ELENA NACARINO; MEGAN TAYLOR, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. KASHI COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee. MOLLY BROWN; ADINA RINGLER; CHRISTIAN LEMUS, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. KELLOGG COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 22-15377, 22-15658
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
August 14, 2023
D.C. No. 3:21-cv-07036-VC, D.C. No. 3:21-cv-07388-VC.
FOR PUBLICATION
OPINION
Argued and Submitted May 10, 2023
San Francisco, California
Filed August 14, 2023
Before: Sidney R. Thomas, Morgan Christen, and Daniel A. Bress, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Christen
SUMMARY*
Federal Preemption / Product Labeling
The panel affirmed on different grounds the district court‘s dismissal of two complaints alleging that food product labels advertising the amount of protein in the products were false and misleading under both federal and state law.
The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act expressly preempts all state statutes and law that establish requirements for the labeling of food that are not identical to the federal requirements set forth by statute and Food and Drug Administration (“FDA“) regulations. Under FDA regulations, even if protein quantity is calculated using a federally approved method, promoting a protein‘s quantity outside of the label‘s Nutritional Facts Panel could be misleading if the product contains lower-quality protein and the Nutritional Facts Panel does not disclose the percent daily value of the protein adjusted for the protein‘s quality.
The panel rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments that the protein claims on Defendants’ labels were false because the nitrogen method for calculating protein content overstated the actual amount of protein the products contained. The panel held that FDA regulations specifically allow manufacturers to measure protein quantity using the nitrogen method, to display that value in the Nutritional Facts Panel, and to use it to make a quantitative nutrient content claim.
The panel rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments that the protein claims on Defendants’ labels were misleading because the “amount of digestible or usable protein the Products actually deliver to the human body is even lower” than the actual amount of protein the products contain. The panel held that Defendants’ protein claims could be misleading under FDA regulations if they did not accurately state the quantity of protein or if the products did not display the quality-adjusted percent daily value in the Nutritional Facts Panel. However, Plaintiffs’ complaints did not allege that the challenged protein claims were misleading within the meaning of the federal regulations.
The panel held that, to the extent that state law would hold Defendants to a different standard, Plaintiffs’ state-law claims were expressly preempted.
Finally, the panel held that the FDA regulations are not ambiguous and are sufficient to support the preemption holding, but the agency‘s interpretations of its own regulations reinforce that conclusion.
COUNSEL
Matthew T. McCrary (argued), Gutride Safier LLP, Boulder, Colorado; Seth A. Safier, Gutride Safier LLP, San Francisco, California; for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Andrianna Kastanek (argued) and Dean N. Panos, Jenner & Block LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Alexander M. Smith, Jenner & Block LLP, Los Angeles, California; for Defendants-Appellees.
CHRISTEN, Circuit Judge:
In these consolidated appeals, we must decide whether food product labels that advertise the amount of protein in the products are false or misleading. Plaintiffs allege that the products’ front labels are false and misleading because they overstate the products’ protein quantity and implicitly exaggerate protein quality. The district court disagreed. It reasoned that the protein claims on Defendants’ front labels could not be false or misleading under federal law because Defendants measured protein quantity using a method approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Because any state labeling requirements that differ from federal requirements are preempted, and the court concluded that Defendants’ labels comply with federal law, the court dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaints.
We agree with the district court‘s analysis of the preemption principles that apply to these appeals, and with the court‘s ultimate conclusion that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted. But we read the federal food labeling regulations differently. Even if protein quantity is calculated using a federally approved method, promoting a product‘s protein quantity outside of the label‘s Nutrition Facts Panel could be misleading if the panel does not disclose the percent daily value of protein adjusted for the protein‘s quality. Here, we nevertheless affirm the district court‘s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaints because neither of them alleges that the Nutrition Facts Panels on Defendants’ product labels omitted the required protein quality-adjusted percent daily value information.
I
Two putative class actions are at issue in these appeals: Nacarino v. Kashi Co., No. 22-15377, and Brown v. Kellogg Co., No. 22-15658. The complaints were filed in the Northern District of California, and they asserted materially identical state-law consumer protection claims for unfair business practices, unjust enrichment, and fraud. Both complaints alleged that the front labels on several of Defendants’ products are “false and misleading” under state and federal law. In Plaintiffs’ view, the front labels of Defendants’ products “broadly tout protein quantity while ignoring . . . the poor quality proteins in their products.” Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’ protein claims are false and misleading because the human body cannot absorb and use all the protein in foods that contain low-quality protein.
We review de novo an order granting a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and construe a complaint‘s allegations in favor of the plaintiff. Bolden-Hardge v. Off. of Cal. State Controller, 63 F.4th 1215, 1220 (9th Cir. 2023). A district court may dismiss a complaint when its allegations “give rise to an affirmative defense that clearly appears on the face of the pleading.” Boquist v. Courtney, 32 F.4th 764, 774 (9th Cir. 2022). “Preemption, on which the defendant bears the burden, can be such a defense.” Pardini v. Unilever U.S., Inc., 65 F.4th 1081, 1084 (9th Cir. 2023) (internal citation omitted).
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA),1 as amended by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA),2 expressly preempts all state statutes and law that “directly or indirectly establish any requirement for the labeling of food that is not identical to the federal requirements” set forth by statute and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Hawkins v. Kroger Co., 906 F.3d 763, 769 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780 F.3d 952, 959 (9th Cir. 2015)).3 The FDCA express-preemption provision relevant here is
II
A
Understanding Plaintiffs’ claims requires some background on the nature of protein and federal nutrition-labeling regulations. The complaints allege that protein, composed of amino acid chains, varies in quality based on its digestibility and the balance of the amino acids it contains. Different protein sources supply different amounts of amino acids. Some amino acids are considered essential because the human body cannot make them on its own. This means that two food products containing the same amount of protein by weight may differ in two important respects: how much of the food‘s protein can be absorbed and used by the human body, and how well the food‘s protein will fulfill a person‘s nutritional needs.
The FDCA, enacted in 1938, establishes that a food is misbranded if its labeling is “false or misleading in any particular.”5 In 1990, Congress amended the FDCA through the NLEA and mandated nutrition labeling—and the now-ubiquitous Nutrition Facts Panels (NFPs)—on many products.6 The NLEA and its implementing regulations require manufacturers to include on food labels NFPs that disclose the number of calories and the amount of fat, carbohydrates, and protein in their products.7 NFPs are usually printed on the
There are different regulations for front labels and NFPs, but the front-label regulations explicitly refer to, and incorporate, some standards from the NFP regulations. Relevant here, section 101.13(i)(3) authorizes manufacturers to make nutrient content claims about the “amount or percentage of a nutrient” outside the NFP if the claim “does not in any way implicitly characterize the level of the nutrient in the food and it is not false or misleading in any respect.”11
Section 101.13 does not include a specific rule for measuring protein for purposes of nutrient content claims. Rather, section 101.13(o) provides that “compliance with [the] requirements for nutrient content claims . . . will be determined using the analytical methodology prescribed for determining compliance with nutritional labeling in § 101.9,” an NFP regulation.12 The pertinent part of that regulation, section 101.9(c)(7), requires that manufacturers include protein quantity in the NFP measured by “the number of grams of protein in a serving,” and allows protein quantity to be calculated based on the food‘s nitrogen content.13 This measure of protein quantity can be “corrected” to more accurately reflect the food‘s nutritive value by multiplying the measured protein content by the “protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score” (PDCAAS), a measure of protein quality.14 High-quality proteins, such as whey, have a PDCAAS of 1, and lower-quality proteins, including many plant-based proteins, have a PDCAAS of less than 1. Critical for purposes of these appeals, if a label includes a protein claim (by definition, a claim outside the NFP), it triggers a provision in section 101.9(c)(7)(i) that requires the manufacturer to display PDCAAS-corrected protein content as a percent daily value figure within the NFP in addition to displaying protein quantity in grams.15 We refer to
The following exemplar product label illustrates how these interlocking regulations work.16 The “20g Protein” nutrient content claim on the front of the exemplar label matches the protein quantity displayed in the NFP. The percent daily value figures for adults are calculated using a reference value of 50 grams.17 Because the percent daily value figure shown in the exemplar NFP (30%) is less than the gram value of the protein content divided by 50 grams (20g ÷ 50g = 40%), the NFP indicates a lower-quality protein with a PDCAAS of less than 1.
B
Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’ protein claims are both false and misleading—violating state and federal law—because the labels overstate the products’ protein content and imply that all of the protein contained in the products is usable by the human body. In its motion to dismiss the Nacarino complaint, Kashi argued that Plaintiffs’ state-law claims were preempted because the FDA regulations authorize quantitative protein claims outside the NFP and the challenged protein claims are fully compliant with the federal regulations. Kashi also argued that explicit “FDA guidance” from an FDA webpage contradicts Plaintiffs’ argument that federal law requires Kashi to remove the protein claims from its product labels.
The district court granted Kashi‘s motion and dismissed the complaint with prejudice. See Nacarino v. Kashi Co., 584 F. Supp. 3d 806, 807 (N.D. Cal. 2022). The court concluded that accepting Plaintiffs’ theory would require it “to find that an FDA-approved protein measurement technique is inherently misleading,” an interpretation it deemed implausible. Id. at 810. The district court also dismissed Brown, finding the claims alleged there indistinguishable from those alleged in Nacarino.18
Two months before oral argument in our court, the district court issued a ruling in a similar case, Rausch v. Flatout, Inc., No. 22-cv-04157-VC, ___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2023 WL 2401452 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 8, 2023). The Rausch defendant advertised protein content on its front labels without including the quality-adjusted percent daily value figure in the NFP. Id. at *2. The district court denied a motion to dismiss the Rausch complaint. Id. at *6. In doing so, the court retreated from the statement in its order granting the motion to dismiss the Nacarino complaint—that an “FDA-approved protein measurement technique” could not be misleading within the meaning of the FDA regulations—and instead held that “prominently advertising a product‘s protein quantity outside of the nutrition facts panel is misleading (within the meaning of the [FDCA] and the FDA‘s regulations), if the manufacturer doesn‘t include the quality-adjusted percent in the nutrition facts panel.” Id. at *5. Before hearing oral argument, we requested supplemental briefing to address the district court‘s ruling in Rausch. Now, having considered the parties’ briefing, we clarify that a protein claim could be misleading within the meaning of the applicable food labeling regulations if the NFP does not disclose the product‘s protein quality and the product contains lower-quality protein.
III
We interpret a regulation based on its plain language and in the context of the regulatory scheme, and defer to an agency‘s interpretation of its own regulation only when it is “genuinely ambiguous.” Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019); see Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 588 (2000). Plaintiffs’ complaints allege that the challenged protein claims are: (1) false because the nitrogen method overstates the actual amount of protein the products contain; and (2) misleading because the “amount of digestible or usable protein the Products actually deliver to the human body is even lower” than the actual amount of protein the products contain.19 We address these arguments in turn.
A
The text and structure of the federal regulations preclude Plaintiffs’ argument that Defendants’ protein claims are false. “False” means “[c]ontrary to fact or truth.”20 Plaintiffs focus narrowly on the text of two parts of the regulation addressing nutrient content claims.21 This overlooks that interlocking regulatory provisions for nutrient content claims and NFPs work together to create an integrated regulatory scheme, and that examining the scheme as a whole reveals a more complete story. Section 101.13(o) provides that compliance with the requirements for nutrient content claims, such as the quantitative protein claims challenged here, is determined using section 101.9‘s “analytical methodology.” And section 101.9(c)(7) authorizes the use of the nitrogen method to measure protein quantity. See Durnford v. MusclePharm Corp., 907 F.3d 595, 603 (9th Cir. 2018) (noting that
Plaintiffs do not dispute that Defendants used the nitrogen method to measure the amount of protein in their quantitative protein claims. Instead, they argue that Defendants’ protein claims are false because Defendants could have measured protein content more accurately by directly measuring the products’ amino acid content.22 Our decision in Durnford cuts against Plaintiffs’ argument.
In Durnford, the plaintiff alleged that defendant MusclePharm spiked its product with nitrogenous compounds to falsely inflate its protein content. Id. at 601. We held that the plaintiff‘s state-law claim based on the protein quantity listed in the NFP was expressly preempted by
Plaintiffs here make an argument similar to the one Durnford rejected—that a protein quantity calculated using the authorized nitrogen method is false because it overstates what Plaintiffs consider to be the true amount of protein. This argument fails because the regulations specifically allow manufacturers to measure protein quantity using the nitrogen method, to display that value in the NFP, and to use it to make a quantitative nutrient content claim.
Plaintiffs argue that allowing section 101.9(c)(7)‘s NFP rules to determine whether a protein claim is “false or misleading” would render 101.13(c) superfluous. We are not persuaded. Section 101.13(c) provides that when information required or permitted in the NFP—such as protein quantity—is displayed outside the NFP, it becomes subject to section 101.13‘s requirements for nutrient content claims.23 We agree with Plaintiffs that, on its own, the requirement that a statement be made in the NFP “does not give the manufacturer license to make the same claim elsewhere on the product.” Hawkins, 906 F.3d at 771; see Reid, 780 F.3d at 963. But in the case of quantitative protein claims (e.g., “11g Protein“), section 101.13 provides that such claims may be based on the nitrogen method prescribed by section 101.9(c)(7) to calculate protein content. The key provision is section 101.13(o), which directs that compliance with requirements for nutrient content claims will be determined using the “analytical methodology” for NFPs in section 101.9(c)(7).24 Section
In Hawkins, the plaintiff challenged a nutrient content claim that a product contained “0g Trans Fat per serving.” 906 F.3d at 767. In fact, the product did contain trans fat, and Hawkins brought state-law claims similar to those in Nacarino and Brown. Id. At the relevant time, the pertinent provision of section 101.9 included a rounding rule for disclosing fat content for various types of fat, including trans fat: “[I]f the serving contains less than 0.5 gram, the content shall be expressed [in the NFP] as zero.” Id. at 770 (quoting
In considering whether this provision preempted Hawkins‘s claims, we observed that, under section 101.13(c), “a statement as to the amount of a nutrient mandated inside the Nutrition Facts Panel is not necessarily permitted by the FDCA elsewhere on the packaging.” Id. The Hawkins court was not writing on a blank slate: Reid had already held that a product label that contained the statement “No Trans Fat” was false where a product actually contained some trans fat. Id. (citing Reid, 780 F.3d at 963). Reid and Hawkins rested on the observation that a different rule that specifically addressed nutrient content claims about fat content
expressly allowed “No Fat” and “No Saturated Fat” nutrient content claims for products that contain less than 0.5 grams of fat or saturated fat per serving. By contrast, the FDA explicitly decided not to authorize a “No Trans Fat” nutrient content claim in light of a lack of scientific information.
Id. at 771 (emphasis added) (quoting Reid, 780 F.3d at 962). Reid explained:
If section 101.13(i)(3) authorizes “No Fat” and “No Saturated Fat” claims for products with small amounts of fat or saturated fat, then why would the FDA go to the trouble of promulgating a separate regulation expressly allowing these claims? It would be incongruous to have the same rule for both “No Fat“/“No Saturated Fat” and “No Trans Fat” claims, as the former is expressly permitted while the latter is not due to a lack of scientific consensus about the dangers of trans fat. Thus, the FDA‘s reading of section 101.13(i)(3)—that the
regulation does not authorize “No Trans Fat” claims—makes the most sense of the overall labeling regime . . . .
Here, there is no comparable separate regulation or other indicia that the FDA specifically allowed some protein claims, but not quantitative protein claims. Contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument that the regulations do not authorize quantitative protein claims based on the nitrogen method, the interlocking provisions of the FDA‘s regulatory scheme provide that: (1) the nitrogen method may be used to calculate protein quantity in the NFP and to make quantitative protein claims, see
Reading section 101.13(i)(3) to authorize quantitative protein claims based on the nitrogen method, so long as the NFP also displays a PDCAAS-corrected percent daily value figure, reconciles the overall labeling regime and gives meaning to all the relevant regulatory provisions, including the trigger provision. Plaintiffs’ complaints do not allege that Defendants’ protein claims fail to accurately represent nitrogen-measured protein content or that Defendants’ NFPs omitted the percent daily value figures required by the trigger provision. Accordingly, the complaints do not allege that the challenged protein claims are “false” within the meaning of section 101.13(i)(3).
B
Plaintiffs separately contend that the challenged protein claims are misleading because they imply that consumers will “receive all the nutritional and dietary benefits” of the specified quantity of protein. “Mislead” means “[t]o give a wrong impression or lead toward a wrong conclusion, especially by intentionally deceiving.”25 Plaintiffs argue that protein claims like “11g Protein” and “PROTEIN 15g” on Defendants’ labels are misleading, even if they are technically accurate as to the amount of protein, because they inflate the nutritive value of low-quality protein.
Plaintiffs point to our decision in Williams v. Gerber Products Co., 552 F.3d 934 (9th Cir. 2008), and a more recent Seventh Circuit opinion that relied on Gerber—Bell v. Publix Super Markets, Inc., 982 F.3d 468 (7th Cir. 2020)—to argue two points. First, Plaintiffs contend that manufacturers cannot “mislead consumers [on the front label] and then rely on the [NFP] to correct those misinterpretations and provide a shield for liability for the deception.” Gerber, 552 F.3d at 939. Second, Plaintiffs posit that “average consumers are not likely to be aware of the nuances of the FDA‘s regulations” pertaining to how the percent daily value requirements in the NFP account for protein quality. Bell, 982 F.3d at 482.
Neither of these cases assist Plaintiffs’ cause. Gerber is inapt because it did not address federal law. The front label at issue in Gerber juxtaposed the words “Fruit Juice” with images of “oranges, peaches, strawberries, and cherries.” 552 F.3d at 936. The plaintiffs alleged that the front label was deceptive because “the only juice contained in the product was white grape juice from concentrate.” Id. Our court agreed, but we did so under California law and explicitly declined to consider whether the FDCA preempted the plaintiffs’ claims because the defendants failed to raise preemption in the district court, forfeiting the issue. Id. at 937. Gerber thus suggests the claims presented in the Nacarino and Brown complaints could be cognizable under state law, but the case provides no guidance as to whether they are preempted.
Bell differs from these consolidated cases because the regulations at issue here include “contrary language” that directly addresses the kind of deception that Plaintiffs allege. Section 101.9(c)(7)(i) contemplates that advertising protein quantity outside the NFP can be misleading within the meaning of section 101.13(i)(3) if the manufacturer does not comply with the trigger provision‘s requirement to include a PDCAAS-corrected percent daily value figure in the NFP. See Food Labeling: Nutrient Content Claims, General Principles, Petitions, Definition of Terms, 56 Fed. Reg. 60421-01, 60426 (Nov. 27, 1991) (explaining that section 101.13(i)(3) addresses the concern that “a statement declaring that the product contained a specified amount of a nutrient could be misleading” when it gives consumers “the false impression that the product would assist them in maintaining healthy dietary practices relative to the amount of the nutrient consumed when it, in fact, would not“).
The text and structure of the FDA regulations demonstrate that Defendants’ protein claims could be misleading if they did not accurately state the quantity of protein (according to the analytical methodology prescribed in section 101.9(c)(7)) or the products did not display the quality-adjusted percent daily value in the NFP. But the Nacarino and Brown complaints did not allege that Defendants failed either to: (1) report accurately the quantity of protein on the front label pursuant to the
C
The regulations are not ambiguous and are sufficient to support our preemption holding, but the agency‘s interpretation of its own regulations reinforces that conclusion. We “may properly resort to an agency‘s interpretations and opinions for guidance, as they constitute a body of experience and informed judgment.” Hernandez v. Garland, 38 F.4th 785, 789 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Orellana v. Barr, 967 F.3d 927, 934 (9th Cir. 2020)). We weigh agency interpretations according to their “power to persuade.” Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944).28
Plaintiffs’ complaints quote an agency memo that accompanied a final rule amending section 101.9(c)(7)‘s rules for measuring and displaying protein content in the NFP. See Food Labeling: Mandatory Status of Nutrition Labeling and Nutrient Content Revision, Format for Nutrition Label, 58 Fed. Reg. 2079-01 (Jan. 6, 1993). The complaints reproduce only a single line from the memo, which included the FDA‘s observation that “[i]nformation on protein quantity alone can be misleading on foods that are of low protein quality.” Id. at 2101. The rest of the memo more comprehensively explains the agency‘s reasoning. See id. at 2101-06. First, the FDA memo acknowledged comments it received that calculating PDCAAS scores for every product would “not provide flexibility” and would be “unnecessarily burdensome and expensive.” Id. at 2104. The memo made clear that the agency did “not agree [with the comments] that the PDCAAS should be eliminated,” id., but it did agree that a PDCAAS-adjusted score should not be required for all products because “protein deficiency is not common in the United States,” even though “protein quality is still of concern for certain segments of the population,” id. at 2102. The FDA ultimately determined that “nutrition labeling must allow consumers to readily identify foods with particularly low quality protein to prevent them from being misled by information on only the amount of protein present.” Id.
In other words, the agency struck a balance that kept costs low for manufacturers without allowing consumers to be misled. It concluded that “the additional costs associated with determination of the PDCAAS, which are necessary to calculate the percent of the [daily recommended value] for protein, are not warranted on foods . . . unless protein claims are made.” Id. (emphasis added). The memo explained that including the percent daily value in the NFP is “satisfactory” to “allow consumers to readily identify foods of low protein quality.” Id. Section 101.9(c)(7)(i)‘s trigger provision reflects this compromise, requiring information on protein quality in the NFP for products that manufacturers market to protein-conscious consumers, but not for labels that do not tout protein content outside the
Our conclusion is also supported by another source of agency guidance: an industry-facing FDA “Frequently-Asked-Questions” (FAQ) webpage.29 The weight we may accord to this webpage “depend[s] upon the thoroughness evident in its consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking power to control.” Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140. The webpage appears on the FDA‘s official website, and it states that it is intended to respond to “the most frequently asked questions [the FDA has] received.” Industry Resources. The webpage does not purport to authorize nutrient content claims, but it does clarify the agency‘s view of how the front-label and NFP regulations interact, which is relevant to whether a nutrient content claim is authorized by section 101.13(i)(3):
[Section Header:] Label Claims
[Question:] There are separate methods for determining the number of grams of protein in a serving for declaration on the [NFP] and for determining the percent Daily Value of protein for the [NFP] (
21 CFR 101.9(c)(7) ). Which method should be used when calculating protein values for use in protein nutrient content claims?[Answer:] The regulation for nutrient content claims in
21 CFR 101.13(o) states that compliance with requirements for nutrient . . .
content claims . . . will be determined using the analytical methodology prescribed for determining compliance with [NFP] labeling in
21 CFR 101.9 .By design,
21 CFR 101.9(c)(7) specifically provides for two different methods for determining protein values. The regulation states, in21 CFR 101.9(c)(7) , that protein content may be calculated [using the nitrogen method]. Additionally,21 CFR 101.9(c)(7)(ii) provides the method for determining protein content using [PDCAAS] for use in calculating the percent Daily Value [for display in the NFP].Determination of compliance for protein nutrient content claims will be based on the use of the methods provided in
21 CFR 101.9(c)(7) , including either of the methods mentioned above.
Id. Because the definition of “nutrient content claim” excludes a statement made in the NFP, see
The intricacy of the FDA‘s nutrition-labeling regulations reflects the agency‘s careful compromises among the diverse interests of its stakeholders. If Plaintiffs believe that a reasonable consumer would assume that all proteins are created equal, and that any products marketed as containing a certain quantity of protein provide identical protein-based health benefits, they are free to urge the FDA to amend the regulations or to challenge the agency‘s rules as inconsistent with its statutory mandate. In this case, sustaining Plaintiffs’ challenge to Defendants’ protein claims would indirectly establish a requirement for food labeling that differs from the federal requirements, so the FDCA preempts Plaintiffs’ state-law claims. The district court properly dismissed the Nacarino and Brown complaints.
AFFIRMED.