788, 794 (Pa. Super. 2010)); Commonwealth v. Zirkle, 107 A.3d 127, 133 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“[W]e have held that a claim that a court did not weigh the factors as an appellant wishes does not raise a substantial question.“).
Accordingly, after a thorough review of the record and briefs, we find Appellant has presented no issue on appeal which would convince us to disturb his judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., SHOGAN, J., and MOULTON, J.
OPINION BY MOULTON, J.:
Michael Hunter appeals from the July 8, 2016 order of the Beaver County Court of Common Pleas denying Hunter‘s petition1 for a declaration that he and his late partner, Stephen Carter, had entered into a common law marriage prior to January 1, 2005.1 Because the United States Constitution mandates that same-sex couples have the same right to prove a common law marriage as do opposite-sex couples, and because we conclude that Hunter met his burden of proving a common law marriage, we reverse and remand.
Hunter and Carter met in February 1996 at a social event in Philadelphia and began dating a few days later. N.T., 7/5/16, at 8. During the course of their ensuing 17-year relationship, they shared a mutual enjoyment of rock climbing, canoeing, kayaking, and hiking. Id. at 9. In July 1996, Hunter and Carter began living together in Carter‘s home in Philadelphia. Id. at 9-10.
On Christmas Day 1996, Hunter proposed to Carter and gave him a diamond ring. Id. at 12. Hunter bent down on one knee and asked, “Will you marry me?” to which Carter replied, “Yes.” Id. Two months later, on February 18, 1997, Carter gave Hunter a ring in return; the ring was engraved, “February 18, 1997.” Id. at 12-13, 41. One year later, Hunter and Carter celebrated their first wedding anniversary, a ritual they repeated on February 18 of each year for the next 16 years. See id. at 41-42.
In March 1999, Hunter and Carter purchased a home together in Philadelphia with a joint mortgage in both of their names. Id. at 13-15. They prepared and executed mutual wills, in which each named the other as executor. Id. at 19-20, 29. They executed mutual financial and
Both of their families treated Hunter and Carter as spouses, with Carter‘s nieces referring to Hunter as “Uncle Mike.” Id. at 23, 38-39. Hunter and Carter considered themselves married as of February 18, 1997 and referred to each other as spouses from that day forward. Id. at 41.
In April 2013, Carter died from injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident. Id. at 18, 29. His death occurred less than two months before the United States Supreme Court‘s landmark decision in United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744, 133 S. Ct. 2675, 186 L. Ed. 2d 808 (2013), which struck down the provision of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (“DOMA“) defining “marriage” as only between one man and one woman.
On May 17, 2016, Hunter filed a petition seeking a declaration that he and Carter had entered into a common law marriage prior to January 1, 2005, the date after which common law marriages were no longer recognized in Pennsylvania. See supra n.1. On July 5, 2016, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing, at which Hunter, Carter‘s sister, and a friend of the couple testified in support of the petition.2 Notably, the petition was unopposed. Neither any member of Carter‘s family nor any government agency objected to the2 requested declaration. Both the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue and the United States Social Security Administration expressly declined to participate in the proceedings, despite the possible financial consequences arising from the legal determination of Hunter and Carter‘s marital status. Despite the lack of opposition, on July 8, 2016, the trial court entered an order denying the petition.
In its opinion, the trial court offered two grounds for its decision. First, the trial court held:
[S]ame-sex couples did not have the right to marry in Pennsylvania until May of 2014. See Whitewood v. Wolf, 992 F.Supp.2d 410, 424 (M.D. Pa. 2014), appeal dismissed sub nom. Whitewood v. Sec. Pa. Dept. of Health, 621 Fed. Appx. 141 (3d Cir. 2015) (unpublished). Because of this, it was never legal for same-sex couples to enter into a common law marriage, even if they met the requirements of Staudenmayer [v. Staudenmayer, 552 Pa. 253, 714 A.2d 1016 (1998)] and established a relationship prior to abolishment [of common law marriage] on January 1, 2005. This Court must follow the established precedent, and as such, this Court cannot find that [Hunter] and [Carter] had a common law marriage as it was legally impossible for them to enter into a common law marriage before common law marriages were abolished in Pennsylvania.
Hunter filed a motion for reconsideration, which the trial court denied. On August 2, 2016, Hunter timely appealed to this Court, challenging both bases for the trial court‘s denial of his petition.3
Our standard of review in a declaratory judgment action is
limited to determining whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion or committed an error of law. If the trial court‘s determination is supported by the record, we may not substitute our own judgment for that of the trial court. The application of the law, however, is always subject to our review.
Vignola v. Vignola, 39 A.3d 390, 393 (Pa.Super. 2012) (quoting Bianchi v. Bianchi, 859 A.2d 511, 515 (Pa.Super. 2004)). With this standard in mind, we review the merits of Hunter‘s appeal.
The Right of Same-Sex Couples to Common Law Marriage
First, Hunter asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that it was “legally impossible” for him and Carter to enter into a pre-2005 common law marriage because, at that time, the Pennsylvania Marriage Law defined marriage as a union “between one man and one woman.”
Historically, Pennsylvania defined marriage as “a civil contract made between parties with the capacity to so contract.” In re Estate of Garges, 474 Pa. 237, 378 A.2d 307, 308 (1977). Pennsylvania has recognized two types of marriage: ceremonial and common law. In re Estate of Manfredi, 399 Pa. 285, 159 A.2d 697, 700 (1960). “A ceremonial marriage is a wedding or marriage performed by a religious or civil authority with the usual or customary ceremony or formalities.” Id. “[A] common law marriage is a marriage by the express agreement of the parties without ceremony, and almost invariably without a witness, by words—not in futuro or in postea, but—in praesenti, uttered with a view and for the purpose of establishing the relationship of husband and wife.” Id. (italics in original).
As noted above, the Pennsylvania legislature abolished the doctrine of common law marriage effective January 1, 2005. See
The proper procedure for obtaining legal recognition of a common law marriage is the filing of a declaratory judgment action. See Vignola, 39 A.3d at 392-93.
When the validity of a marriage is denied or doubted, either or both of the parties to the marriage may bring an action for a declaratory judgment seeking a declaration of the validity or invalidity of the marriage and, upon proof of the validity or invalidity of the marriage, the marriage shall be declared valid or invalid by decree of the court and, unless reversed upon appeal, the declaration shall be conclusive upon all persons concerned.
In order to assess the trial court‘s “legal impossibility” reasoning, we will briefly review the relevant developments in Pennsylvania and federal law. In September 1996, the United States Congress enacted DOMA, which defined “marriage” as “only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife,”
It is hereby declared to be the strong and longstanding public policy of this Commonwealth that marriage shall be between one man and one woman. A marriage between persons of the same sex which was entered into in another state or foreign jurisdiction, even if valid where entered into, shall be void in this Commonwealth.
In 2013, however, just two months after Carter‘s untimely death, there began a “tectonic shift in the law regarding same-sex marriage.” Neyman v. Buckley, 153 A.3d 1010, 1018 (Pa.Super. 2016). This shift started with Windsor, in which the United States Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional the provision of DOMA defining “marriage” as “a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife” and defining “spouse” as “a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife.” 133 S.Ct. at 2683, 2695 (quoting
Following Windsor, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, addressing a challenge to Pennsylvania‘s Marriage Law, held “that the fundamental right to marry as protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution encompasses the right to marry a person of one‘s own sex.” Whitewood, 992 F.Supp.2d at 423-24. The district court explained:
[T]his Court is not only moved by the logic that the fundamental right to marry is a personal right to be used by the individual, but also rejects Defendants’ contention that concepts of history and tradition dictate that same-sex marriage is excluded from the fundamental right to marry. The right Plaintiffs seek to exercise is not a new right, but is rather a right that these individuals have always been guaranteed by the United States Constitution. As aptly explained by the Supreme Court in Lawrence [v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 578-79, 123 S.Ct. 2472, 156 L.Ed.2d 508 (2003)]:
Had those who drew and ratified the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment known the components of liberty in its manifold possibilities, they might have been more specific. They did not presume to have this insight. They knew times can blind us to certain truths and later generations can see that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. As the Constitution endures, persons in every generation can invoke its principles in their own search for greater freedom.
Id. at 423. The district court held that “same-sex couples who seek to marry in Pennsylvania may do so, and already married same-sex couples will be recognized as such in the Commonwealth.” Id. at 431. Therefore, the court declared both sections 1102 and 1704 of the Marriage Law unconstitutional and issued an order permanently enjoining their enforcement.7 Id. at 431-32.
Subsequently, in Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, 135 S.Ct. 2584, 192 L.Ed.2d 609 (2015), the United States Supreme Court declared that all state laws prohibiting marriage between same-sex partners are unconstitutional violations of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court held:
It is now clear that the challenged laws burden the liberty of same-sex couples, and it must be further acknowledged that they abridge central precepts of equality. Here the marriage laws en-
forced by the respondents are in essence unequal: same-sex couples are denied all the benefits afforded to opposite-sex couples and are barred from exercising a fundamental right ....
... [T]he right to marry is a fundamental right inherent in the liberty of the person, and under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment couples of the same[ ]sex may not be deprived of that right and that liberty. The Court now holds that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry. No longer may this liberty be denied to them .... [T]he State laws challenged by Petitioners in these cases are now held invalid to the extent they exclude same-sex couples from civil marriage on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples.
Accordingly, following Whitewood and Obergefell, same-sex couples in Pennsylvania can legally marry and must be afforded the same rights and protections as opposite-sex married couples, including inheritance rights and survivor benefits. See Neyman, 153 A.3d at 1018 (noting that ”Obergefell cemented the fundamental right of same-sex couples to marry and prohibited any lack of recognition of such marriages based upon the relationship‘s[‘] ‘same-sex character‘“) (quoting Obergefell, 135 S.Ct. at 2607-08)).
Despite these clear pronouncements by the United States Supreme Court and the federal district court in Pennsylvania, the trial court in this case concluded that it was bound by the unconstitutional provisions of the Marriage Law, finding that because “same-sex couples did not have the right to marry in Pennsylvania until May of 2014 ... it was never legal for same-sex couples to enter into a common law marriage.” 1925(a) Op. at 5 (emphasis added). Thus, the trial court concluded that “it was legally impossible for [Hunter and Carter] to enter into a common law marriage before common law marriages were abolished in Pennsylvania [in 2005].” Id. (emphasis added). We conclude that the trial court erred.
The premise of the trial court‘s analysis was that sections 1102 and 1704 of the Marriage Law, though now declared unconstitutional, were legally binding during the time that Carter and Hunter might otherwise have entered into a common law marriage. This premise misreads the fundamental import of Windsor, Whitewood, and Obergefell. As the Whitewood court observed: “The right Plaintiffs seek to exercise is not a new right, but is rather a right that these individuals have always been guaranteed by the United States Constitution.” 992 F.Supp.2d at 423 (emphasis added); accord Obergefell, 135 S.Ct. at 2603 (observing “that new insights and societal understandings can reveal unjustified inequality within our most fundamental institutions that once passed unnoticed and unchallenged“). Sections 1102 and 1704 of the Marriage Law have been invalidated “to the extent they exclude same-sex couples from civil marriage on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples.” Obergefell, 135 S.Ct. at 2605; see Whitewood, 992 F.Supp.2d at 431 (declaring that “it is time to discard [sections 1102 and 1704 of the Marriage Law] into the ash heap of history” and that “already married same-sex couples will be recognized as such in the Commonwealth“).
Together, Windsor, Whitewood, and Obergefell teach that same-sex couples have precisely the same capacity to enter marriage contracts as do opposite-sex couples, and a court today may not rely on the now-invalidated provisions of the Marriage Law to deny that constitutional reality. Consequently, because oppo-
Proving the Elements of Same-Sex Common Law Marriage
Next, Hunter asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that even if a same-sex couple were permitted to establish the existence of a pre-2005 common law marriage, Hunter failed to prove a common law marriage under controlling Pennsylvania law. After careful review of the record and the trial court‘s opinion, we conclude that Hunter satisfied his burden of proving that he and Carter agreed in February 1997 “to enter into the legal relationship of marriage at the present time.” Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020.
Even before it was abolished in 2005, common law marriage was generally disfavored in Pennsylvania. As our Supreme Court explained: “Because claims for the existence of a marriage in the absence of a certified ceremonial marriage present a ‘fruitful source of perjury and fraud,’ Pennsylvania courts have long viewed such claims with hostility.” Id. at 1019 (quoting In re Estate of Wagner, 398 Pa. 531, 159 A.2d 495, 497 (1960)). The perceived motivation for such perjury and fraud lies in the set of potential benefits of an after-the-fact recognition of a marriage not otherwise established by tangible proof such as a marriage certificate or formal wedding ceremony. See, e.g., In re Estate of Collings, 405 Pa. 280, 175 A.2d 62, 63 (1961) (“[T]he advocacy of a common law marriage is too often made ... after one of the parties to the marriage has died and the survivor desires to share in the distribution of the deceased party‘s estate.“).
As a result, the party seeking to establish the existence of a common law marriage has what has been described as “a heavy burden.” Estate of Gavula, 490 Pa. 535, 417 A.2d 168, 171 (1980). The precise contours of that burden, however, have not always been clear, in part because the understandable concern about unchecked perjury has been tempered by the recognition of the inherent difficulty in proving a relationship not accompanied by formal ceremony. Our Supreme Court‘s most recent guidance on this subject came in 1998:
A common law marriage can only be created by an exchange of words in the present tense, spoken with the specific
purpose that the legal relationship of husband and wife is created by that. Regarding this requirement for an exchange of words in the present tense, this Court has noted: It is too often forgotten that a common law marriage is a marriage by the express agreement of the parties without ceremony, and almost invariably without a witness, by words—not in futuro or in postea, but in praesenti, uttered with a view and for the purpose of establishing the relationship of husband and wife. The common law marriage contract does not require any specific form of words, and all that is essential is proof of an agreement to enter into the legal relationship of marriage at the present time.
The burden to prove the marriage is on the party alleging a marriage, and we have described this as a “heavy” burden where there is an allegation of a common law marriage. When an attempt is made to establish a marriage without the usual formalities, the claim must be viewed with “great scrutiny.”
Generally, words in the present tense are required to prove common law marriage. Because common law marriage cases arose most frequently because of claims for a putative surviving spouse‘s share of an estate, however, we developed a rebuttable presumption in favor of a common law marriage where there is an absence of testimony regarding the exchange of verba in praesenti. When applicable, the party claiming a common law marriage who proves: (1) constant cohabitation; and, (2) a reputation of marriage “which is not partial or divided but is broad and general,” raises the rebuttable presumption of marriage.
Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020-21 (internal citations and footnotes omitted). However, with respect to the presumption, the Supreme Court went on to state:
[I]f a putative spouse is able to testify and fails to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, the establishment of the marriage contract through the exchange of verba in praesenti, then that party has not met its “heavy” burden to prove a common law marriage, since he or she does not enjoy any presumption based on evidence of constant cohabitation and reputation of marriage.
The requirement of “words in the present tense” is designed to ensure the existence of a present intent to marry, like the present intent established in a formal wedding ceremony, rather than a plan to marry in the future or a claim to have wed in the past. With regard to this requirement, the Supreme Court explained that a “common law marriage contract does not require any specific form of words, and all that is essential is proof of an agreement to enter into the legal relationship of marriage at the present time.” Id. at 1020 (emphasis added). Stated differently, “common law marriage will still be recognized without use of verba de praesenti, where the intention of the parties[,] as expressed by their words, is that they were married.” Cann v. Cann, 429 Pa. Super. 234, 632 A.2d 322, 325 (1993). Furthermore, this Court has stated:
It is unquestioned that our courts will give effect to the intention of the parties and find a valid marriage where no direct testimony is offered as to the precise words of the marriage contract .... It is true that the parties did not use the formal words of the marriage ceremony, nor was it necessary that they should do so, if each so understood the relation into which they were about to enter, and their words, fairly interpreted, show that they then and there mutually con-
sented to it .... [M]arriage is a civil contract, which may be completed by any words in the present time without regard to form, the essential to its validity being the consent of parties able to contract .... [I]t is not the duty of the courts to seek for an interpretation of the words used by the parties which would be inconsistent with an honorable intention as well as with their subsequent conduct and declarations, when an interpretation consistent with the formation of an honorable relation is possible, and in the light of all the circumstances, more probably expresses their intention.
Commonwealth ex rel. McDermott v. McDermott, 236 Pa. Super. 541, 345 A.2d 914, 917 (1975) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Here, Hunter argues that the trial court erred in applying to this case the ordinary “hostility” directed at claims of common law marriage because the basis for such hostility—concern about fraudulent claims for pecuniary gain—are not present here. In support, he cites Wagner, 159 A.2d at 497, which concluded that in a case where the parties were formally married and then divorced, a later claim of common law “remarriage” should be favored rather than disfavored. Wagner, which was cited with approval in Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1019, teaches that when assessing claims of common law marriage, context matters, and general notions of hostility need not always dictate the outcome.10
At the hearing, Hunter testified that on December 25, 1996, he proposed to Carter and gave him a diamond ring. N.T., 7/5/16, at 12. He asked, “Will you marry me?” to which Carter replied, “Yes.” Id.11 At this
Two months later, on February 18, 1997, Carter completed the ring exchange by giving Hunter a ring in return. Id. at 12-13, 41. The ring bears the engraving, “February 18, 1997.” Id. at 41. Each year thereafter, Hunter and Carter celebrated their anniversary on February 18. Id. at 41-42. Both of their families treated Hunter and Carter as spouses, with Carter‘s nieces referring to Hunter as “Uncle Mike.” Id. at 23, 38-39. Hunter testified that he and Carter considered themselves married as of February 18, 1997 and referred to each other as spouses from that day forward. Id. at 41. Hunter also submitted affidavits from his brother, several friends, and Carter‘s sisters, each of whom stated that Hunter and Carter had considered themselves married and held themselves out as a married couple. See Decl. Judg. Compl. & Pet. for Declaration, Exs. A-F.
Thus, the uncontradicted evidence established that Hunter and Carter had a present intent to marry on February 18, 1997. As prior cases have recognized, the exchange of rings is particularly strong evidence of such an intent. See, e.g., Wagner, 159 A.2d at 498 (noting that “[a] wedding ring signifies that the one who presents and the one who receives are wedded“) (quoting Caddy v. Johnstown Firemen‘s Relief Ass‘n, 129 Pa. Super. 493, 196 A. 590, 592 (1938)); In re Rosenberger‘s Estate, 362 Pa. 153, 65 A.2d 377, 379 (1949) (upholding common law marriage where evidence showed decedent placed wedding ring on putative spouse‘s finger, promised to marry her before birth of their child, and she assented). Moreover, unlike the many cases in which the declaration of common law marriage is sought for use as a sword against competing claims to an estate, see, e.g., Collings, 175 A.2d at 63, Hunter‘s petition not only was uncontested but indeed was supported by Carter‘s family. Nothing about the facts of this case suggests that it is “a fruitful source for perjury or fraud.” Wagner, 159 A.2d at 497.
That Hunter and Carter had the present intent to marry is further corroborated by their conduct after February 18, 1997. See Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021 (stating that party attempting to prove common law marriage “may introduce evidence of constant cohabitation and reputation of marriage in support of his or her claim“). After their exchange of rings, both men considered themselves married to each other, held themselves out to others as a married couple, and lived together as such for more than 16 years. They purchased homes together, prepared and executed mutual wills, supported each other financially, and held joint banking and investment accounts. They also celebrated their anniversary on February 18 every year until Carter‘s death.
In sum, the evidence clearly established that Hunter and Carter, like countless loving couples before them, expressed “an agreement to enter into the legal relation-ship of marriage at the present time.” Id. at 1020; see Cann, 632 A.2d at 325. Therefore, we conclude that Hunter proved, by clear and convincing evidence, that he and Carter had entered into a common law marriage on February 18, 1997.
The trial court‘s contrary conclusion—that Hunter had failed to prove a present intent to marry—was based in part on
The flaw in the trial court‘s reliance on this evidence, however, is that the couple‘s statements about a future “wedding” or “big party” plainly referred to a ceremonial marriage, which they concededly had not yet undertaken and which is fully consistent with an existing common law marriage. Hunter and his witnesses testified without contradiction that the couple wanted to have a formal marriage ceremony as soon as same-sex marriage was recognized as legal in Pennsylvania. For example, after Zatezalo-Greene testified about the lack of a formal ceremony in a different state, he explained that “[f]or all rights and purposes, they considered themselves a married couple, and [they said] that they wanted the formal aspect of it when it was recognized where we lived.” N.T., 7/5/16, at 45 (emphasis added).
That Hunter and Carter had discussed having a formal wedding ceremony at a later time does not undermine, or in any way affect, the clear and convincing evidence of their present intent to marry in February 1997. Our Supreme Court reached the same conclusion with respect to an opposite-sex couple in Blecher‘s Estate, 381 Pa. 138, 112 A.2d 129 (1955). In that case, the Court rejected an estate‘s assertion that a widow claiming a common law marriage to the decedent had proven only an intent to marry in the future, where the couple‘s “statements relative to [their] intention to marry related solely to a ceremonial marriage.” Id. at 130-31 (emphasis in original).
Accordingly, because we conclude that Hunter satisfied his burden of proving that he and Carter had entered into a common law marriage before January 1, 2005, the trial court erred in denying his petition.
Order reversed. Case remanded to the trial court for the entry of an order declaring the existence of a common law marriage between Hunter and Carter as of February 18, 1997. Jurisdiction relinquished.
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Lawrence David AKRIE, IV, Appellant
No. 215 WDA 2016
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Submitted January 3, 2017 Filed April 17, 2017