Holly v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth.Holly v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth.
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 15, 2022
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-20-936182
Appearances:
Nager, Romaine & Schneiberg Co., L.P.A., Jennifer L. Lawther, Corey J. Kuzma, and James D. Falvey, for appellee.
Sheryl King Benford, General Counsel-Deputy GM and Keith A. Ganther, Deputy General Counsel for Legal Affairs Division, Greater Clеveland Regional Transit Authority; Gallagher Sharp, LLP, Donald G. Drinko, Richard C.O. Rezie, and Gary D. Baker, Jr., for appellant.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (“GCRTA” or “appellant“), has filed this appeal after a jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff-appellee, Walter Holly, finding that he was entitled to workers’ compensatiоn for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. After a thorough review of the facts and the applicable law, we affirm.
{¶ 2} Appellee began his employment with GCRTA in February 2007 as a full-time rail mechanic. While employed by appellant, appellee alleges he was injured due to repetitive motions of his duties and suffered injuries to bоth wrists. In February 2020, he filed a claim with the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC“), Claim 20-110916. His claim was initially allowed for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, but appellant contested his claim. Appellee also filed for additional allowances for compression neuropathy, left upper limb and compression neuropathy, right uрper limb. Those additional allowances were denied by BWC. Appellant appealed the allowance for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome to the Industrial Commission, which refused the appeal, so appellant filed an appeal under
{¶ 3} Prior to trial, on August 31, 2021, appellee filed a motion in limine to exclude any testimony from appellant‘s proposed expert, Dr. Dean Erickson (“Dr. Erickson“). In his motion, appellee arguеd that appellant failed to disclose its
{¶ 4} At the close of evidence, appellant proрounded several jury interrogatories, which asked the jury questions about whether the proximate cause of appellee‘s injuries was his employment at GCRTA. The trial court declined to submit appellant‘s interrogatories and instead submitted a general verdict form to the jury. The jury returned a general verdict form finding that appellee wаs entitled to receive workers’ compensation for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome.
{¶ 5} Appellant moved for a new trial based on the trial court‘s denial of the interrogatories and exclusion of expert testimony. The trial court denied the motion, and appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.
Assignments of Error
- The trial court erred in its refusal to submit jury interrogatories specific to “occupational disease” as requested by defendant-appellant.
- The trial court erred in excluding the testimony of appellant‘s expert medical witness, Dr. Dean Erickson.
Law and Analysis
{¶ 6} In the first assignment of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to submit jury interrogatories specific to “occupational disease.”
{¶ 7}
{¶ 8} This court reviews the trial court‘s rejection of an interrogatory for an abuse of discretion. Vanadia at id., citing Freeman at id. “A court abuses its discretion when a legal rule entrusts a decision to a judge‘s discretion and the judge‘s exercise of that discretion is outside of the legally permissible rangе of choices.” State v. Hackett, 164 Ohio St.3d 74, 2020-Ohio-6699, 172 N.E.3d 75, ¶ 19. An abuse of discretion may be found where a trial court “applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.” In re M.D., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 110957, 110958, and 110959, 2022-Ohio-2672, ¶ 30, citing Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, 892 N.E.2d 454, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.). When applying the abuse-of-discretion standard, a
{¶ 9} In this case, appellant requested the following interrogatories be given to the jury:
No. 1: Do you find from evidence and by preponderance thereof that the Plaintiff‘s employment as a mechanic in GCRTA‘s Rail Department directly and proximately caused him to develop bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome?
No. 2: Do you find from evidence and by preponderance thereof that the Plaintiff‘s bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome was directly and proximately caused by preexisting medical conditions and comorbidities unrelated to his employment as a mechanic in GCRTA‘s Rail Dept [sic]?
No. 3: Do you find from evidence and by preponderance thereof that the Plaintiff‘s employment crеated a risk of contracting bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in greater degree and in a different manner than in the public generally?
No. 4: Do you find from evidence and by preponderance thereof that the Plaintiff contracted bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome as a proximate result of exposure to his work environment of his job?
No. 5: Do you find from evidence and by preponderance thereof that the conditions of Plaintiff‘s employment as a Maintainer/Rail Mechanic at GCRTA resulted in a hazard which distinguishes his employment in character from employment generally?
{¶ 10} In denying appellant‘s request to submit the five interrogatories to the jury, the trial cоurt stated:
[I]f the jury signs off on the verdict form saying that he‘s entitled to participate, they‘ve answered all your interrogatories in the affirmative. If they come back with a verdict that he is not entitled to participate, they‘ve answered one or more of them in the negative. So, in other words, the answers are implicit in the verdict. That‘s not the
situation in every case. For example, if money damages were at issue here, it would be helpful to have a breakdown of economic loss, non-economic loss, et cetera.
{¶ 11} Appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to submit the interrogatories to the jury because the appellant is allowed to “tеst the correctness of a general verdict by eliciting from the jury its assessment of the determinative issues presented by a given controversy in the context of evidence presented at trial.” Appellant‘s brief at p. 11, citing Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum, Inc. v. McNulty Co., 28 Ohio St.3d 333, 337, 504 N.E.2d 415 (1986). The purpose of jury interrogatories in this case, appellant argues, was to “flesh out the elements inherеnt in the determination of appellee‘s condition.” Appellant‘s brief at p. 12.
{¶ 12} We agree with the trial court that the answers to the proposed jury interrogatories were implicit in the jury‘s verdict. The jury interrogatories would not have tested the “correctness” of the general verdict by having the jury assess determinative issues and flesh out the elements of appellee‘s injury. The parties agreed that appellee suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome. The interrogatories would have served as redundant answers to what the jury had to ultimately decide.
{¶ 13} Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant‘s request for jury interrogatories.
{¶ 14} The first assignment of error is overruled.
Expert Witness Testimony
{¶ 15} In the second assignment оf error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of its expert witness, Dr. Erickson.
{¶ 17} A trial court‘s decision to admit or exclude evidence, including expert testimony, will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Gridiron v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 2019-Ohio-167, 131 N.E.3d 327, ¶ 26 (8th Dist.), citing Krischbaum v. Dillon, 58 Ohio St.3d 58, 66, 567 N.E.2d 1291 (1991). Similarly, we review a trial court‘s ruling on a
{¶ 18} Appellant appealed the BWC award to the trial court on August 19, 2020. The trial court held a case-management conference on October 30, 2020, and referred the case to a workers’ compensation mediator. The mediator held a hearing on April 28, 2021, but the case did not settle and was returned to the court docket. Appellant‘s proposed expert, Dr. Erickson, provided his report to appellаnt on May 28, 2021. The case was originally set for trial for June 5, 2021, and was continued until September 7, 2021, at the request of the parties. Appellant did not disclose the expert report to appellee until August 13, 2021. Appellee filed a motion in limine to exclude expert testimony on August 31. In preparation for trial, appellee deposed Dr. Erickson on September 1, 2021. Trial commenced as scheduled on
{¶ 19} Appellant contends that the trial court should not have excluded Dr. Erickson from testifying because appellant could show “good cаuse” under
{¶ 20} In Gridiron, the appellant argued that the Cleveland Clinic‘s defense expert should not have been permitted to testify “because [the] expert report ‘did not contain any opinions regarding whether Gridiron suffered a dorsal capsular tear and DRUJ effusion as a dirеct and proximate result of her alleged * * * injury.‘” Id. at ¶ 48. The trial court overruled the objection and allowed the expert to testify. In upholding the trial court‘s decision, this court reasoned:
Significantly, Dr. Gula‘s testimony at trial did not materially differ from the subject matter of his expert report. * * * Dr. Gula‘s testimony did not offer a new theory on the cause оf the observed injuries, nor did Dr. Gula change his opinion at trial. Rather, Dr. Gula‘s expert report and trial testimony consistently offered the same opinion on the issues relating to the extent of Gridiron‘s left injury and its likely cause. Exclusion of such testimony is not proper merely because it does not comport with the petitioner‘s theory supporting a workers’ compensation claim.
Id. at ¶ 35.
{¶ 22} In the Independent Medical Evaluation dated October 5, 2020, Dr. Erickson stated that he independently examined appellee at the request of a “Claims Examiner for RTA” on “the issue of the additional allowance of compression neuropathy right upper limb and compression neuropathy left upper limb with respect to his allowed condition of: Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome.” After reviewing appellee‘s medical record and a physical examination, Dr. Erickson concluded:
[A]ccepting the allowed conditions in the claim that the physician‘s examination findings in the medicаl record (although I may not agree with their conclusions), I would offer the following opinions to a reasonable degree of medical probability and certainty.
1) Based upon your review of medical records and physical examination of Mr. Walter Holly, is it your professional medical opinion that this claim should be amendеd to include the requested conditions of compression neuropathy, right upper limb compression, neuropathy left upper limb?
The requested additional allowances are essentially a broad nonspecific category that not only encompasses the current allowed condition of bilateral carpаl tunnel syndrome but may imply multiple other compressive peripheral neuropathies.
Although technically it is duplicative of the current allowed condition of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, it should NOT be consider [sic] an appropriate additional allowance as a number of other compressive neuropathies could be added to the claim without any objective basis. * * *
(Emphasis sic.)
{¶ 23} In the Independent Medical Evaluation dated February 15, 2021, Dr. Erickson noted that appellee‘s claim had been allowed for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome but disallowed for compression neuropathy, left upper limb and compression neuropathy, right upper limb. After a review of medical records, his previous report, and a physical examination, Dr. Erickson opined:
[A]ccepting the allowed conditions in the claim that the physician‘s examination findings in the medical record (although I may not agree with their conclusions), I would offer the following opinions to a reasonable dеgree of medical probability and certainty.
1. Based on your examination of Walter Holly, is it your professional medical opinion that Mr. Holly‘s bilateral carpal tunnel release surgeries and postoperative physical therapy were successful? Mr. Holly‘s left carpal tunnel release has been very successful. * * * He has had an excellent result.
Unfortunately, Mr. Holly continues to have objective findings supporting subjective symptoms regarding the right carpal tunnel condition status post-surgery. * * *
2. Is it your opinion that Mr. Holly can return to work as a mechanic full duty at this time? No. Mr. Holly continues to have objective findings regarding the right carpal tunnel that would preclude his ability to return to work as a mechanic full duty at this time.
3. Has the allowed bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome reached a level of maximum medical improvement at this time? Although Mr. Holly‘s left carpal tunnel syndrome has reached
maximum medical improvement, he has not reached MMI with respect to the right carpal tunnel * * *.2
(Emphasis sic.)
{¶ 24} Dr. Erickson‘s prior evaluations of appellee dated October 5, 2020, and February 15, 2021, addressed the following issues: whether appellee‘s claim should be amended to allow additional conditions, whether surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome was successful, if he could return to work, and if he had achieved maximum medical improvement. These prior evаluations did not discuss whether appellee contracted and/or suffered from bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome as a direct result of his work at GCRTA. Dr. Erickson did not touch upon causation until his May 28, 2021 report, distinguishing this case from Gridiron, 2019-Ohio-167, 131 N.E.3d 327 (8th Dist.).
{¶ 25} The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting appellee‘s motion in limine to exclude Dr. Erickson from testifying. Appellant was in possession of Dr. Erickson‘s report on May 28, 2021, but did not turn it over until August 13, 2021, less than 30 days before trial. Had appellant needed to supplement Dr. Erickson‘s report after May 28, 2021, it certainly could have done so, but in accordance with
{¶ 27} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
CORNELIUS J. O‘SULLIVAN, JR., JUDGE
FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, P.J., and EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR