In Re Angel B.
Teia Z. (Mother) appeals from two orders of the juvenile court. One order, entered nunc pro tunc on May 30, 2001 (the nunc pro tunc order itself was made on July 31, 2001) denied her Welfare & Institutions Code section 388 petition,1 and on August 8, 2001, the juvenile court terminated Mother‘s parental rights to Angel B. (Angel). Mother appealed from both orders, and those appeals were consolidated on October 4, 2001 for resolution here.
Mother gave birth to Angel in June 2000; thus, Angel will be two years old in June 2002. Angel was born exposed to cocaine and amphetamines, and Mother admitted using drugs shortly before Angel‘s birth, which she acknowledged was a bad thing to have done. Angel never lived with Mother, but was detained while in the hospital, and then promptly placed in foster care with a potential adoptive family.
Two years earlier, in November 1998, Mother had given birth to Robert, who was also born exposed to amphetamines and methamphetamines. Robert had been declared a dependent of the juvenile court, and Mother had failed to reunify with him. Many years earlier, Mother had also lost custody of this first child. As to Robert, he had been placed with a foster family that wanted to adopt him, and Angel, too, was placed with this same family with the plan that she would be adopted along with Robert. In addition to Robert and Angel, the foster family had two biological children and a sibling set of children who the foster family had already adopted.
Mother had a long history of drug abuse, having begun using at the age of thirteen. By 2000, she was 35 years old, and had tried to rehabilitate herself, without permanent success, on a number of occasions.
Mother was granted monitored visitation with Angel. She appeared for only some of the scheduled visits. She also failed to appear at several of the earliest court hearings. The juvenile court ordered that Mother not receive any reunification services pursuant to
Despite these problems, Mother did begin to do better. She enrolled in a residential drug treatment program, consistently tested clean for four months, completed various classes, and even obtained employment. She had regular visits with Angel, which went well. As a result, she petitioned the juvenile court pursuant to
CONTENTIONS ON APPEAL
Mother contends that the juvenile court (1) violated her constitutional right to due process by refusing to hold a hearing on her
DISCUSSION
1. The Juvenile Court Did Not Violate Mother‘s Constitutional Rights By Refusing to Grant Her a Hearing on Her Section 388 Petition, Nor Did It Err by Refusing to Grant Her Either Supervised Custody Or Reunification Services
Mother first contends that the juvenile court violated her constitutional
A petition under this section must be liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency. (
As Mother herself concedes, this statutory scheme itself is constitutional because of its many safeguards. One such safeguard, as she acknowledges, is that if a parent makes a prima facie showing of a change of circumstance such that a proposed change in custody might be in the child‘s best interest, then the juvenile court must hold a hearing. Thus, the real issue here is not whether this statutory scheme is constitutional, but whether Mother made the requisite prima facie showing; if she did, then we shall simply reverse and direct the juvenile court to hold the hearing due process does require.
Whether Mother made a prima facie showing entitling her to a hearing depends on the facts alleged in her petition, as well as the facts established as without dispute by the court‘s own file (for example, Angel‘s age, the nature of her existing placement, and the time she came into care as a dependent child). The facts alleged in Mother‘s petition are set out in a declaration
According to Mother, she had enrolled in CriHelp in late January 2001, and would graduate in July 2001. She had obtained employment and would be working 35 hours per week, had consistently tested clean for drugs and alcohol while in the program, and had completed parenting, anger management and daily living skills classes. In addition, she was successfully participating in individual counseling, had visited with Angel consistently (missing only those visits that the social worker or foster parents were unable to attend), and she and Angel had bonded (Mother noted that Angel reached for her and was obviously happy to see her at visits). Mother also specifically asked, if she could not be given supervised custody, that she be given reunification services.
The CriHelp letter noted that between January 24, 2001, when Mother entered the CriHelp program, and May 29, 2001, the date on which the [CriHelp letter was prepared, Mother had made “outstanding progress.” The letter confirmed Mother‘s statements about her classes and negative drug and alcohol tests.
Bonnie Brown explained the nature of her relationship with Mother (that of a second mother) as well as the length of time she had known Mother (since Mother was a little girl). She set out the nature of Mother‘s family of origin, which included such problems as an alcoholic father who didn‘t work much and a mother who worked long hours to support the family, and the lack of any parental involvement in such positive activities as homework and visits to the library. In contrast, Brown also commented on the family of origin‘s less wholesome activities, for example, that Mother‘s father had allowed Mother to smoke marijuana with him when she was only nine years old, that her father physically abused all the children, that mother did not protect them, and that when mother died father essentially deserted the children.
Brown, who had acted as the monitor for Mother‘s visits with Angel, noted the change she had seen in Mother: her eyes had become clear, she smiled and laughed and could talk about the past, and she obviously loved Angel and was “alive in her presence.” Brown opined that Angel‘s birth had motivated Mother to change, and that this time, Mother was actually ready to change. Brown confirmed that Mother had a job, and also opined that Angel‘s place was with Mother.
Given this evidence, did the juvenile court abuse its discretion by refusing to hold a hearing on Mother‘s
In In re Jeremy W. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1407, 5 Cal.Rptr.2d 148, the
Here, there was no evidence that Mother was ready to assume custody of Angel or provide suitable care for her; while she had completed the drug program, the time she had been sober was very brief compared to her many years of drag addiction (a concern expressed by the social worker), and in the past she had been unable to remain sober even when the stakes involved were the loss of her other child. Nor was there evidence that she had a housing situation suitable for Angel, or any arrangements for childcare while she worked. And, unlike the situation in In re Aljamie D., there was no evidence that Angel preferred to live with Mother rather than with the foster family.
It is also instructive to consider cases in which a
Here, too, whether Angel‘s best interests might be promoted by Mother‘s proposed change of order is a crucial issue in any determination of whether Mother‘s
In addition, as in any custody determination, a primary consideration in determining the child‘s best interest is the goal of assuring stability and continuity. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 317, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595, 867 P.2d 706.) When custody continues over a significant period, the child‘s need for continuity and stability assumes an increasingly important
This is a difficult burden to meet in many cases, and particularly so when, as here, reunification services have been terminated or never ordered. After the termination of reunification services, a parent‘s interest in the care, custody and companionship of the child is no longer paramount. (In re Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595, 867 P.2d 706.) Rather, at this point, the focus shifts to the needs of the child for permanency and stability. (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 309, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 544, 851 P.2d 826.) In fact, there is a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the best interest of the child (id. at p. 310, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 544, 851 P.2d 826); such presumption obviously applies with even greater strength when the permanent plan is adoption rather than foster care. A court hearing a motion for change of placement at this stage of the proceedings must recognize this shift of focus in determining the ultimate question before it, that is, what is in the best interest of the child. (In re Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 595, 867 P.2d 706.)
Thus, in In re Edward H. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 584, 50 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, the denial of the parent‘s
In this case, the facts presented by the
As noted above, there is a rebuttable presumption that, in the absence of continuing reunification services, stability in an existing placement is in the best interest of the child, particularly when such placement is leading to adoption by the long-term caretakers. (In re Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317, 27 Cal. Rptr.2d 595, 867 P.2d 706.) To rebut that presumption, a parent must make some factual showing that the best interests of the child would be served by modification.
Here, Mother has not made such a showing, and it is difficult to imagine how she could have done so, given the fact that Mother never actually parented Angel before her removal, and Angel was immediately placed with an adoptive family and
Perhaps if Angel were not adoptable and Mother was the only mother-figure in Angel‘s life, and Angels’ only hope of having a family in the future, the result might be different. (See, e.g., In re Jerome D. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1200, 1206-1207, 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 449 [child who was nearly nine years old had lived with mother for six and one-half years, expressed his wish to live with her again, had been having unsupervised overnight visits in her home, and seemed to be the “odd child out” in his step-family; thus, his relationship with his mother was beneficial and supported juvenile court‘s decision not to terminate his mother‘s parental rights even though child was adoptable].) But those are not the facts presented here. Accordingly, we conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by denying the
2. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err by Concluding that the Exception in Section 366.26, Subdivision (c)(1)(A) Did Not Apply
Mother also contends that the juvenile court erred by refusing to find that her parental rights should not be terminated based on the exception to termination of such rights found in
When contesting termination of parental rights under the statutory exception that the parent has maintained regular visitation with the child and the child will benefit from continuing the relationship, the parent has the burden of showing either that (1) continuation of the parent-child relationship will promote the well-being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents (In re Jamie R. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 766, 773, 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 123) or (2) termination of the parental relationship would be detrimental to the child. (In re Melvin A. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1243, 1252, 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 844.) Put another way, DCFS is not required to produce evidence demonstrating that a minor would not benefit from continued parental
To overcome the preference for adoption and avoid termination of the natural parent‘s rights, the parent must show that severing the natural parent-child relationship would deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed. (In re Lorenzo C., supra, 54 Cal.App.4th. at p. 1342, 63 Cal.Rptr.2d 562; In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 50, 82 Cal.Rptr.2d 426.) A biological parent who has failed to reunify with an adoptable child may not derail an adoption merely by showing the child would derive some benefit from continuing a relationship maintained during periods of visitation with the parent. (In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1348, 93 Cal. Rptr.2d 644.) A child who has been adjudged a dependent of the juvenile court should not be deprived of an adoptive parent when the natural parent has maintained a relationship that may be beneficial to some degree, but that does not meet the child‘s need for a parent. (Id. at p. 1350, 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 644.)
Thus, for example, evidence that (1) a child who was nearly nine years old had lived with his mother for six and one-half years and had expressed his wish to live with her again, (2) for at least two months the child had been having unsupervised overnight visits in her home, and (3) the child, who lived with step-siblings, seemed to be the “odd child out” when his mother was allowed to visit him with his step-siblings, was sufficient to show a beneficial parent/child relationship such as would justify maintaining the mother‘s parental rights despite clear and convincing evidence the boy was adoptable. (In re Jerome D., supra, 84 Cal.App.4th 1200, 1206-1207, 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 449.) In other words, the relationship between the minor and his mother was one that promoted his well-being to such a degree that it outweighed the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents. (Ibid.; cf. In re Cliffton B. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 415, 424-425, 96 Cal. Rptr.2d 778 [substantial evidence supported juvenile court‘s decision to terminate father‘s parental rights despite the exception of
The factors to be considered when looking for whether a relationship is important and beneficial are: (1) the age of the child, (2) the portion of the child‘s life spent in the parent‘s custody, (3) the positive or negative effect of interaction between the parent and the child,4 and (4) the child‘s particular needs. (In re Jerome D., supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at p. 1206, 101
Here, applying these factors, we note that (1) Angel is very young, too young to understand the concept of a biological parent; (2) she has spent relatively few hours visiting with Mother, versus many hours being parented by the foster family; (3) Mother and Angel‘s interactions have been positive, but nothing in the record indicates that, from Angel‘s point of view, the interactions were particularly like those of a child with her mother; and (4) there is no evidence that Angel has any particular needs that can be met by Mother but not by the foster family.
In addition, to justify application of
In contrast, if Mother‘s parental rights were not terminated, Angel would be denied a permanent, stable adoptive family with her own sibling, something that the Legislature has determined to be detrimental, as shown by its ranking of adoption as more desirable than long-term foster care or legal guardianship, and its streamlining of the dependency system to promote the prompt adoption of infants whose parents have failed to reunify with older siblings.
In a case factually similar to this one, the biological mother failed to establish that a sufficiently significant relationship existed between herself and her 16-month-old child such that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child. Although the mother acted lovingly and appropriately with her child during visits, the social worker indicated that the mother‘s relationship with the child was that of a “friendly visitor,” that the child responded positively to anyone with whom she had some familiarity, and that the child‘s preference when she was tired, fussy, or needing reassurance was for her foster mother. (In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 52, 82 Cal.Rptr.2d 426.)
In other words, for the exception to apply, the emotional attachment between the child and parent must be that of parent and child rather than one of being a friendly visitor or friendly non-parent relative, such as an aunt. (In re Jason E. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 1540, 1548, 62 Cal. Rptr.2d 416.) Here, while the evidence indicated that Mother, too, acts lovingly and appropriately with Angel during visits, Mother failed to present any evidence that Angel‘s relationship with Mother was so significant that its termination would cause her any detriment. Accordingly, the juvenile court did not err by refusing to find that the exception provided in
DISPOSITION
The orders denying Mother‘s
We concur: KITCHING, J, and ALDRICH, J.