EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION v. CVS PHARMACY, INC.
No. 17-1828
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
ARGUED DECEMBER 5, 2017 – DECIDED JUNE 8, 2018
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 14 C 863 — John W. Darrah, Judge.
WOOD, Chief Judge.
The district court rejected this claim on summary judgment, and we affirmed in EEOC v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 809 F.3d 335 (7th Cir. 2015). After our decision, the district court awarded CVS $307,902.30 in attorneys’ fees. It reasoned that the EEOC should have realized even before filing the suit that EEOC regulations required initial conciliation before it could proceed with an enforcement action under section 707(a). But that was not at all clear at the time the EEOC acted. We conclude that the district court‘s decision impermissibly rested on hindsight, and so we reverse.
I
Because we addressed the facts and legal background of this case at length in our earlier opinion, see 809 F.3d at 336-38, a brief outline suffices for present purposes. CVS‘s severance agreement came to the attention of the EEOC in 2011 after a former store manager, Tonia Ramos, filed a charge with the Commission. Ramos had accepted a severance agreement that included a broad release of claims and a covenant not to sue, but which carved out exceptions for “rights that Employee cannot lawfully waive” and for participation “in a proceeding with any appropriate federal, state or local government agency enforcing discrimination laws.” The EEOC argued that the agreement‘s broad release and obscure exceptions could deter signatories from cooperating with the EEOC or otherwise exercising their retained rights. Ordinarily, if the EEOC thinks that a charge has merit, the Commission first engages in conciliation with the employer pursuant to section 706‘s procedural requirements. See
The statute distinguishes between section 706, which allows the EEOC to bring what are essentially individual suits, and section 707‘s class-like “pattern or practice” provisions. Typically, through section 707(e)‘s incorporation of section 706‘s procedural requirements, the EEOC must follow the same pre-suit procedures whether the suit is an individual one or a pattern-or-practice action.
We are now faced with a different question: whether the EEOC‘s position was far enough afield at the time it was advanced that a fee award is warranted. The district court thought so, but only because it believed that the EEOC had taken a position contrary to its own regulations. (The Commission argued otherwise.) The court did not otherwise address the legal foundations of the case. In fact, it ruled that the EEOC‘s factual foundations for bringing suit were reasonable. CVS argues that the district court erred in this latter finding, and urges us to affirm on either ground.
II
We review a district court‘s decision to award fees for an abuse of discretion. Pickett v. Sheridan Health Care Ctr., 664 F.3d 632, 639 (7th Cir. 2011). This deference accounts for the district court‘s “superior understanding of the litigation“; it is designed to avoid “a second major litigation” over attorneys’ fees. Id. (quoting Spellan v. Bd. of Educ. for Dist. 111, 59 F.3d 642, 645 (7th Cir. 1995). But “the justifications for the generally deferential standard of review are absent” for questions of law. Jaffee v. Redmond, 142 F.3d 409, 412 (7th Cir. 1998). As always, we consider the district court‘s legal analysis de novo. Pickett, 664 F.3d at 639; Khan v. Gallitano, 180 F.3d 829, 837 (7th Cir. 1999). As applied here, we take a fresh look at the reasonableness of the EEOC‘s legal theory, but we defer to the district court‘s assessment of the case‘s procedural history and factual foundations.
A
Although section 706(k) of Title VII provides for fee shifting in favor of any “prevailing party,”
A review of our cases underscores that fees should be awarded to prevailing defendants only in limited circumstances. When it is the law that makes a case frivolous, we have emphasized that an “award of fees is only permitted when litigation proceeds in the face of controlling and unambiguous precedent.” Id. at 1368. Fee shifting is unwarranted for a suit implicating “an issue of first impression in an unsettled area of the law.” Reichenberger v. Pritchard, 660 F.2d 280, 288 (7th Cir. 1981). A fee award is also unjustified if it is based on nothing more than an “aggressive” reading of the EEOC guidelines. LeBeau v. Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., 799 F.2d 1152, 1162–63 (7th Cir. 1986). That a defendant spends substantial time and effort defending against a case also counts against frivolousness. See Hamilton v. Daley, 777 F.2d 1207, 1214 & n.7 (7th Cir. 1985). Thus, that the EEOC lost on the merits is only the first step. We now must turn back the calendar and ask how the EEOC‘s theory looked in light of the available statutes, regulations, and case law at the time the action was litigated. Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421–22.
B
As we noted earlier, the linchpin of the EEOC‘s legal theory is a subtle textual distinction between section 707(a) and section 707(e). We reproduce the relevant language here for ease of comparison:
[Section 707(a):] Whenever the Attorney General [now the Commission] has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this subchapter, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States . . . .
[Section 707(e):] [T]he Commission shall have authority to investigate and act on a charge of a pattern or practice of discrimination, whether filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to be aggrieved or by a member of the Commission. All such actions shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures set forth in section 2000e-5 of this title [i.e., section 706 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964].
While section 707(e) mandates that the EEOC follow section 706‘s procedural requirements, section 707(a) says nothing about those procedures (or any others). The EEOC argues that its inference from the statutory language—that section 706 procedures apply only to section 707(e) proceedings—was novel, but it had legitimate support. And at this stage, the Commission reminds us, the EEOC‘s legal position did not have to satisfy a high burden—a colorable legal argument will do. Comparing the EEOC‘s arguments to then-existing law shows that it met this low bar.
First, the EEOC had a textual foothold. Section 707(a) allows for suit against “any person or group of persons.” By comparison, unlawful employment practices can be committed only by employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, and similar actors.
In the course of amending the enforcement provisions of Title VII, Congress also transferred to EEOC authority previously vested in the Attorney General under § 707 of Title VII to institute “pattern or practice” lawsuits on its own initiative—i.e., without certain of the prerequisites to a civil action under § 2000e-5(f).
EEOC v. Harvey L. Walner & Assocs., 91 F.3d 963, 968 (7th Cir. 1996). On the merits appeal in the present case, we said that this “statement should not be interpreted as permitting the EEOC to proceed without a charge, as the EEOC contends and the district court concluded in the decision below.” CVS Pharmacy, 809 F.3d at 343. The need for that clarification in and of itself, however, demonstrates that the EEOC had a legal hook on which to hang its case.
Third, no case squarely foreclosed the EEOC‘s interpretation. CVS emphasizes that courts have “note[d] that the conciliation requirements do not change depending on whether the EEOC brings a claim under § 2000e-5 (a § 706 claim) or § 2000e-6 (a § 707 pattern-or-practice claim).” Arizona ex rel. Horne v. Geo Grp., Inc., 816 F.3d 1189, 1201 (9th Cir. 2016). But these cases all rely on section 707(e), which has always required the use of the section 706 procedures, including conciliation. No cases before our earlier decision contended with the possibility of two different sorts of section 707 pattern or practice claims. E.g., id.; United States v. State of South Carolina, 445 F. Supp. 1094, 1110–11 (D.S.C. 1977). Indeed, we have found no case prior to the filing of the present one that attempted to parse the language of sections 707(a) and 707(e) as the EEOC did. Perhaps the best inference from this silence was that there is no such distinction, but we cannot say that the EEOC‘s reading was frivolous as a result. Novel interpretations succeed or fail, but the law “grows with clarity for benefit of the public” whatever the outcome. Kohler v. Bed Bath & Beyond of Cal., LLC, 780 F.3d 1260, 1267 (9th Cir. 2015). For similar reasons, we do not hold against the Commission any inconsistent positions it has taken in other cases as CVS asks. The Commission is entitled to change its mind as new members are appointed and it is confronted with new problems.
CVS contends that even if these arguments made the EEOC‘s case colorable in the abstract, Tonia Ramos‘s charge of unlawful employment practices renders them legally infirm as applied to this case. But there is a fallacy in its argument. It assumes that the EEOC had decided to proceed with Ramos‘s charge. Had it done so, the action would have fallen squarely within section 707(e) and the section 706 procedures would have been required. But it did not. Quite to the contrary: the Commission dismissed Ramos‘s charge, and so it cannot possibly form the basis for this suit. CVS clings to a lone mention of “unlawful employment practices” in the complaint as evidence that the Commission‘s case was “really” brought under section 707(e), but we are not persuaded. Reading the complaint as a whole, it is plain that this is a section 707(a) action.
If the district court had otherwise accepted the EEOC‘s legal arguments, it surely would have given the Commission leave to amend its complaint for the first time to allow it to delete the offending phrase. See Runnion ex rel. Runnion v. Girl Scouts of Greater Chi. & Northwest Ind., 786 F.3d 510, 519–20 (7th Cir. 2015) (“Ordinarily . . . a plaintiff whose original complaint has been dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) should be given at least one opportunity
The district court rested its fee award not on the statute, but on two of the EEOC‘s own regulations. Those regulations require that the Commission first use conciliation to eliminate any unlawful employment practices,
Finally, we note that if the real problem with the EEOC‘s case was a failure to conciliate, it is questionable whether a fee award is appropriate after Mach Mining, LLC v. EEOC, 135 S. Ct. 1645 (2015). Mach Mining holds that where the fail-ure to conciliate properly is apparent at the outset of litigation, the “appropriate remedy is to order the EEOC to undertake the mandated efforts to obtain voluntary compliance.” Id. at 1656. Dismissal is still an appropriate remedy if the violations become apparent later. CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. EEOC, 136 S. Ct. 1642, 1648–49 (2016) (approving of a fee award after the EEOC “used ‘discovery in the resulting lawsuit as a fishing expedition to uncover more violations‘” (quoting EEOC v. CRST Van Expedited, Inc., 679 F.3d 657, 676 (8th Cir. 2012))). CVS incurred legal fees in this case not because of a failure to conciliate, but because of the novelty of the EEOC‘s claimed independent cause of action under section 707(a). Even had the EEOC conciliated, its ability to bring a pattern or practice of resistance case without underlying discrimination or retaliation would have been at issue, and the legal arguments the same.
Our starting point is of course this court‘s decision on the merits. But it takes much more than a loss on the merits to warrant a fee award. Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421 (noting that “‘meritless’ is to be understood as meaning groundless or without foundation, rather than simply that the plaintiff has ultimately lost his case“). We have emphasized the arguments in favor of the EEOC only to show that its position did not meet the Christiansburg standard. Obviously, the merits panel found CVS‘s arguments more persuasive. We have no need here to repeat that analysis. And we freely concede that the novelty of the EEOC‘s claim was a strike against it. On the other hand, CVS spent, by its own account, at least 823.5 hours defending this suit. CVS told the district court that the case involved “novel issues that required deep understanding of Title VII‘s text, structure, and history.” If it takes a “deep understanding” of the statute to refute a legal theory, one can hardly argue with a straight face that the same case was squarely blocked by controlling authority. Novelty may counsel against adopting the EEOC‘s reading of its own powers, but that same novelty also counsels against awarding fees. Reichenberger, 660 F.2d at 288.
C
While an infirm factual foundation can also support a fee award, Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421, the district court did not base its ruling on that ground. We agree with its finding that the EEOC did not act frivolously by arguing that CVS‘s severance agreement might deter former employees from cooperating with the Commission. The EEOC‘s factual case centered on the contrast between the broad language of the contract‘s waiver provisions and the relatively vague exceptions. On the merits, we noted that it was “unreasonable to construe the Agreement as restricting the signatory from filing a charge or otherwise participating in EEOC proceedings.” CVS Pharmacy, 809 F.3d at 341 n.4. Again, we take that as a given. But the EEOC was trying to make a more subtle point: the agreement, it feared, would have the practical effect of chilling at least some former employees—presumably none of them legal experts—from cooperating, whatever the agreement‘s legal effect. True, Tonia Ramos‘s actual cooperation may count as evidence against this theory, but it does not render it frivolous. See Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 422 (“Decisive facts may not emerge until discovery or trial.“); Ekanem v. Health & Hosp. Corp. of Marion Cnty., 724 F.2d 563, 574–75 (7th Cir. 1983) (noting that the “pattern or practice” theory of proof . . . affords plaintiffs wide latitude in attempting to establish circumstantial evidence of unlawful intent“). We cannot say at this stage that the EEOC could not have presented facts in support of its theory. The district court did not abuse its discretion by finding the suit factually reasonable.
III
Because the EEOC‘s suit was neither legally nor factually frivolous, we REVERSE the district court‘s order imposing on the EEOC the obligation to pay CVS‘s fees in part. We REMAND for the district court to enter an amended judgment consistent with this opinion.