In Re Aaliyah R.
FACTS
Mother was 15 years old and a dependent child of the court when she gave birth to Aaliyah in January 2002. After her birth, Aaliyah resided with mother at St. Anne‘s Group Home (St. Anne‘s), a residential placement with specialized services for teens who are pregnant or have children.
The record indicates a long period of unstable behavior by mother, not the least of which was her neglect and refusal to take care of Aaliyah, despite the juvenile court‘s extensive efforts to avert loss of mother‘s parental rights.
In August 2002, when Aaliyah was seven months old, the Los Angeles County Department of Child and Family Services (Department) filed a petition under
The Department provided documentary evidence, supported by mother‘s admissions, that she was frustrated with caring for her baby, screamed at and neglected the baby, had limited ability to care for the baby, was chronically noncompliant with placement rules and regulations and needed work with anger management in relation to her peers.
In October 2002, the juvenile court found the amended petition to be true and declared Aaliyah a dependent of the juvenile court. The court ordered six months of reunification services for mother and ordered her to attend individual counseling to address case issues including anger management. The court allowed weekly monitored visits between mother and Aaliyah and gave the Department discretion to liberalize and increase the visits.
At mother‘s request, Aaliyah was placed in the home of Mildred J. (Mildred), who was an extended family member and then caretaker of mother‘s sister. At this time, St. Anne‘s was providing mother with a number of services, including parenting education, individual and group counseling, 24-hour medical care, 24-hour staff support, sex education and family planning, individual educational counseling, an onsite school, food, a clothing allowance, passes for visits with Aaliyah as well as with mother‘s family and transportation assistance.
In March 2003, the Department reported to the court that Mildred had asked the Department to remove Aaliyah and her aunt from Mildred‘s home after mother made unfounded allegations that Mildred was neglecting Aaliyah. The Department reported that mother was showing overall improvement, but she was not complying with the rules and regulations at her placement. She continued to have issues with anger management, of going AWOL (absent without leave) and inappropriate interaction with her peers. During this period, mother had monitored visits with Aaliyah and had begun attending to Aaliyah‘s needs during the visits.
In June 2003, mother‘s case manager at St. Anne‘s testified that although mother‘s behavior had recently improved, her behavior was inconsistent and she had been “struggling.” Nonetheless, the court found that mother had made substantial progress towards alleviating and mitigating the causes that had required Aaliyah‘s placement. Over the Department‘s objections, the juvenile court ordered Aaliyah to be placed with mother and ordered the Department to provide mother with further family maintenance services.
The court imposed several conditions in placing Aaliyah with mother: mother was to remain at St. Anne‘s, continue in its structured program of parenting, participate in “mommy and me” classes and continue to attend Alateen meetings. The court determined the permanent plan would be Aliyah‘s return to the home of her mother with termination of jurisdiction as the goal.
Mother, however, did not do well after Aaliyah returned to her care. Approximately four months later, in October 2003, the Department filed a supplemental juvenile dependency petition alleging mother
In early December 2003, the Department reported that mother had gone AWOL from St. Anne‘s in November 2003 and was still AWOL as of the date of the report. The report detailed numerous instances of mother‘s neglecting Aaliyah. Mother had told other residents she wanted her freedom, was frustrated with Aaliyah and was going to have Aaliyah taken away. Mother told staff members she wanted to “give Aaliyah back.” She told another resident that she “loved her new boyfriend so much that she couldn‘t keep Aaliyah and be with him.” The court modified its June 2003 order and directed that Aaliyah remain a dependent and suitably placed in shelter care.
In January 2004, the court sustained an amended supplemental petition stating that mother was unable to continue to provide ongoing care for her child. The court found the previous court disposition had not been effective in Aaliyah‘s “rehabilitation or protection.” The court allowed mother a minimum of twice weekly two-hour monitored visits with her child.
In March 2004, the juvenile court determined mother had only inconsistently complied with the case plan and terminated mother‘s reunification services because the time for such services had run. However, over the Department‘s objection, the court ordered the Department to provide mother with “family reunification like” services. The court terminated its June 2003 “home of parent-mother” order and directed that Aaliyah be suitably placed. The court allowed mother visits of “no less than twice a week or as frequent[ly] as possible in a neutral setting.”
From March 2004 to May 2004, mother regularly visited Aaliyah without incident. She behaved appropriately with the child and was attentive, alert and nurturing. However, the Department reported to the court that mother‘s current caregiver had reported behavioral problems with mother leading to the possibility mother would need a new placement.
The court convened a number of permanency planning hearings under
In October 2004, the court held a third permanency planning hearing. Mother again was AWOL and did not appear. The Department reported that mother was now 18 years of age and residing in the unauthorized home of her maternal grandmother, in whose custody mother had conceived Aaliyah. Mother was three months pregnant with a second child, and the expected baby‘s father (Davione M.) was incarcerated for possession of a firearm. The Department informed the court that Mildred was now a licensed foster caretaker and still willing to adopt Aaliyah. The court ordered Aaliyah to be placed in Mildred‘s home and ordered the Department to complete a home study for Mildred. The matter was continued to January 2005 for another permanency planning hearing.
In January 2005, the court held a fourth permanency planning hearing and set a contested permanency planning hearing for March 2005 to determine whether adoption, long term foster care or guardianship should be the appropriate plan.
In March 2005, mother filed a
Mother alleged changed circumstances, stating that she had returned to St. Anne‘s in late December 2004 and had since been complying with its rules and programs. She also alleged that she was addressing her parenting and case issues through individual therapy and had visited Aaliyah during the last month. She indicated that she was successfully attending school and working toward a high school diploma. She further had taken or completed independent living skills classes, and St. Anne‘s was willing to facilitate appropriate living arrangements for Aaliyah.
The court set mother‘s petition for modification for a hearing to be held in April 2005.
In March 2005, for the fifth
The juvenile court heard mother‘s
On April 8, 2005, after considering mother‘s declaration, the juvenile court denied mother‘s petition, indicating her declaration only served to show “how much time she has wasted in her life.” The court also denied mother‘s request for reunification services and further request to either place Aaliyah with mother or change the child‘s placement. However, over the Department‘s objections, the court continued the permanency planning hearing and ordered a bonding study to be performed for the specific purpose of determining whether termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child.
The appointed psychologist, Dr. Daniel Kramon, submitted a bonding study pursuant to the juvenile court‘s order. Dr. Kramon personally interviewed mother and observed Aaliyah and mother interacting at his office. He noted Aaliyah had spent a substantial amount of time in three homes over the course of her young life. She spent approximately the first seven months of her life with mother, six months with Mildred, 14 months with foster mother Ms. S., five months with mother again, one month with Ms. S. after that and, finally, the last five months with Mildred. In Dr. Kramon‘s opinion, it was reasonable to conclude that during each of these placements, some type of bond was formed with each primary caretaker. He observed that mother related to Aaliyah in a “loving, natural, engaging and thoroughly appropriate manner,” but it was likely Aaliyah had also formed a “close bond” with Mildred and Mildred‘s two granddaughters that resided in her home. He opined it was likely that Aaliyah‘s closest bond existed with “the caretaker with whom she has resided for the last several months.”
Dr. Kramon concluded that, although there apparently was an “affectionate closeness” between Aaliyah and her mother, “the basic link of trust that is imperative for a close bond does not exist to the extent that it likely exists between Aaliyah and Mildred.” He admitted this conclusion had an “assumptive aspect” because he had not been able to observe the child
On May 26, 2005, the juvenile court held the sixth and final hearing on the selection of a permanent plan. Mother‘s new baby boy was one and one-half months old at this time and placed with her at St. Anne‘s. Mother testified she had moved into St. Anne‘s in December 2004 and had resumed visiting Aaliyah in February 2005. Mother admittedly did not visit Aaliyah from September 2004 to February 2005, stating she was “going through a lot of problems.” She stated she had been “immature” and “wasn‘t thinking about anyone at the time but myself.” She had asked Mildred to adopt Aaliyah because she thought she “didn‘t have a chance of getting [Aaliyah] back.” Mother believed she had matured since then and opposed the permanent plan of adoption because she did not want Aaliyah to feel abandoned as she herself had felt and did not wish Aaliyah to believe mother had chosen the new baby over Aaliyah.
Based on the entire case file, the court found by clear and convincing evidence that Aaliyah was adoptable and it was likely the child will be adopted. The court accordingly ordered parental rights terminated. The court further determined that mother had not proved the parental relationship exception under
Mother filed a timely notice of appeal from the orders denying her
DISCUSSION
1. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Denying Mother‘s Section 388 Petition
Mother contends the juvenile court abused its discretion in denying her
The record in this case indicates that the reason for the dependency was very serious and, even though mother indicated an awareness of the nature of the problems and took responsibility for them, she had made little actual progress in addressing the causes of Aaliyah‘s dependency. Although mother and child appeared to have developed a bond during their periods together, by this time Aaliyah had been in foster care for longer than her times with mother, and the indications were that she had well bonded with her prospective adoptive mother.
Mother argues that, in the short period between December 2004 and April 2005, she showed a “legitimate,” “genuine” and “lasting” change of circumstances. Mother attributes the dependency action solely to her immaturity and young age, which she claims “essentially ended in December 2004, after mother grew up.” The juvenile court clearly did not find that mother had shown a genuine change of circumstances. After hearing testimony from a St. Anne‘s counselor regarding mother‘s most current efforts, the court concluded “there has been no indication that the indicated denial of the [section] 388 [petition] should change.” After reviewing mother‘s three-and-a-half pages-long, single-spaced declaration in support of her claimed changed circumstances, the court further concluded mother‘s recitation only established “how much time she has wasted in her life.”
The record is replete with evidence supporting the court‘s determination. Indeed, mother acknowledges she did not have a “perfect” record and had displayed unstable behavior throughout this case. Such behavior admittedly included a refusal to take care of Aaliyah, going AWOL numerous times from St. Anne‘s and other placements, refusal to comply with the rules of her placements, refusal to attend school counseling, refusal to take her prescribed medication, and inability to get along with peers and staff at her different placements, among other more serious inappropriate behavior. That mother may have had a last-minute change of heart during the last brief months of a long saga of poor choices, inappropriate behavior and refusals to care for her daughter is not compelling evidence of a “legitimate,” “genuine” or “lasting” change of circumstances.
Nevertheless, mother argues she maintained a strong bond with Aaliyah, compelling the juvenile court to grant her section
Mother contends her problem was one of “immaturity” that was “easily” ameliorated or fully eliminated with her “coming of age.” She argues she had been stable after returning to St. Anne‘s in December 2004, as demonstrated by 14 positive behavior reports from late December 2004, to early March 2005.7 However, the court could reasonably infer from such reports that mother had yet to demonstrate she could consistently handle the responsibilities of caring for herself and two children. Mother‘s problems, especially her poor behavior choices, were recurrent throughout the entire case, and there was little evidence to indicate the recent improvements were genuine, permanent or would lead to mother‘s taking on responsibilities as a parent. Mother‘s declaration indicated she understood what behavior was required of her as a parent, but, as the court observed, “whether or not she does those things is quite another issue. . . .”
After reunification services have been terminated, the parents’ interest in the care, custody and companionship of the child are no longer of overriding concern. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595, 867 P.2d 706.) The focus then shifts to the child‘s need for permanency and stability, and there is a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the child‘s best interests. (Ibid.; In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 544, 851 P.2d 826.) The juvenile court quite properly looked to Aaliyah‘s need for permanency and stability in denying mother‘s petition for modification of its prior orders. When, as here, the permanent plan is adoption, that presumption is even more difficult to overcome. (In re Angel B. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 454, 464, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 482.)
We find no abuse of discretion.
2. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Finding the Parental Relationship Exception to Termination of Parental Rights Did Not Apply
Mother contends the juvenile court erred in terminating parental rights because she met her burden of proving the parental relationship exception to termination of parental rights under
As mother recognizes, the party claiming an exception to adoption has the burden of proof of establishing by a preponderance of evidence that the exception applies. (In re Melvin A. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1243, 1252, 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 844; see
Under
Here, the juvenile court specifically found mother‘s “inconsistent pattern of visitation” failed to satisfy the first prong of the exception. Mother concedes her visits with Aaliyah were not regular until February 2005. By mother‘s own admission, therefore, mother cannot and did not establish that she had maintained regular visitation with her child. (Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 535.)
Mother also failed to satisfy the second prong of the analysis since she did not show her bond with Aaliyah was sufficiently strong that the child would suffer detriment from its termination. The court‘s balancing of competing considerations must be performed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account variables such as the child‘s age, the portion of the child‘s life spent in the parent‘s custody, the positive or negative effect of interaction between the parent and child and the child‘s individualized needs. (Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1349-1350, 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 644; Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at pp. 575-576, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 535.) When the court made its termination order in May 2005, Aaliyah was only three years old. She had spent more time living in foster care than with mother and had not lived with mother since October 2003. Although Dr. Kramon‘s bonding study indicated an “affectionate closeness” between the child and mother, Aaliyah had also closely bonded with Mildred, whom she called “mother.” Mildred provided her with a “safe, secure and trusting” environment. Dr. Kramon had concluded that even though Aaliyah would be “disappointed” in not being with mother, she would not suffer substantial detriment from the termination of parental rights. More importantly, Dr. Kramon opined there could
There was, on the other hand, no evidence that severing the relationship with mother would harm Aaliyah to any extent, much less cause grievous detriment. Mother‘s “affectionate closeness” with Aaliyah does not equate to the type of “benefit from a continuing relationship” contemplated by the statute. (Beatrice M., supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1418-1419, 35 Cal.Rptr.2d 162.) Mother had not occupied a parental role in relation to Aaliyah for quite some time. Mildred, moreover, had expressed a willingness to allow mother to continue visiting Aaliyah after adoption so long as mother acted appropriately. Mother thus could conceivably maintain the same affectionate closeness should mother continue with her rehabilitation after the child‘s adoption.
We cannot say the court abused its discretion in concluding that a mere “affectionate closeness” between parent and child during occasional visits was outweighed by the child‘s close bond with her primary caregiver and need for a permanent and stable home environment.
DISPOSITION
The orders are affirmed.
We concur: COOPER, P.J., and BOLAND, J.