EVENTMONITOR, INC. vs. ANTHONY LENESS.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
February 4, 2016
473 Mass. 540 (2016)
Present: GANTS, C.J., SPINA, CORDY, BOTSFORD, DUFFLY, & LENK, JJ.
Suffolk. November 3, 2015. - February 4, 2016.
In a civil action alleging breach of an employment agreement, the judge correctly concluded that, although the employee‘s copying of the employer‘s proprietary information to a third-party data storage system, not disclosing this action to the employer, and not returning the files stored with the third party upon the employee‘s termination from employment without cause constituted a breach of the employment agreement, the breach was not material, where the employee did not knowingly disclose or knowingly use any of the employer‘s information, and therefore, his breach did not endanger the confidentiality of the employer‘s information [545-548]; further, the employee‘s breach did not provide the employer grounds retroactively to convert his termination to one for cause, where the employee‘s activities did not constitute defalcation within the meaning of the agreement, in that the employee‘s secure storage of the information, in the absence of any disclosure or use by anyone other than the employer, did not undermine the employer‘s exclusive use of its information [548-550].
In a civil action arising from a breach of an employment agreement, the judge correctly denied the employee‘s counterclaim for indemnification by the employer of costs that the employee incurred in defending against the employer‘s claims, where the commencement of the action was a direct result of the employee‘s copying of the employer‘s proprietary information to a third-party data storage system, undertaken in his personal capacity and not as an employee. [550-551]
This court remanded a civil action for correction of a mathematical error in calculating damages for violations of the Massachusetts Wage Act,
CIVIL ACTION commenced in the Superior Court Department on April 30, 2008.
The case was heard by Jeffrey A. Locke, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from the Appeals Court.
Before trial, Anthony Leness voluntarily dismissed all claims against third-party defendant Sheldon Chang, who plays no role in this appeal.1
Shana I. Kaplan (James E. O‘Connell, Jr., with her) for the defendant.
David J. Fried, for Massachusetts Employment Lawyers Association, amicus curiae, submitted a brief.
DUFFLY, J. The plaintiff, EventMonitor, Inc. (EventMonitor), is a Delaware corporation, established in 2000, with headquarters in Boston. It develops and markets software for the financial industry. The defendant, Anthony Leness, was one of the early employees of the company. Leness was hired as EventMonitor‘s vice-president for business affairs in June, 2001, upon his graduation from Harvard Business School. He served in that position for approximately six years, until he was terminated on December 5, 2007, two months after he had proposed a plan to restructure EventMonitor into two related entities, a proposal that Sheldon Chang, EventMonitor‘s president and executive director, believed would undermine the future of the company. The termination was characterized as “without cause.”
Under the terms of Leness‘s employment contract, EventMonitor therefore was required to pay him one year‘s salary and benefits, plus the value of any accrued but unused vacation time. Section 6(b) of the employment agreement provided that, upon termination, Leness was to return “all items containing or embodying Proprietary Information (including all copies).” Before his departure, Leness returned, among other things, a company laptop computer containing proprietary information that he had used in the course of his work at EventMonitor.
Soon after Leness‘s termination, through a forensic examination of the laptop computer, EventMonitor discovered that Leness had copied all of the data on the computer, including EventMonitor‘s customer information and proprietary business plans, to a data backup and storage service accessed over the Internet. Leness had not informed EventMonitor about this backup before his termination was effective. To the contrary, Leness had paid the subscription for the data storage service with a personal credit card, and also had installed a “cleaning” program in an effort (ultimately unsuccessful) to delete from the laptop information related to the account subscription. EventMonitor deemed Leness‘s actions to have been a defalcation of company assets. “Defalcation” was one of the only reasons in the employment contract that would have allowed EventMonitor to terminate
Retroactively characterizing the termination as having been for cause, in mid-February, 2008, approximately five weeks after Leness‘s departure, Eventmonitor stopped paying Leness any severance payments, declined to pay him his accrued vacation, and filed a complaint in the Superior Court asserting, among other claims, breach of contract. Leness asserted twelve counterclaims, among them breach of contract; breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; violations of the Massachusetts Wage Act,
After a jury-waived trial, a Superior Court judge found that Leness had not engaged in defalcation of EventMonitor‘s assets, and had not committed a material breach of the employment contract, and thus that his termination could not have been for cause. Judgment entered for Leness on EventMonitor‘s claims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and breach of fiduciary duty. The judge also entered judgment for Leness on his counterclaims for breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and violations of the wage act, but entered judgment for EventMonitor on Leness‘s claim for indemnification. EventMonitor appealed, and Leness cross-appealed. We transferred the matter to this court on our own motion.
EventMonitor contends that the judge erred in finding that Leness did not commit a material breach of the employment contract and did not engage in a defalcation of company assets. In support of its assertion that Leness‘s employment properly was terminated for cause, EventMonitor asks that we adopt the “after-acquired
In the rare opportunities that this court and the Appeals Court have had to consider the issue of after-acquired evidence in the context of a termination from employment, neither of the courts has adopted, or declined to adopt, this doctrine. See Flesner v. Technical Communications Corp., 410 Mass. 805, 815-817 (1991); Prozinski v. Northeast Real Estate Servs., 59 Mass. App. Ct. 599, 610-612 (2004). We need not reach the question here, because we agree with the trial judge that Leness did not commit a material breach of the employment contract, and did not engage in defalcation of company assets. Therefore, Leness committed no act giving rise to a termination for cause, and the after-acquired evidence doctrine would have had no impact on the result we reach. We affirm the judge‘s conclusion that Leness is entitled to severance payments under the terms of the contract, and remand the matter for entry of an amended judgment correcting certain arithmetic errors in the calculation of accrued vacation payments.3
1. Facts. “We recite the essential facts found by the judge, which we accept ‘unless they are clearly erroneous,’ ... and which the parties do not challenge, supplemented by other undisputed information from the record.” Boyle v. Zurich American Ins. Co., 472 Mass. 649, 651 (2015), quoting Weiler v. PortfolioScope, Inc., 469 Mass. 75, 81 (2014).
In June, 2001, EventMonitor hired Leness as vice-president for business affairs. Leness and EventMonitor entered into a written employment agreement detailing how EventMonitor could terminate Leness with or without cause. Termination without cause required thirty days’ written notice; it also entitled Leness to severance payments consisting of twelve months of salary and benefits, unless he began full-time employment during that period, and his accrued but unused vacation time. Section 5 of the contract specified a very limited number of reasons that EventMonitor could terminate Leness‘s employment for cause, including if Leness “engaged in wilful fraud or defalcation, either of which involved funds or other assets of [EventMonitor].”
“[A]ll [i]nventions and all other business, technical and financial information (including without limitation, the identity of and information relating to customers, investors, vendors, business partners or employees of [EventMonitor]) ... that relate to [EventMonitor] or the business or demonstrably anticipated business of [EventMonitor] or that are received by or for [EventMonitor] in confidence.”
The section provided further that, upon termination of his employment, Leness was required “promptly [to] return to [EventMonitor] all items containing or embodying Proprietary Information (including all copies).”
Leness worked at EventMonitor for approximately six years. In the early years, the company grew substantially in terms of revenue and number of employees. In the fall of 2007, however, tensions developed between Leness and Chang over the direction of the company. Those tensions escalated significantly after October 17, 2007, when Leness submitted a business proposal that would have left Chang to focus on research and development, using the existing software as a base product, and would have created a spin-off company for sales and support, with Leness in charge of that new entity. The new entity would have taken the majority of EventMonitor‘s revenue, which was derived largely from service and licensing agreements with three large clients; in exchange, the new entity would have lent EventMonitor startup funds to develop several new products that were then being considered.
Chang initially agreed to Leness‘s suggestion that a new business plan be considered. After seeing the proposal, however, Chang believed that the plan was developed to further Leness‘s self-interest, and the proposal demonstrated that he was not loyal to the company. Consequently, in December, 2007, EventMonitor notified Leness of his termination. On December 5, 2007, Chang informed Leness verbally that his employment was terminated “without cause,” and sent him a copy of a written termination letter, via electronic mail, stating that EventMonitor was giving
After Leness‘s departure, Chang hired a forensic expert to examine Leness‘s work-issued laptop computer. The examination revealed that in early October, 2007, at approximately the same time that he submitted the proposal for restructuring EventMonitor, Leness paid for a one-year subscription to an online data storage service through a company called Carbonite. Carbonite is a professional data storage service that encrypts information for purposes of security. Using this subscription, Leness copied all of EventMonitor‘s files that had been on his laptop to Carbonite‘s data storage system. The uploaded data included EventMonitor‘s “proprietary information,” as defined by the contract, including information related to its customers, business documents, and financing. Leness did not tell anyone at EventMonitor about the Carbonite account or the copying of EventMonitor‘s proprietary information to Carbonite‘s storage system.4 Indeed, Leness used his personal electronic mail address, and his personal credit card, to pay for the Carbonite subscription. Leness also downloaded a computer cleaning program to the company laptop in an effort to erase evidence of the Carbonite account from the laptop.
When Chang learned of Leness‘s actions in copying EventMonitor‘s proprietary information to the Carbonite system, he retroactively changed Leness‘s termination to one “for cause.” As a result, in early February, 2008, EventMonitor stopped making the severance payments required under the contract for a termination “without cause.” EventMonitor also refused to pay Leness for his unused vacation time, which, under the terms of the contract, it was required to pay regardless of the type of termination. Ultimately, Leness informed EventMonitor that he would file a claim in the Superior Court if his severance payments were not resumed by May 1, 2008. On April 30, 2008, without having made any further payments, EventMonitor commenced this action.
2. Material breach of the employment agreement. EventMonitor argues that Leness committed a material breach of the employment agreement by violating section 6(b), which required
A breach of a contract is a material breach when it involves “an essential and inducing feature of the contract.” Anthony‘s Pier Four, Inc. v. HBC Assocs., 411 Mass. 451, 470 (1991), quoting Bucholz v. Green Bros., 272 Mass. 49, 52 (1930), S.C., 290 Mass. 350 (1935). Whether a party has committed a material breach ordinarily is a question of fact. See Cetrone v. Paul Livoli, Inc., 337 Mass. 607, 610 (1958); Coviello v. Richardson, 76 Mass. App. Ct. 603, 609 (2010); Prozinski v. Northeast Real Estate Servs., LLC, 59 Mass. App. Ct. at 609. See also 23 Williston on Contracts § 63:3, at 440 (4th ed. 2002). But if “the evidence on the point is either undisputed or sufficiently lopsided... the court must intervene and address what is ordinarily a factual question as a question of law.” See Teragram Corp. v. Marketwatch.com, Inc., 444 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 2006), quoting Gibson v. Cranston, 37 F.3d 731, 736 (1st Cir. 1994).
Thus, we accept a trial judge‘s findings as to the materiality of a breach unless they are clearly erroneous.
The judge found that in copying EventMonitor‘s proprietary information to Carbonite‘s data storage system, not disclosing the upload to EventMonitor, and not returning the Carbonite files upon his termination from employment, Leness violated section 6(b) of the employment contract, in particular because he did not return all copies of EventMonitor‘s proprietary information. Nonetheless, as the judge correctly concluded, Leness‘s failure to
The judge found that there was no evidence that Leness had used the information for any purpose, before or after his termination more than five years prior to the date of trial, or intentionally had disclosed it to anyone. The judge stated further that, while he did not credit Leness‘s stated reasons for having placed a copy of EventMonitor‘s proprietary information on the Carbonite system (EventMonitor‘s purportedly inadequate backup procedures), he also rejected EventMonitor‘s suggestion that the copying had been done with a malicious intent. Indeed, the judge stated that, given the circumstances and the state of the relationship between Leness and Chang in October, 2007, when the copies were made, Leness might well have wanted the copy in order to be able to demonstrate that he had not neglected his duties or acted deliberately to the detriment of EventMonitor‘s interests.
The judge concluded that the essential purpose of section 6(b) is to protect the confidentiality of EventMonitor‘s proprietary information. A breach of section 6(b) therefore becomes material if it undermines that confidentiality. Because there was no evidence or indication that Leness had disclosed EventMonitor‘s confidential information, Leness‘s breach was not material.
We observe that, while electronic copies of proprietary information placed on third-party storage devices potentially could fall into the hands of competitors, or otherwise become public or be disclosed, as the judge found, there was no showing that such a result was likely to have, or had, occurred. Carbonite maintains its clients’ information in a secure and encrypted manner, and its business model relies on its clients’ confidence in this assurance. EventMonitor did not suggest, let alone offer evidence to prove, that its information could more readily be compromised because it temporarily had been stored on Carbonite‘s servers. Indeed, EventMonitor used similar data backup services, indicating that it did not view the use of such services as endangering the confidentiality of the information stored thereon.5
In any event, the possibility of unintentional disclosure is not relevant under the terms of the employment contract. As the
3. Whether termination could be amended to one “for cause.” Having concluded that Leness did not commit a material breach of the employment contract, we turn to EventMonitor‘s argument that Leness‘s breach nonetheless provided adequate grounds for EventMonitor to have converted the termination to one for cause. To support its decision to change the termination to one “for cause,” EventMonitor asks that we adopt the after-acquired evidence doctrine that has been accepted in some other jurisdictions. This doctrine allows an employer retroactively to characterize a termination as one for cause if the employer shows that (1) an employee had committed misconduct; (2) the employer learned of the misconduct only after the employee‘s termination from employment; and (3) had the employer known of the misconduct prior to the termination without cause, the employer instead would have discharged the employee for cause on that basis of that conduct.6 See McDill v. Environamics Corp., 144 N.H. 635, 640-641 (2000). As noted supra, we need not address this argument, as we conclude that the information about Leness‘s activities about which EventMonitor learned subsequent to his termination without cause would not have supported a decision to terminate him for cause.
Under the terms of Leness‘s employment agreement, defalcation of company assets permitted a “termination for cause.”7 Event-
The interpretation of the meaning of a term in a contract is a question of law, Eigerman v. Putnam Invs., Inc., 450 Mass. 281, 287 (2007), and thus we review the judge‘s determination de novo. Trace Constr., Inc. v. Dana Barros Sports Complex, LLC, 459 Mass. 346, 351 (2011). “When the words of a contract are clear they alone determine the meaning of the contract....” Merrimack Valley Nat‘l Bank v. Baird, 372 Mass. 721, 723 (1977). A reviewing court considers extrinsic evidence only when a term in a contract is ambiguous. See Massachusetts Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co. v. Danvers, 411 Mass. 39, 48 (1991).
Relying in part on a detailed examination of Massachusetts appellate decisions,8 and the common meaning of the term “asset,” the judge determined that “defalcation” within the meaning of the employment agreement did not include takings of non-monetary assets. The judge concluded also that, even if intangible assets had been subject to defalcation within the meaning of the contract, Leness‘s actions in uploading information to Carbonite did not deprive EventMonitor of the use or value of those assets, and that there was no evidence that he had disclosed, had intended to disclose, or had made use of the information for his own benefit or to the detriment of EventMonitor.
We agree that there was no defalcation here. Regardless of whether defalcation under Massachusetts law is limited solely to the taking of funds, in ordinary usage defalcation requires at least a temporary misuse or deprivation of the use or value of an asset,9
The judge found, and the finding is supported by the evidence, that Leness did not misuse or deprive EventMonitor of its proprietary information. Leness merely retained a copy of the information under circumstances that had no impact on EventMonitor‘s use of its proprietary information, or on the value of that information. If Leness had disclosed or used the information, his actions might have allowed a competitor to offer a similar product without substantial development costs, reduced the standing of the company in the eyes of its clients, or provided a competitor with information about EventMonitor‘s customers, any one of which possibly could have resulted in a loss of revenue. Such loss did not occur here. We need not decide whether actions that result in a loss of the exclusive use of proprietary information could have amounted to a “defalcation” within the meaning of the contract, because Leness‘s secure storage of a copy of the proprietary information, in the absence of any disclosure or use by anyone other than EventMonitor, did not undermine EventMonitor‘s exclusive use of its information.
4. Indemnification. Leness argues that the judge erred in concluding that EventMonitor was not required to indemnify him for his costs incurred in defending against EventMonitor‘s claims. Leness‘s argument that he is entitled to indemnification is not supported by the plain language of the contract. The employment agreement‘s indemnity clause, section 10(h), states that EventMonitor must indemnify Leness if he
“is made a party ... to any ... action, suit or proceeding ... by reason of the fact that [Leness] is or was an employee, officer or director of [EventMonitor] ... in which capacity [Leness] is or was serving at [EventMonitor‘s] request.”
Thus, under its plain language, the clause requires indemnification only if a claim is brought against Leness as a result of actions
These findings are well supported in the record and are not clearly erroneous. Leness‘s conduct in purchasing the subscription using a personal credit card and personal electronic mail account, uploading the information without advising anyone at EventMonitor of his actions or his purported reason for doing so (EventMonitor‘s supposedly inadequate backup procedures),10 and then attempting to erase all traces of the Carbonite subscription from his computer, supports the inference that use of the Carbonite data storage service was undertaken in Leness‘s personal capacity, rather than as an employee. Leness also committed a breach of the employment contract by not returning or deleting the copy of EventMonitor‘s proprietary information stored on the Carbonite system before his employment ended. EventMonitor was not required to indemnify Leness for defending against a lawsuit resulting from actions that were not undertaken in his capacity as an employee.
5. Calculation of damages for violations of the wage act.
According to the Superior Court docket sheet, although, in 2012, Leness‘s motion pursuant to
6. Conclusion. The judgment is affirmed as to all claims and counterclaims other than the amount of damages awarded to the plaintiff-in-counterclaim under
So ordered.
Notes
Although no Massachusetts case has defined the term “defalcation” explicitly, where the term appears, it is used in accordance with its ordinary and plain meaning, that is, a misuse or deprivation of the use of an asset held in trust. See, e.g., Indeck v. Clients’ Sec. Bd., 450 Mass. 379, 380-381 (2008) (“defalcation” describes conduct of attorney who misappropriated client funds entrusted for investment); Buster v. George W. Moore, Inc., 438 Mass. 635, 652 (2003)