Guerra v. Jones
421 F. App'x 15
2d Cir.
2011
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Docket

Domingo P. GUERRA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Stephen C. JONES, SCSD Superintendent for 2004-2005 School Year, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 10-1242-cv.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

April 28, 2011.

PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON and GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judges.

Domingo P. Guerra, DeWitt, NY, pro se. Miles Gerard Lawlor, Ferrara, Fiorenza, Larrison, Barrett & Reitz, P.C., East Syracuse, NY, for Defendants-Appellees.

. The jury‘s verdict therefore must be sustained.

Finally, Wells argues that introduction of certain QPCF manuals and policies on the use of force was unfairly prejudicial on all counts. He asserts that the jury likely was confused by this evidence and determined culpability by applying the more stringent QPCF standards of excessive force, rather than Bureau of Prisons regulations. Rhodes joins in his argument. “We review a district court‘s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, and will reverse only if we find that there was a violation of a substantial right.” (quoting ). Here, the jury‘s acquittal of Wells on the excessive force charge, the only relevant charge that required consideration of the use of excessive force, belies Wells‘s contention that the jury was prejudiced by the admission of QPCF policies on the use of excessive force. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting those materials into evidence.

We have considered the defendants’ remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. For the reasons stated herein and in the accompanying opinion, the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED.

SUMMARY ORDER

Plaintiff-Appellant Domingo Guerra (“Guerra“), proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court‘s grant of summary judgment to the Defendants-Appellees (“the Defendants“) with respect to his “stigma-plus” claims and his employment discrimination and retaliation claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII“), and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA“), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

This Court reviews orders granting summary judgment de novo, focusing on whether the district court properly concluded that there was no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See . We are required to resolve all ambiguities and draw all factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party. See (citing ). Summary judgment is appropriate “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.” .

After an independent review of the record and the relevant case law, we conclude that the district court properly granted summary judgment with respect to the Title VII and ADEA claims substantially for the reasons stated in its March 2010 decision. See . As the district court concluded, dismissal of the Title VII and ADEA claims against the individual Defendants was appropriate as neither statute subjects individuals, even those with supervisory liability over the plaintiff, to personal liability. See , abrogated on other grounds by . Moreover, we agree with the district court that Guerra failed to file suit within ninety days of receiving a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC regarding his retaliation claims, as required to bring suit on those claims. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1) (Title VII claim); 29 U.S.C. § 626(e) (ADEA claim). Further, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate any extraordinary circumstances meriting application of equitable tolling with respect to that limitations period. See, e.g., .

In addition, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Guerra‘s motion to amend his complaint to add the Syracuse City School District as a defendant. Noting that the motion had already been denied by the magistrate judge and that the request came a full sixteen months after Guerra filed his complaint, the district court further proceeded to determine that amending the complaint would be futile in light of the absence of any evidence that the plaintiff‘s age or race was a motivating factor in his dismissal. While leave to amend should of course be freely granted and, in particular, a pro se plaintiff “should be afforded every reasonable opportunity to demonstrate that he has a valid claim,” (quoting ), here we cannot say the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion in light of the undue delay and futility of the proposed amendment. See .

Guerra also asserts that the grant of summary judgment was improper because he was afforded an insufficient opportunity to conduct discovery prior to the motion for summary judgment. Guerra referenced Rule 56(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in opposing summary judgment before the district court and he raises a number of challenges to discovery rulings on appeal. We review discovery rulings generally and a district court‘s denial of a motion under Rule 56(f) specifically for abuse of discretion. See (discovery rulings); (Rule 56(f) motions). As a general matter, a district court has “wide latitude” in determining the scope of discovery. . Here, we cannot say that Guerra demonstrated that the district court failed to afford him “a meaningful opportunity to establish the facts necessary to support his claim,” , or that its rulings in resolving the numerous motions and objections raised by Guerra in the course of discovery otherwise constituted an abuse of discretion.

Moreover, in opposing summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56(f), a party is required to submit an affidavit which includes “the nature of the uncompleted discovery; how the facts sought are reasonably expected to create a genuine issue of material fact; what efforts the affiant has made to obtain those facts; and why those efforts were unsuccessful.” . For both Guerra‘s Title VII and ADEA claims against the individual Defendants and his retaliation claims, it is clear that no amount of further discovery would permit him to avoid a grant of summary judgment in the Defendants’ favor, given the unresolvable defects of both sets of claims. Even accounting for Guerra‘s pro se status and considering whether he demonstrated an entitlement to additional discovery on claims he sought to add against the school district, he simply failed to identify to the district court—as he failed to do in this Court—any additional discoverable facts that could “reasonably [be] expected to create a genuine issue of material fact” so as to preclude summary judgment. As a result, the court did not abuse its discretion in granting summary judgment in the face of Guerra‘s Rule 56(f)-based objection.

We also conclude that the grant of summary judgment on Guerra‘s stigma-plus claims was proper, albeit relying on a different basis than that offered by the district court. This Court has recognized that “[l]oss of one‘s reputation can invoke the protections of the Due Process Clause if that loss is coupled with the deprivation of a more tangible interest, such as government employment.” . While, as the district court noted, a probationary teacher in Guerra‘s position—an at-will government employee—has no Fourteenth Amendment property interest in continued employment, see , for such an employee, “a cause of action under § 1983 for deprivation of a liberty interest without due process of law may arise when an alleged government defamation occurs in the course of dismissal from government employment,” (emphasis added).

To state a stigma-plus claim in connection with the termination of government employment, then, a plaintiff must first show that the government made stigmatizing statements about the plaintiff that “denigrate the employee‘s competence as a professional and impugn the employee‘s professional reputation in such a fashion as to effectively put a significant roadblock in that employee‘s continued ability to practice his or her profession.” . “A plaintiff generally is required only to raise the falsity of these stigmatizing statements as an issue, not prove they are false.” . Second, a plaintiff must prove these stigmatizing statements were made public. See “This requirement is ‘satisfied where the stigmatizing charges are placed in the discharged employee‘s personnel file and are likely to be disclosed to prospective employers.‘” (quoting ). Third, a plaintiff must show the stigmatizing statements were made contemporaneously with the plaintiff‘s dismissal from government employment. See .

Here, the district court erred when it held that Guerra‘s probationary status prevented him from establishing the “plus” element of a stigma-plus claim. As Guerra correctly points out, he premised his claims upon a deprivation of a liberty interest, not a property interest. The district court further held that “no defamatory or stigmatizing statements were made in reference to Guerra” and that the complained of statements “were in no way ‘published‘” and “not concurrent in time with Guerra‘s dismissal,” albeit without specifying the factual bases for each of these conclusions with respect to the various statements identified by Guerra as supporting his stigma-plus claim. See . However, even if we assume that for at least some statements Guerra could satisfy each of the three elements necessary to establish a “stigma-plus” claim, we must nonetheless conclude that the claim would fail. “The appropriate remedy for a stigma-plus claim premised on a plaintiff‘s termination from at-will government employment is a post-deprivation name-clearing hearing.” ; see also . “This hearing gives the plaintiff an opportunity to hear and answer first-hand any stigmatizing charges, clearing his name of any false statements made about him, and curing the injury to his reputation.” .

Here, Guerra had available to him adequate process in the form of a post-deprivation Article 78 hearing in state court. Under New York law, to establish a due process liberty interest entitling one to a name-clearing hearing pursuant to Article 78, one must show the same three elements needed to establish a stigma-plus claim: an allegedly defamatory governmental action together with a loss of employment and the dissemination of the stigmatizing material. See ; see also (“[W]here the discharged employee is seeking only expungement of stigmatizing material in a personnel file ... a likelihood of dissemination is sufficient to trigger one‘s right to a departmental name-clearing hearing.“). As a result, we have no reason to believe that Guerra could not have pursued such a hearing in this case. For an at-will government employee—which Guerra was given his status as a probationary teacher at the time the relevant events occurred—“[a]n Article 78 hearing provides the requisite post-deprivation process—even if [Guerra] failed to pursue it.” . We therefore affirm the grant of summary judgment on Guerra‘s stigma-plus claims.

We have considered all of Guerra‘s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED.

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