John DOE, Appellant v. NATIONAL BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS.
No. 05-2254.
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
Dec. 11, 2006.
157
Argued Jan. 17, 2006. See also, 199 F.3d 146.
Gabriel L. Bevilacqua, Esquire (Argued), Joseph C. Monahan, Esquire, Saul Ewing, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee.
Before: FUENTES, BECKER,* and ROTH,** Circuit Judges.
ROTH, Circuit Judge.
John Doe, a doctor diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, filed suit against the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), seeking injunctive relief. In his action under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Doe argues that an annotation on his Medical Licensing Examination scores, which effectively reveals that he is disabled, should be removed. The District Court entered summary judgment in favor of the NBME, holding that Doe was not entitled to injunctive relief because he could not show a likelihood of future injury. Doe appeals the District Court‘s judgment. We will affirm.
* **I. Facts and Procedural History
The facts and complicated procedural history of this case are well-known to the parties for whom we principally write. Hence we set forth only basic background facts and limit our discussion largely to our ratio decidendi.
John Doe is a doctor who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis while in college. His condition causes physical problems and discomfort, including muscular spasticity, fine motor problems, and urgency of the bowel and bladder. However, his cognitive abilities are not affected. The NBME provided Doe with testing accommodations during at least two parts of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). The USMLE is a standardized multiple-choice test designed to assess one‘s understanding of medical concepts. In order to receive a license to practice medicine in the United States, an applicant must receive a passing score on each of three parts of the USMLE.
When those with disabilities take the USMLE, they may request certain accommodations. Doe requested, and was given, extra time to complete the exam and a seat located near a bathroom. Whenever an examinee like Doe is granted extra time, the NBME annotates or “flags” the examinee‘s transcript of scores.1 Specifically, the statement “Testing Accommodations” is printed on the front of the transcript of
Doe claims, for the second time before this Court, that the practice of flagging his score report violates the ADA. Doe initially filed a complaint in the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on September 10, 1999. At that time, Doe was in the process of applying for a residency and he sought to prevent the NBME from annotating his USMLE scores. By consent of the parties, the District Court assigned the case to a Magistrate Judge. The court granted Doe‘s motion for a preliminary injunction. See Doe I, 1999 WL 997141, at *14, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16836, at *47. The NBME appealed. On expedited appeal, we found that Doe had standing to bring his claim, but we vacated the preliminary injunction because Doe did not demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits. See Doe v. Nat‘l Bd. of Med. Exam‘rs, 199 F.3d 146, 149 (3d Cir.1999) (Doe II). After the injunction was vacated, the District Court granted the NBME‘s subsequent motion for summary judgment. That ruling is now before us. We have jurisdiction to review it pursuant to
On appeal, Doe emphasizes that the annotation on his transcript of scores violates the ADA because it discloses against his will the fact that he is disabled. Doe is no longer applying for a residency programs as he was when he first filed suit against the NBME. Instead, Doe now asserts that he plans to move to California and to apply for a license to practice medicine there. Doe would therefore be required to submit his flagged USMLE scores to the Medical Board of California. Doe also states that “should [he] choose to pursue a fellowship” or “relocate” to another state, he will be required to again submit his USMLE scores to the proper fellowship program or state licensing body. He seeks to enjoin the NBME from annotating any of his score reports to reflect the accommodations received.
II. Standing
Three requirements must be met to establish constitutional standing. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). First, the plaintiff must demonstrate an “injury-in-fact.” See Danvers Motor Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 432 F.3d 286, 290-291 (3d Cir.2005) (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61). The injury must be concrete and particularized and actual or imminent, as opposed to conjectural or hypothetical. Id. Second, the plaintiff must demonstrate “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of.” Id. Last, the plaintiff must show that it is likely, not merely speculative, that his or her injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. Id.; see also Interfaith Cmty. Org. v. Honeywell Int‘l, Inc., 399 F.3d 248, 254-55 (3d Cir.2005); Lloyd v. Hovensa, LLC, 369 F.3d 263, 272 (3d Cir.2004).
In addition to meeting these three basic requirements for standing, Doe must also “meet[] the preconditions for asserting an injunctive claim in a federal forum.” City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 109, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983). To establish standing in an action for injunc-
Because Doe cannot show a likelihood of a future injury, we hold that he lacks standing to seek injunctive relief. Doe objects to the annotation on his score report because it discloses the fact that he is disabled. It is true that we have stated previously that being identified as a disabled person against one‘s will may provide a basis for standing. See Doe II, 199 F.3d at 153. However, we also suggested in Doe II that standing will not exist, despite an involuntary disclosure, where a fear of subsequent discrimination is unfounded or is not “based in reality.” Id. In such a situation, an injury would likely be only theoretical. Id.
Here, Doe has failed to demonstrate a realistic fear that the Medical Board of California—or any other state licensing board—will discriminate against him in the future as a result of the disclosure of his disability. This is largely because of the context in which USMLE scores are viewed during the licensing process. According to California law, physicians submitting their USMLE scores to the Medical Board need only obtain passing scores. See Medical Board of California, Examination Scores, at http://www.medbd.ca.gov/Applicant_Exam_Score.htm. This is true in other states as well. See, e.g., Ronald L. Scott, Cybermedicine and Virtual Pharmacies, 103 W. Va. L.Rev. 407, 463 (2001) (“Every state requires that a physician pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination ... in order to practice medicine.“) (emphasis added). Accordingly, Doe‘s USMLE score report and any annotation would be viewed on a pass-fail basis only. The Board simply has no discretion to treat annotated scores as different from, or inferior to, non-annotated scores. Therefore, any fear of discrimination related to disclosure would be unfounded.
While Doe claims that the flag placed on his score report “carries and harbors society‘s prejudices against people with disabilities,” that cannot be the case where the score report is viewed only to determine whether an applicant has passed the USMLE. It is true that in the context of residency programs, USMLE scores may be used to actually evaluate candidates’ relative performance. See Doe II, 199 F.3d at 148. In contrast, in the context of state licensing, the scores are assessed on a pass-fail basis only to determine whether a candidate has met the necessary licensing requirements. Since Doe has received a passing score on the USMLE examinations, it seems inconceivable that he would be denied a license to practice medicine as a result of the annotation on his scores. Equitable relief is therefore not warranted because any fear of future harm is not “based in reality.”
In addition to emphasizing his alleged plans to move to California, Doe states that “should [he] choose to pursue a fellowship, he will be required to submit his USMLE scores to the fellowship program.” He also states that “should [he] ever seek to relocate and practice medicine in any other [state] he will be required to obtain a license in that state and submit his USMLE scores to the state‘s licensing authority.”
We conclude that Doe lacks standing to seek relief on these bases as well. Doe is unable to show, for purposes of constitutional standing, the required injury-in-fact relating to the possibility that he might
III. Conclusion
Because Doe lacks standing to bring this action for injunctive relief, the District Court did not err in granting judgment for the NBME. The judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.