for the Court:
¶ 1. This case comes before the Court on interlocutory appeal from the Bolivar County Circuit Court. The matter arises from a shooting which occurred in the parking lot of a Double Quick convenience store. We must determine whether the trial court erred in failing to apply premises-liability law and denying Double Quick, Inc.’s motion for summary judgment. Finding that the trial court erred, we hereby reverse and render a judgment of dismissal in Double Quick’s favor.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 2. On May 17, 2008, Wytisha Jackson was an assistant store manager of a Double Quick convenience store in Shelby, Mississippi. At approximately 7:30 p.m., George Ford, accompanied by his young son, entered Double Quick to make a purchase. Shortly afterward, Cassius Gallion entered the store. Ford and Gallion exchanged words. Gallion exited the store first. Then, Ford left the store to pump gas into his car. Because she was worried that Ford and Gallion would fight, Jackson accompanied Ford and helped Ford’s son into the car. At the gas pumps, Ford and Gallion again exchanged words. Then, Mario Moore, who had arrived at the Double Quick but had not yet been inside, approached Ford’s car, intervened in the argument, and threw a punch at Ford. Mario missed Ford, but struck Jackson, who then returned to the store and called the police. Ford then retrieved a pistol from' the trunk of his car and shot Mario. Mario died as result of his injury.
¶ 3. On September 5, 2008, Dorothy Moore, as administrator of Mario’s estate, filed suit against Double Quick. Moore argued that Double Quick had neglected to protect Mario from injury and death while
¶ 4. Within its motion, Double Quick argued that premises-liability law was applicable, and in order for Double Quick to be liable for the failure to protect Mario from the intentional acts of another, Moore must show that the injury was foreseeable. Double Quick argued that Moore had failed to prove foreseeability pursuant to
Corley v. Evans,
¶ 5. On October 19, 2010, Moore filed a response to Double Quick’s motion for summary judgment and a cross-motion for partial summary judgment. She argued that Double Quick and Jackson were negligent, because once Jackson and other employees were aware of the argument, Jackson had failed to call the police immediately or to separate Gallion and Ford by asking Ford to stay inside until the police had arrived.
¶ 6. The trial court heard arguments on the motions, and on November 23, 2010, entered its order denying both motions for summary judgment. The trial court held that, while neither prong of the Corley test was met, the Corley test was not applicable, because the case was more similar to a basic negligence action against an employee of Double Quick than a premises-liability action. The trial court further held that a jury should determine whether Jackson’s actions were the proximate cause of Mario’s injuries. Double Quick appeals the portion of the order denying summary judgment. On December 8, 2010, this Court granted Double Quick’s petition for permission to file an interlocutory appeal.
DISCUSSION
¶ 7. We must determine whether the principles of premises-liability law apply, and if so, whether Double Quick is entitled to summary judgment. This Court will review a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo.
Titus v. Williams,
Premises Liability
¶ 8. Double Quick argues that it is entitled to summary judgment under the principles of premises-liability law. “[Pjremises liability is a theory of negligence that establishes the duty owed to someone injured on a landowners’s premises as a result of ‘conditions or activities’ on the land.”
Doe v. Jameson Inn, Inc.,
¶ 9. Moore contends that the instant ease is not one of premises liability, but a basic negligence case against Jackson. The only case Moore relies on to support her claim that this is a basic negligence case is
Foradori v. Captain D’s, LLC,
¶ 10. However, the
Foradon
case is not factually similar to the instance case, and this Court recently has reiterated that whether a cause of action falls under the general theory of negligence or a specific type of negligence warrants a review of the facts that gave rise to the claim.
Doe,
Summary Judgment
¶ 11. To recover damages in a premises-liability action, Moore must show (a) the duty owed to Mario by Double Quick; (b) a breach of that duty; (c) damages; and (d) a causal connection between the breach and the damages, such that the breach is the proximate cause of Mario’s injuries.
Crain v. Cleveland, Lodge 1532, Order of Moose, Inc.,
¶ 12. Generally, in order to determine the duty owed by the business owner, the status of the injured party must be determined. The injured party should be classified as an invitee, licensee, or trespasser. Lef
fler v. Sharp,
¶ 13. Under Mississippi law, a property owner is not the insurer of an invitee’s safety. Rather, he owes a duty to the invitee to keep the premises reasonably safe and, when not reasonably safe, to warn only of hidden dangers not in plain and open view.
Corley,
¶ 14. The parties disagree on Mario’s status, but Mario’s classification is irrelevant in determining the outcome of this appeal. The issue is not determinative, because even if Jackson and Double Quick owed Mario a higher duty of care, Moore failed to provide evidence that Jackson’s action or inaction was the proximate cause of Mario’s death.
¶ 15. Proximate cause is defined as the “cause which in natural and continuous sequence unbroken by any efficient intervening cause produces the injury and without which the result would not have occurred.”
Delahoussaye v. Mary Mahoney’s, Inc.,
¶ 16. In premises-liability eases, there are two ways to establish legal causation, or foreseeability, in cases of assault by a third person: the requisite “cause to anticipate” the assault may arise from actual or constructive knowledge of the assailant’s violent nature, or actual or constructive knowledge that an atmosphere of violence exists on the premises. Id.
¶ 17. There was no suggestion within the record that Jackson had actual or constructive knowledge of Ford’s violent nature. Jackson voluntarily went outside to the gas pumps with Ford. Further, the record does not indicate that an atmosphere of violence existed on the premises of Double Quick.
See Gatewood v. Sampson,
¶ 18. Because Moore failed to prove that the injury was reasonably foreseeable, there is no evidence to suggest that Jackson’s behavior was the proximate cause of Mario’s injuries. Accordingly, the trial judge should have granted Double Quick’s motion for summary judgment.
CONCLUSION
¶ 19. We find that the trial court erred in denying Double Quick’s motion for summary judgment. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and render a judgment of dismissal in favor of Double Quick.
¶ 20. REVERSED AND RENDERED.