Edwards v. JohnsonEdwards v. Johnson
April 27, 2000
Before BARKSDALE, BENAVIDES, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:
Anthony A. Edwards, an Immigration and Naturalization Service detainee awaiting deportation, appeals the district court‘s dismissal of his claims which challenged disciplinary hearing procedures and his punishment for violation of detention center policy. Edwards is appearing pro se and in forma pauperis. For the following reasons we affirm.
Anthony A. Edwards (“Edwards“) is a citizen of the Caribbean nation of St. Vincent. In January 1997 he was convicted in federal court of unauthorized use of an access device in violation of
On August 9, 1997 Edwards was given a written report containing the charges against him. Edwards submitted a list of potential witnesses and soon after was told that the charges against him were being forwarded to a Disciplinary Hearing Officer (“DHO“). On August 11, 1997 Edwards was given a list of inmate rights at the disciplinary hearing and told that his hearing would be held August 19, 1997. Edwards requested that Mr. Aucoin (“Aucoin“), a unit counselor at FDC Oakdale,
In October 1997, Edwards appearing pro se and in forma pauperis filed the present action against DHO Ham, Johnson, and Aucoin (collectively “defendants” or “officials“). First, Edwards alleged that his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment had been violated during his hearing because he was given inadequate representation by Aucoin. Edwards further alleged that Ham had refused to fairly weigh his version of the events. Edwards also claimed that he was being denied access to the press in violation of the First Amendment. Edwards argued that his constitutional rights under the Fifth and Eighth Amendments were violated because he was the equivalent of a pretrial detainee and thus should not be held in solitary confinement. Edwards requested $3 million in monetary damages and an injunction to correct the “unjust principles and practices” at FDC Oakdale.
The case was referred to a magistrate judge. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim pursuant to
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Edwards argues that the district court erred in denying him injunctive relief on the basis that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Edwards further contends that the
A district court‘s dismissal of a claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or failure to state a claim under 12 (b)(1) and 12(b)(6) respectively, is reviewed de novo. Morin v. Caire, 77 F.3d 116, 120 (5th Cir. 1996). The denial of injunctive relief is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Peaches Entertainment v. Entertainment Repertoire, 62 F.3d 690, 693 (5th Cir. 1995).
I. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
Edwards’ original complaint requested $3 million in monetary damages and “court order(s) for correction of unjust principles and practices as th[e] court deems to be both just and proper.” This request for injunctive relief was intended to correct the policies and practices of FDC Oakdale. Edwards was transferred out of FDC Oakdale in 1998. Therefore, any claims for injunctive relief to correct procedures and practices at that facility are moot. See Hernandez v. W.L. Garrison, 916 F.2d 291, 293 (5th Cir. 1990); Pembroke v. Wood County, Texas, 911 F.2d 225, 228 (5th Cir. 1993).
We therefore construe the remaining claims as a request for exclusively monetary relief. This court has not directly addressed the question of whether a pretrial detainee seeking monetary relief must exhaust available administrative remedies before filing suit in federal court for damages. This court‘s previous rulings regarding exhaustion of administrative remedies have
The Supreme Court has offered guidance on the general purposes of requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies. In McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 144, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 1086, 117 L.Ed. 2d 291 (1992)2, the Court found that where Congress has not clearly required exhaustion, sound judicial discretion governs. The Court stated, “in determining whether exhaustion is required, federal courts must balance the interests of the individual in retaining prompt access to a federal judicial forum against the countervailing institutional interests favoring exhaustion.” Id. at 146. There are at least three broad sets of circumstances in which the interests weigh heavily against requiring administrative exhaustion: 1) requiring resort to administrative remedy may prejudice subsequent litigation, due to an unreasonable time frame or danger of the plaintiff suffering irreparable harm, 2) the administrative remedy may be inadequate because the agency is not empowered to grant the relief requested, and 3) the administrative
In the present case, it is doubtful that the administrative remedy would be adequate because the agency is not empowered to grant Edwards monetary relief. There is no indication either from federal statutes or the applicable federal regulations3 that federal detention centers will provide monetary relief to detainees who have filed Bivens4 claims against federal officials. Therefore, FDC Oakdale and its administrative remedies were not capable of affording monetary relief to Edwards. Cf. Whitley, 158 F.3d at 887 (finding that plaintiff need not pursue federal remedies when seeking exclusively monetary relief because there are no prison remedies capable of affording such relief); McCarthy, 503 U.S. at 149. The inadequacy of the administrative remedy to provide the requested relief is sufficient to relieve the plaintiff of his responsibility to exhaust administrative remedies. Therefore, Edwards was not required to exhaust his administrative remedies before proceeding with his claim for monetary damages.5 Although we disagree with the lower court‘s conclusion on administrative remedies, given Edwards’ transfer which makes his injunctive claims moot, and our conclusion that Edwards was not required to
II. Punishment Prior to Adjudication of Guilt
Edwards argues that his placement in administrative segregation for eleven days before his disciplinary hearing, and his fifteen days in disciplinary segregation for engaging in unauthorized contact with the public was a violation of his Eighth Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights. First, as an INS detainee, Edwards’ imprisonment at FDC Oakdale did not directly result from conviction for a crime; therefore the Eighth Amendment‘s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is inapplicable. See Ortega v. Rowe, 796 F.2d 765, 767 (5th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1013, 107 S.Ct. 1887, 95 L.Ed.2d 495 (1987) (explaining that because a detainee‘s imprisonment did not result from a conviction the Eighth Amendment is inapplicable). We consider a person detained for deportation to be the equivalent of a pretrial detainee; a pretrial detainee‘s constitutional claims are considered under the due process clause instead of the Eighth Amendment. Id. (citing Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n.16, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 1871, 60 L.Ed. 2d 447 (1979)).
This court has previously detailed the proper analysis applicable to constitutional challenges by pretrial detainees. See Olabishomoto v. City of Houston, 185 F.3d 521, 526 (5th Cir. 1999); Scott v. Moore, 114 F.3d 51 (5th Cir. 1997) (en banc); Hare v. City of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc). We begin by determining whether to classify the challenge as an attack on a “condition of confinement” or an “episodic act or omission“. Olabishomoto, 185 F.3d at 526 (citing Scott, 114 F.3d at 53). For example, when a detainee complains of the number of bunks in a cell or mail privileges that is best characterized as a complaint about general conditions of confinement. Scott, 114 F.3d at 53. However, where the complaint is one concerning a particular act or omission by one official it is properly characterized as an “episodic act or omission“. Id.
In the present case, Edwards complains that the particular act of confining him to administrative detention and disciplinary segregation was a constitutional violation. Thus, because Edwards’ claims concern a particular act instead of the general conditions at FDC Oakdale, we will consider his complaint as one regarding an “episodic act or omission.” To prove an underlying constitutional violation in an episodic acts case, the detainee must establish that the official acted with subjective deliberate indifference. Id. at 54.
As to Edwards being placed in administrative segregation he claims that Johnson made a false charge against him for unauthorized contact with the public, after granting Edwards permission to communicate with the visitors. However, one of the detainee witnesses at the disciplinary hearing stated that he did not hear Johnson give Edwards permission to hand out the flier, and that Edwards did not ask for permission to hand it out. Edwards himself, in his written statement to DHO Ham, admitted that he handed out the flier. The evidence does not support the conclusion that Johnson falsely reported Edwards for a violation of detention center rules, thus Johnson was not deliberately indifferent to Edwards’ rights under the Due Process Clause.
III. Other Due Process Issues
Edwards further alleges that the procedures used during his disciplinary hearing violated his due process rights. Specifically, Edwards argues that DHO Ham‘s refusal to accept his written statement and Aucoin‘s refusal to follow departmental directives regarding representation of detainees violated his constitutional rights. Again, these complaints concern episodic acts instead of a general complaint about all disciplinary hearing procedures conducted at the detention center. Therefore, Edwards must plead facts that would demonstrate that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his rights.
In Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 563-66 (1974), the Supreme Court held that a pretrial detainee who is placed in solitary confinement pursuant to disciplinary proceedings may be entitled to more extensive due process protections. These protections include having the right to receive written notice of the charges against him at least twenty-four hours before the hearing, a
All of these procedures were observed in the present case. From Edwards’ complaint, and the accompanying exhibits, it is clear that Edwards received written notice of the charges against him, a written statement of the evidence against him, and he was afforded an opportunity to present witnesses. Although Edwards now claims his written statement was not accepted for consideration, the report which was made at the time of the hearing summarizes Edwards’ statement.
Edwards also contends that Aucoin did not follow regulations for representing detainees. However, Edwards does not specifically state in his complaint, or on appeal which regulations were not followed. Furthermore, a violation of prison regulations in itself is not a constitutional violation. See Jackson v. Cain, 864 F.2d 1235, 1251-52 (5th Cir. 1989). Therefore, Edwards has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted regarding the disciplinary procedures used at his hearing.
IV. First Amendment
Edwards argues that placing him in “solitary confinement” for passing a note to the visitors is a violation of his First Amendment rights of freedom of expression and freedom to communicate with the press. Edwards raised the First Amendment claim in the district court as a violation of his right of access to the press; however, the district court construed the claim liberally to assert also a violation of his right to free speech. The district court found that Edwards was disciplined, not for speaking to the visitors, but for handing a note to a visitor. The
Edwards has not provided support for his assertion that the sanction, which was imposed for handing a note to a visitor, implicated his right to free speech. A pretrial detainee‘s First Amendment rights are implicated if the action taken against him represents an “exaggerated response” by officials to the legitimate need to “preserve internal order and discipline and to maintain institutional security.” Mann v. Smith, 796 F.2d 79, 82 (5th Cir. 1986) (citing Bell, 441 U.S. at 547-48). FDC Oakdale‘s refusal to allow Edwards to have unauthorized physical contact with visitors is a reasonable response and regulation to maintaining safety and order in the facility. Therefore, Edwards’ punishment for violating this regulation is not a violation of his First Amendment rights.
V. Equal protection
Edwards asserts that he was denied equal protection because he was not given credit for the time he spent in administrative segregation prior to the disciplinary hearing. A violation of equal protection occurs only when the governmental action in question “classif[ies] or distinguish[es] between two or more relevant persons or groups[,]” Brennan v. Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248, 1257 (5th Cir. 1988), or when a classification impermissibly interferes with a fundamental right. Hatten v. Rains, 854 F.2d 687, 690 (5th Cir. 1988). A claimant who alleges an equal protection violation has the burden of proving the existence of purposeful discrimination. McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 292 (1987). Discriminatory purpose “implies that the decisionmaker singled out a particular group for disparate treatment and selected his course of action at least in part for the purpose of causing its adverse effect on an identifiable group[.]”
Edwards has not shown that his jailers distinguished between two relevant groups or that any fundamental right was at stake. Thus, he has failed to show any equal protection violation.
CONCLUSION
We find that Edwards was not required to exhaust his administrative remedies before seeking monetary relief. Edwards’ due process rights were not violated by the disciplinary hearing procedures or his placement in solitary confinement. Finally, we find that Edwards was not deprived of his rights under the First Amendment or denied equal protection.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
Edwards does not argue in his initial brief on appeal that the district court erred in adopting the magistrate‘s finding of immunity for the defendants in their official capacities. Therefore, any challenge to these findings has been abandoned on appeal. See Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 225 (5th Cir. 1993).
Edwards also contends on appeal that the district court erred in denying his motion for relief from involuntary servitude. Edwards contends that requiring a pretrial detainee to perform work assignments is a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment‘s prohibition against involuntary servitude. In January 1998, Edwards filed a motion styled “Motion for Court Order to Permit the Plaintiff Full, Fair and Proper Access to the Courts...“. This motion requested more access to the law library and for Edwards to be relieved from his assigned work duties. The magistrate judge considered this motion as a motion for a temporary restraining order, and denied it as such. Edwards did not appeal this order to the district court; therefore this court does not have jurisdiction to review the magistrate judge‘s order by addressing Edwards’ involuntary servitude claim. See Colburn v. Bunge Towing Inc., 883 F.2d 372, 379 (5th Cir. 1989).
McCarthy was also a case involving interpretation of