In re A.A.
DECISION
Rendered on January 23, 2024
On brief: Robert J. McClaren, for Franklin County Children Services.
On brief: Alana Van Gundy, for appellant.
{1} Appellant, F.I., mother of A.A., a minor child, appeals the February 16, 2023 decision and judgment entry of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch, which granted permanent custody of A.A. to appellee Franklin County Children Services (“FCCS“). For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{2} On August 8, 2019, FCCS filed a complaint alleging A.A. was an abused, neglected, and dependent child pursuant to
{3} On August 13, 2019, a magistrate filed findings of fact and conclusions of law finding FCCS made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of A.A. from the home. The magistrate outlined the facts surrounding the failure to prevent the removal of A.A. from the home as follows: “On August 7, 2019, [appellant] was observed to be verbally abusive to [A.A.] near or around [A.A.‘s] school. [Appellant] and [A.A.] left, and when [A.A.] returned he was upset and crying. He had a welt on his head. He reported that [appellant] threw her iPhone at him. [Appellant] was charged with Criminal Misсhief and was *** court ordered to stay away from [A.A.] for two (2) years.” (Findings of Fact at 1.)
{4} On September 4, 2019, attorney Donald G. Worley was appointed as guardian ad litem (“GAL“) for A.A. The GAL filed his first report on September 24, 2019. Therein, after recounting the criminal proceedings against appellant, the GAL noted he met with A.A. on September 12, 2019 at his then-foster-home in Mansfield, Ohio. After the foster parents requested A.A. be removed from their home due to his behavioral issues, A.A. was placed in a residential treatment facility in the Cincinnati, Ohio area. The GAL further noted that A.A. was convinced appellant hated him and that neither A.A. nor appellant had requested visitation. The GAL recommended mental health assessments for both appellant and A.A.
{5} On October 30, 2019, a magistrate conducted a hearing on the abuse, neglect, and dependency complaint. Appellant did not attend the hearing due to illness; however, her counsel appeared and advocated on her behalf. The assistant prosecuting attorney noted the parties had agreed to proceed uncontested on the neglect cause
{6} On June 25, 2020, FCCS and PFSN filed a motion requesting a first extension of TCC. A hearing on the motion was set for July 29, 2020. The GAL filed his second report on July 17, 2020. Therein, the GAL noted he had met with A.A. three times—once in A.A.‘s foster home and twice in the residential treatment facility in Cincinnati. The GAL reiterated A.A.‘s belief that appellant hated him and that neither A.A. nor appеllant had requested visitation. The GAL noted that treatment facility personnel indicated A.A. was ready to leave the facility and FCCS was looking into placement options for A.A.
{7} The July 29, 2020 hearing on the motion for first extension of TCC was held via videoconference before a magistrate. Appellant did not appear; no explanation was provided regarding her absence. Counsel for PFSN averred that if appellant made progress on her case plan, PFSN would likely petition her public defender to request the municipal court to lift the two-year no contact order. A PFSN caseworker stated a foster home had been located for A.A. and that he would need to be linked with counseling. The GAL averred that A.A. had not requested to see appellant and appellant did not want A.A. to return home even if the two-year no contact order was lifted. At the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate, citing the municipal court‘s no contact оrder, indicated she would grant the request for a first extension of TCC for a period of six months. On August 3, 2020, the magistrate issued a decision to that effect, which was adopted by the juvenile court in a judgment entry filed that same day.
{8} On December 2, 2020, FCCS and PFSN filed a motion seeking a second and final extension of TCC. A hearing on the motion was set for January 14, 2021. The GAL filed his third report on January 11, 2021. The GAL reported that appellant had made no effort to seek modification of the municipal court‘s two-year no contact order. The GAL further reported that he had met with A.A. on six occasions; the most recent meeting occurred on October 31, 2020 after A.A. was released from the residential treatment facility and returned to his prior foster home.
{9} The January 14, 2021 hearing on the motion for a second and final extension of TCC was held before a magistrate via videoconference; appellant appeared via telephone. Counsel for appellant asserted that appellant did not contest the motion; accordingly, the magistrate indicated he would grant the request for a second and final extension of TCC for a period of six months. On January 25, 2021, the magistrate issued a decision to that effect, which was adopted by the juvenile court in a judgment entry filed that same day.
{10} On April 14, 2021, a magistrate held a hearing via videoconference for purposes of setting an annual review date; appellant appeared via telephone. Counsel for PFSN averred that appellant had nine children, including A.A., and was currently pregnant; counsel further asserted that the two-year no contact order was due to be lifted in July 2021. Appellant disputed that
{11} On May 25, 2021, FCCS filed a motion for permanent court commitment (“PCC“) of A.A. The GAL filed his fourth report on June 19, 2021. Therein, the GAL noted that due to the no contact order imposed by the municipal court, appellant had not seen A.A. for more than two years. The GAL further reported that appellant had previously indicated A.A. was a liar and she did not want him back in her home; however, appellant had recently indicated she might take A.A. back. The GAL also averred that he met with A.A. at least eight times; the latest visit was on June 17, 2021 in A.A.‘s foster home. The GAL again noted A.A.‘s belief that appellant hated him and that neither appellant nor A.A. had requested visitation. The GAL further averred A.A. indicated he had no desire to see appellant. The GAL further asserted that A.A. hoped to be adopted by his current foster parents; however, the foster parents had not yet committed to adopting A.A. The GAL supported FCCS’ motion for permanent custody, averring that such was in A.A.‘s best interest.
{12} On June 29, 2021, a hearing was held before a magistrate regarding the PCC motion. Noting that appellant had not contestеd prior proceedings related to A.A., counsel for FCCS sought clarification of appellant‘s position on the PCC motion. Appellant‘s counsel indicated that appellant was challenging the PCC motion. Counsel for FCCS averred that neither A.A. nor appellant wanted visitation; indeed, A.A. consistently refused to see his mother.
{13} On February 8, 2022, the juvenile court held a hearing regarding the motion for PCC. Appellant did not appear for reasons unknown to her counsel. Counsel for FCCS described the relationship between appellant and A.A. as a “profound parent-child conflict” which stemmed from the August 2019 incident that led to appellant‘s conviction and the two-year no contact order. (Feb. 8, 2022 Tr. at 4.) Noting the current case plan contained no provision for visitation between appellant and A.A. as a result of appellant‘s criminal conviction involving A.A., counsel for FCCS requested the court issue an order allowing visitation between appellant and A.A. subject to the recommendation of a family counselor. The GAL noted that A.A. had been out of the home for over two years and had spoken to appellant only once or twice during that time. The GAL agreed that family counseling for appellant and A.A. could be beneficial. The GAL further averred that A.A.‘s current foster placement had been successful but would end soon because the foster parents were not willing to adopt him. Accordingly, a new foster placement for A.A. was planned.
{14} Following the February 8, 2022 hearing, the parties and the GAL filed an agreed entry on February 14, 2022 which modified the case plan to allow for visitation between appellant and A.A. with the restriction that visitation occur only as facilitated and/or recommended by the family counselor. The agreed entry further stated visitation could extend to unsupervised visitation if recommended by the family counselor. The juvenile court signed the entry permitting the parties’ facilitation of visitatiоn contingent on the preconditions set forth in the entry.
{15} On April 12, 2022, the GAL filed his fifth report. Therein, he reported, inter alia, that A.A. had recently moved to a new
{16} On April 19, 2022, the juvenile court held a pretrial hearing on the PCC motion. Appellant did not appear; her counsel attributed appellant‘s absence to counsel‘s failure to remind her of the hearing. The hearing primarily consisted of a discussion about establishing counseling services for A.A. Recognizing both the strained relationship between A.A. and appellant and A.A.‘s resistance to counseling, the trial court determined A.A. should attend individuаl counseling sessions before scheduling family counseling sessions with appellant.
{17} The GAL filed his sixth report on September 3, 2022. Therein, the GAL reported three visits with A.A. at his new foster home, with the latest held on September 2, 2022. The GAL further reported that although appellant had completed community control, she had not visited A.A. in over three years; the GAL understood that appellant had never expressed any desire to visit A.A. In addition, the GAL noted that A.A. harbored negative feelings about appellant and did not want to see her. According to the GAL, A.A. was very reluctant to engage in family counseling because he wanted a complete break from his entire family.
{18} On September 29, 2022, the juvenile court held a pre-trial hearing on the PCC motion. Counsel for FCCS reminded the court of FCCS’ prior request, filed November 10, 2021, that the court conduct an in-camera interview of A.A. The court set a trial date for January 3, 2023 and indicated it would schedule an in-camera interview prior to trial. Counsel for aрpellant inquired about the possibility of appellant visiting with A.A. prior to trial. The juvenile court averred it would not force A.A. to visit appellant, but if A.A. was willing to do so, any visits would occur during counseling sessions.
{19} On December 24, 2022, the GAL filed his seventh report. The GAL averred he had investigated all matters related to A.A.‘s best interest since being appointed GAL in September 2019. He further averred he had attended and participated in all court hearings and had attended the trial court‘s in-camera interview of A.A. on November 15, 2022. The GAL further asserted he had visited with A.A. on many occasions in A.A.‘s foster homes and the residential treatment facility; his most recent visit with A.A. was in his new foster home in September 2022. His latest communication with A.A. was by telephone on December 24, 2022. The GAL reiterated the history of the criminal proceedings involving appellant which resulted in the imposition of the two-year no contact order. The GAL opined that had appellant requested a modification of the no contact order in coordination with the current juvenile court proceedings, such could have easily been accomplished. The GAL noted that despite having successfully completed her community control, appellant had not visited A.A. for over three years. The GAL reiterated that A.A. had consistently expressed no interest in seeing appellant, as he was convinced she hated him. The GAL averred that family counseling had been suspended due to appellant‘s behavior and the counselors’ opinions that the sessions were detrimental to A.A. The GAL opined that even if appellant was committed to reunifying with A.A., such would be difficult because appellant, as a single mother,
{20} A trial on the PCC motion was held on January 3, 2023. At the outset, counsel for appellant requested a continuance based on appellant having notified counsel the previous afternoon that she was in an emergency room with flu symptoms. Counsel averred she had provided FCCS counsel with documentation obtained from appellant purporting to substantiate her claim. The parties agreed that appellant‘s documentation consisted only of two pieces of papers—one stating she was pregnant—the other providing general information about combatting the flu.1 The juvenile court recessed the proceedings until 3:00 p.m. to allow time for appellant either to appear for trial or to provide physician-certified verification that she was presently hospitalized and unable to appear. When trial reconvened at 3:00 p.m., counsel for appellant asserted that appellant had not been admitted to the hospital; however, she could not attend the trial proceedings because she did not have child care. The juvenile court denied the continuance, noting appellant had ample time to make child care arrangements, as she had been notified of the trial date over three months prior to trial. The juvenile court further observed that A.A. had been in foster care for a significant period of time and that appellant was represented by competent counsel.
{21} Agata Kurtek, a child protection specialist supervisor for PFSN, testified on behalf of FCCS. Kurtek was assigned to A.A.‘s case in May 2022. At the time of trial, A.A. was 12 years old.2 According to Kurtek, FCCS obtained an emergency order of custody for A.A. on August 7, 2019, followed by a TOC on August 8, 2019. A.A. remained in the uninterrupted custody of FCCS from that date through the permanent custody hearing. In August 2019, appellant pled guilty to a charge of criminal mischief arising from her striking A.A. in the head with a cell phone.3 At the time of the permanent custody hearing, appellant had 10 children, including A.A.; 9 of the children were in her custody.
{22} Kurtek testified that pursuant to FCCS’ case plan, appellant completed parenting classes through Buckeye Ranch; however, she continuously struggled to demonstrate her ability to communicate with A.A. Appellant also completed a mental health assessment through Northland Community Center which resulted in a diagnosis of adjustment disorder with a recommendation for individual counseling. Kurtek further testified appellant had been referred to various agencies for counseling
{23} Kurtek also testified that FCCS had previously been involved with one of A.A.‘s siblings, a developmentally delayed child. After achieving her case plan goals of engaging in services related to that child‘s special needs and visiting with the child, appellant and the child were reunified in August 2022.
{24} Kurtek also asserted that from the time the no contact order imposed in the criminal proceedings was lifted in August 2021 until January 2022, appellant consistently stated she did not want A.A. to return home. She did not request reunification with A.A. until January 2022 and did not request visitation with A.A. until late summer 2022. Kurtek further testified that appellant and A.A. participated in two family counseling sessions in September 2022. According to Kurtek, no further sessions were scheduled because A.A.‘s individual and family counselors determined it was in A.A.‘s best interest not to have family sessions with appellant.4 Kurtek testified that both counselors indicated they would be willing to re-engage in family counseling services, if appropriate, once appellant engaged in individual counseling services. According to Kurtek, appellant was informed of this requirement; however, she never linked with any of the recommended counseling services.
{25} Kurtek testified she was concerned about appellant‘s consistent use of negative language in describing A.A., including referring to him as a liar, stating that he caused problems for the family, no one in the family wanted to take him, and he did not act like her other children. Kurtek further testified that A.A.‘s maternal grandparents were not interested in obtaining custody of A.A.
{26} Kurtek also testified that A.A. was currently living in the foster home where he was placed in February 2022.
{27} Kurtek further testified that during one of A.A.‘s family counseling sessions with appellant, which was held via teleconference, A.A. was able to view a few of his nine siblings. Beyond an initial greeting, A.A. did not converse with them and did not seem happy to see them. According to Kurtek, A.A. had never asked to visit his siblings.
{28} Kurtek concluded A.A. was in need of a legally secure permanent placement and recommended the juvenile court grant FCCS permanent custody of A.A. for purposes of adoption.
{29} On cross-examination, Kurtek acknowledged that appellant calling A.A. a liar was arguably accurate because A.A. had lied in the past. She also acknowledged that one of the family counselors did not allow a caseworker to observe the family session because A.A. did not want the caseworker to attend. She also acknowledged that one of the family counselors, in response to appellant‘s statement that A.A. did not have a choice with regard to seeing her, told appellant that A.A. had stated he did not want to see her. Kurtek disagreed with the suggestion by appellant‘s counsel that the counselor‘s action in this regard undermined the goal of reunification. Although Kurtek acknowledged that appellant was successfully parenting her other nine children and had requested reunification with A.A., she did not think appellant should be reunified with A.A. because she had not completed the services outlined in the case plan despite having had three years to do so. Kurtek also noted the unique circumstances involved in A.A.‘s case, i.e., that criminal charges had been filed against appellant arising from her striking A.A. with her cell phone.
{30} The GAL, Worley, also testified on behalf of FCCS. He averred that over the past three and one-half years, he had consistently visited with A.A., both in A.A.‘s foster homes and in the residential treatment facility in Cincinnati; he had also spoken to A.A. by telephone approximately six times. In addition, he had spoken to appellant, A.A.‘s counselors, and foster parents, maintained contact with various caseworkers, and had obtained A.A.‘s school records. The GAL further asserted he had observed A.A. interacting with his current foster mother. According to the GAL, A.A. was happy and doing well in his current foster home, was bonded with his foster mother, and was integrated into the family.
{31} The GAL described A.A. as a “very smart,” “very inquisitive” “neat kid” with a good sense of humor. (Jаn. 3, 2023 Tr. at 40.) The GAL noted that when A.A. was younger, he had a temper which sometimes resulted in fights with others, and he often used inappropriate language; however, through the maturation process, A.A.‘s behaviors had improved.
{32} The GAL testified he had never had an opportunity to observe A.A. interacting with appellant. He noted that his review of court records pertaining to appellant‘s municipal court criminal case revealed that appellant had never filed any motions or otherwise exerted any effort to have the no contact order lifted. The GAL averred that in his experience, “had [appellant] wanted that order lifted there was
{33} Thereafter, the trial court provided the GAL the opportunity to summarize the GAL report he filed on December 24, 2022.5 To that end, the GAL asserted he had known A.A. for approximately three and one-half years; he described A.A. as a charming, gregarious, inquisitive boy who was eager to learn, love, and be loved. The GAL acknowledged experiencing periodic frustration with A.A.‘s behaviors; however, at other times he “felt like crying” about A.A.‘s circumstances, particularly when visiting A.A. in the residential treatment facility in Cincinnati. (Jan. 3, 2023 Tr. at 53.) The GAL noted that many of the other children in the treatment facility had significant mental health issues to which A.A. was exposed, and no one ever visited A.A. while he resided there.
{34} The GAL averred that the state of A.A.‘s relationship with appellant at the time the juvenile case was opened, coupled with appellant not having had any contact with A.A. for three and one-half years, made it difficult to imagine their relationship could be repaired. He opined that appellant needed counseling to deal with A.A.‘s behaviors, and she failed him in not pursuing such services. The GAL further opined it was in A.A.‘s best interest for FCCS to be granted permanent custody of A.A; in that event, FCCS should allow A.A. to remain in his current foster home and facilitate the foster mother‘s adoption of A.A.
{35} In a decision and judgment entry dated February 16, 2023, the juvenile court found by clear and convincing evidence that, pursuant to
II. Assignment of Error
{36} Appellant appeals and assigns the following sole assignment of error for our review:
Rule 48 was violated when the guardian ad litem did not observe the [A.A.] with [Appellant]. Thus, the court plainly erred when it entered the guardian ad litem‘s report into evidence and relied on the report for its findings.
III. Discussion
{37} “The right to parent one‘s child is a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.” In re L.W., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-586, 2018-Ohio-2099, ¶ 6. See also In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157 (1990), quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972) (“[T]he right to raise one‘s children is an ‘essential’ and ‘basic civil right.’ “). “Parents have a ‘fundamental liberty interest’ in the care, custody, and management of the child.” Id., quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982). “Permanent termination of parental rights has been described as ‘the family law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case.’ Therefore, parents ‘must be afforded every procedural and substantive protection the law аllows.’ ” In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48 (1997), quoting In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16 (6th Dist.1991).
{38} However, the state has broad authority to intervene to protect children from abuse and neglect. In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 28, citing
{39} On appeal, a court of appeals will not reverse a juvenile court‘s determination that it was in the best interest of a child to grant a motion for permanent custody unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence. L.W. at ¶ 8. The juvenile court‘s determination must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.
{40} In conducting its review, a court of appeals must make every reasonable presumption in favor of the juvenile court‘s findings of fact and judgment. L.W. at ¶ 8; Eastley at ¶ 21, citing Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984), fn. 3. “[I]f the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, we must give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the trial court‘s verdict and judgment.” L.W. at ¶ 8, quoting Karches v. Cincinnati, 38 Ohio St.3d 12, 19 (1988). Moreover, a court of appeals must recognize that “[t]he discretion which the juvenile court enjoys in determining whether an order of permanent custody is in the best interest of a child should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceedings and the impact thе court‘s determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned.” (Internal quotations omitted.) In re W.D., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-589, 2009-Ohio-6903, ¶ 34, quoting In re A.L.D., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-238, 2008-Ohio-3626, ¶ 8, quoting In re Hogle, 10th Dist. No. 99AP-944 (June 27, 2000).
{41} In her sole assignment of error, appellant argues the juvenile court plainly erred in admitting into evidence the GAL‘s report and relying on that report in its findings. Appellant specifically contends the GAL violated Sup.R. 48.03(D) by not observing A.A. with appellant.
{42} Preliminarily, we note that appellant failed to object to the admission of the GAL‘s report and, therefore, as appellant concedes, has forfeited all but plain error.6 In re D.E., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-83, 2021-Ohio-524, ¶ 76, citing L.W. at ¶ 36; In re West, 4th Dist. No. 05CA4, 2005-Ohio-2977, ¶ 25. ” ‘In civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and may only be applied in the extremely rare case involving exceptional circumstances such that the error, if left uncorrected, would challenge the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process itself.’ ” D.E. at ¶ 76, quoting Brisco v. U.S. Restoration & Remodeling, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-109, 2019-Ohio-5318, ¶ 25. “Because parental rights determinations are difficult to make and appellate courts accord wide latitude to the trial court‘s consideration of evidence in these cases, [p]lain error is particularly difficult to establish.” (Internal quotations omitted.) Id., quoting Hamilton v. Hamilton, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1061, 2016-Ohio-5900, ¶ 8, quoting Faulks v. Flynn, 4th Dist. No. 13CA3568, 2014-Ohio-1610, ¶ 20, quoting Robinette v. Bryant, 4th Dist. No. 12CA20, 2013-Ohio-2889, ¶ 28.
{43} A juvenile court must appoint a GAL to protect the interest of a child in any proceeding concerning an abused or neglected child and in any proceeding for permanent custody held pursuant to
{44} Here, appellant does not contend the trial court erred in failing to discharge the GAL under
{45} “Article IV, Section 5(A)(1) of the Ohio Constitution provides the Supreme Court of Ohio with general superintendence over all the courts in the state.” In re A.S., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-249, 2022-Ohio-1861, ¶ 51. “In accordance with this authority, the Supreme Court originated the Rules of Superintendence for the Courts of Ohio, including the courts of common pleas and
{46} The Rules of Superintendence provide a non-exhaustive list of duties GALs are required to perform. Id. at ¶ 52. Former Sup.R. 48(D), in effect when the GAL was appointed in this case in 2019, provided:
In order to provide the court with relevant information and an informed recommendation regarding the child‘s best interest, a guardian ad litem shall perform, at a minimum, the following responsibilities stated in this division, unless impracticable or inadvisable to do so:
***
(13) A guardian ad litem shall make reasonable efforts to become informed about the facts of the case and to contact all parties. In order to provide the court with relevant information and an informed recommendation as to the child‘s best interest, a guardian ad litem shall, at a minimum, do the following, unless impracticable or inadvisable because of the age of the child or the specific circumstances of a particular case:
(a) Meet with and interview the child and observe the child with each parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian and conduct at least one interview with the child where none of these individuals is present;
(b) Visit the child at his or her residence in accordance with any standards established by the court in which the guardian ad litеm is appointed;
(c) Ascertain the wishes of the child;
(d) Meet with and interview the parties, foster parents and other significant individuals who may have relevant knowledge regarding the issues of the case;
(e) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents in the case in which the guardian ad litem is appointed;
(f) Review criminal, civil, educational and administrative records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, to the child‘s family or to other parties in the case;
(g) Interview school personnel, medical and mental health providers, child protective services workers and relevant court personnel and obtain copies of relevant records;
(h)Recommend that the court order psychological evaluations, mental health and/or substance abuse assessments, or other evaluations or tests of the parties as the guardian ad litem deems necessary or helpful to the court; and
(i) Perform any other investigation necessary to make an informеd recommendation regarding the best interest of the child.
(Emphasis added.) In re R.P., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-538, 2021-Ohio-4065, ¶ 30; A.S. at ¶ 52.
{47} The Rules of Superintendence were amended effective January 1, 2021. A.S. at ¶ 51. Sup.R. 48.03(D), in effect when the GAL prepared and filed his final GAL report and summarized its contents at the permanent custody hearing, and which appellant claims the GAL violated, provides the following with respect to the duties of a GAL:
Unless specifically relieved by the court, the duties of a guardian ad litem shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
(1) Become informed about the facts of the case and contact all relevant persons; (2) Observe the child with each parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian;
(3) Interview the child, if age and developmentally appropriate, where no parent, foster parent, guardian, or physical custodian is present;
(4) Visit the child at the residence or proposed residence of the child in accordance with any standards established by the court;
(5) Ascertain the wishes and concerns of the child;
(6) Interview the рarties, foster parents, guardians, physical custodian, and other significant individuals who may have relevant knowledge regarding the issues of the case. The guardian ad litem may require each individual to be interviewed without the presence of others. Upon request of the individual, the attorney for the individual may be present.
(7) Interview relevant school personnel, medical and mental health providers, child protective services workers, and court personnel and obtain copies of relevant records;
(8) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents in the case;
(9) Obtain and review relevant criminal, civil, educational, mental health, medical, and administrative records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, the family of the child or other parties in the case;
(10) Request that the court order psychological evaluations, mental health or substance abuse assessments, or other evaluations or tests of the pаrties as the guardian ad litem deems necessary or helpful to the court;
(11) Review any necessary information and interview other persons as necessary to make an informed recommendation regarding the best interest of the child.
(Emphasis sic; emphasis added.) A.S. at ¶ 52.
{48} As we recognized in A.S., this court has “previously noted that ‘[s]ignificant changes were made’ in the January 1, 2021 amendments to the Rules of Superintendence governing GALs, ‘including the deletion of the GAL‘s discretion to not perform duties “unless impracticable or inadvisable” and to “make reasonable efforts” to perform the duties.’ ” Id. at ¶ 51, fn. 10, quoting D.E. at ¶ 73, fn. 15. We further noted in A.S. that “the amended rules, in addition to imposing ‘different and additional requirements,’ now also ‘provide the GAL shall perform the duties “[u]nless specifically relieved by the court,” ’ thereby giving the discretion to the court, not the GAL, to determine when it is impracticable or inadvisable to not perform duties and whether the GAL has engaged in reasonable efforts to perform the duties.’ ” Id. at ¶ 51, fn. 10.
{49} In this case, the GAL was required to comply with the prior version of the Rules of Superintendence from the time of his appointment in September 2019 until January 1, 2021, after which he was required to comply with the amended rules. Id. at ¶ 51, fn. 10; ¶ 56. “[U]nder both the present and former versions of the Rules of Superintendence, the rules mandated that the provisions related to GALs ‘shall apply in all domestic relations and juvenile cases in the courts of common pleas where a court appoints a guardian ad litem’ for the child.” Id. at ¶ 51, fn. 11.
{50} As stated above, appellant‘s argument that the trial court should have excluded the GAL‘s report for failure to observe appellant and A.A. together is premised on her contention that the GAL failed to comply with amended Sup.R.
{51} While appellant contends the GAL failed to perform his duty of observing her with A.A. (the GAL having acknowledged during his trial testimony that he did not observe a visit between A.A. and appellant), the record establishes because of the unique circumstances in this case, the GAL had little, if any, opportunity to do so. As noted above, appellant‘s criminal conviction in August 2019 resulted in a court order that appellant have no contact with A.A. for two years; accordingly, appellant‘s case plan did not allow for visitation between A.A. and appellant during that two-year period. No evidence in the record establishes that appellant made any effort toward having the no contact order lifted prior to its expiration in August 2021. Further, evidence in the record establishes that appellant did not request reunification with A.A. until January 2022 and did not request visitation with A.A. until late summer 2022; both were well after the no contact order expired. In addition, the February 2022 agreed entry permitting visitation between appellant and A.A. restricted such visitation to family counseling sessions only. Appellant argues the GAL “could have” observed A.A. and appellant during the counseling sessions. (Appellant‘s Brief at 13.) However, appellant does not direct this court to any evidence supporting that assertion. There is no indication in either the February 2022 agreed entry or at the hearing preceding and precipitating the filing of the agreed entry that the GAL was permitted to attend the family counseling sessions. Further, the record establishes that only two family counseling sessions occurred, after which A.A.‘s counselors recommended that further family counseling sessions would be detrimental to A.A.
{52} In addition, appellant‘s reliance on this court‘s decision in A.S. is without merit, as the facts in the present case are distinguishable from those in A.S. Here, the removal of A.A. from appellant‘s custody derived from her criminal actions in striking A.A. with her cell phone. As a result, appellant was judicially ordered to have no contact with A.A. for two years. It is evident from the record that the juvenile court was aware of the criminal proceedings against appellant, including the judicially imposed two-year no contact order, as well as appellant‘s lack of effort to have that order lifted or to initiate visitation with A.A. as soon as practicable after the no contact order expired. The record also makes clear that the juvenile court was mindful of A.A.‘s consistent articulation that he did not want to visit appellant as well as A.A.‘s traumatic reaction to the family counseling sessions he attended with appellant.
{53} Moreover, in A.S. we held that “under the facts and circumstances present in this case, * * * the juvenile court committed plain error under
{54} By contrast, in the present case, as outlined above, the record confirms the many and varied duties performed by the GAL over the three and one-half years he was involved with A.A.‘s case. The GAL interacted with A.A. on numerous occasions, both in person in A.A.‘s foster homes and residential treatment facility placements and by telephone. During those interactions, the GAL ascertained A.A.‘s wishes and concerns, i.e., that A.A. had no desire to visit appellant or his siblings, engage in counseling with appellant, or ever see her again; rather, he wanted to remain in his current foster home and be adopted by his foster mother. The GAL also communicated with A.A.‘s past and present foster parents, communicated with A.A.‘s caseworkers and counselors, and observed A.A. with his current foster mother. In addition, the GAL reviewed the court documents related to the criminal proceedings against appellant which prompted the present juvenile court proceedings. The GAL also attended all the juvenile court hearings related to A.A. and filed seven reports documenting his investigation of A.A.‘s case. Further, there is no indication the GAL based his opinion on the permanent custody hearing on testimony he heard at the hearing itself; rather, the GAL appears to have based his opinion on his independent investigation of the facts of the case. In short, we find no evidence that the GAL was deficient in the performance of his duties comparable to the extent of the deficiencies of the GAL in A.S.
{55} As noted above, neither former nor present Sup.R. 48 create “substantive individual rights.” R.P. at ¶ 31. Further, ” ‘the trial court, as the trier of fact, is permitted to assign weight to the GAL‘s testimony and recommendation and to consider it in the context of all the evidence before the court,’ and ‘[t]he decision of whether to consider a GAL report, even when the [GAL] did not fully comply with Superintendence Rule 48, is within a
{56} Moreover, even if the juvenile court erred in admitting the GAL‘s report due to the GAL‘s failure to comply with one of the duties set forth in the Rules of Superintendence, this case is not the “rare circumstance” in which such failure alone should result in reversal. D.E. at ¶ 92. Here, FCCS presented clear and convincing evidence that granting the motion for permanent custody was in the best interest of A.A. In determining that permanent custody to FCCS was in A.A.‘s best interest, the juvenile court relied not only on the GAL‘s report, but also on the testimony provided by Kurtek, the court‘s own observations of A.A. during the in-camera interview, and the tеstimony provided by the GAL. As noted above, appellant does not specifically challenge the juvenile court‘s admission of the GAL‘s testimony. Thus, the juvenile court‘s admission of the GAL‘s report did not affect the outcome of the trial. In re D.K., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-801, 2020-Ohio-5251, ¶ 40, quoting In re J.L., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-889, 2016-Ohio-2858, ¶ 60, quoting In re C.C., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-883, 2005-Ohio-5163, ¶ 27 (considering plain error in a civil case, including a permanent custody case, “[a]n error is prejudicial if it impacted the party‘s substantial rights by affecting the outcome of the trial“). (Internal quotations omitted.)
{57} For the foregoing reasons, appellant‘s assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Conclusion
{58} Having overruled appellant‘s sole assignment of error, we hereby affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch.
Judgment affirmed.
LUPER SCHUSTER and LELAND, JJ., concur.