Davis v. State

152 Ind. 34 | Ind. | 1898

McCabe, J.

The appellant was tried by a jury in the Clark Ciicuit Court on an indictment charging him with an assault perpetrated April 13, 1896, on one Thomas Glynn, with the felonious intent to murder the said Glynn. The jury found appellant “guilty of the crime charged in the indictment, and that he be fined in the sum of $50, and that his age is fifty-four years.” On this verdict the circuit court rendered judgment that he be confined in the state prison not less than two and not more than fourteen years, and for the fine of $50 and costs, over appellant’s motions for a new trial, for a venire de novo, and in arrest of jridgment. The assignment of errors calls in question these several rulings as the sole grounds on which a reversal of the judgment is sought. Under the motions for a venire de novo and in arrest of judgment, it is contended by appellant that the act approved March 8, 1897, the only law authorizing such a verdict and judgment, known as the indeterminate sentence law, is unconstitutional as to this case, because, as applied to this case, it is an ex post facto law, the alleged crime having been committed before the passage of the act. The constitutionality of the act in all other respects has recently been upheld by this court in Vancleave v. State, 150 Ind. 273; Wilson v. State, 150 Ind. 697; Miller v. State, 149 Ind. 607, 40 L. R. A. 109.

■ Section 24 of article 1 of the bill of rights in the Constitution provides that “No ex post facto law * * * shall be passed.” Section 69 Burns 1894, section 69 Homer 1897. The question is what is an ex post facto law? This court,.as far back as 1822, defined tbe meaning of the phrase as follows: “The words ex post facto have a definite, technical signification. The plain and obvious meaning of this prohibition is, that the legislature shall not pass any law, after a fact done by any citizen, which shall have relation to that fact, so as to punish that which was innocent when done; or to add to the punishment of that which was criminal; or to increase the malignity of a crime; or to retrench the rules of evidence, so as to make conviction more easy.” Strong v. State, 1 Blackf. 193. To the same effect are Dinckerlocker v. Marsh, 75 Ind. 548; Hicks v. State, 150 Ind. 293; Commonwealth v. Mott, 21 Pick. 492; State v. Arlin, 39 N. H. 179; Mullen v. State, 31 Ill. 444. At the time of the decision in Strong v. State, supra, the same provision, as to ex post facto laws, existed that exists now. Section 69, R. S. 1843, article 1. In that case the punishment of the offense was changed by law from whipping not exceeding 100 stripes to confinement in the state prison, after the commission of the offense and before the conviction. The sentence to a fine and confinement in the penitentiary at hard labor for a year and a day was affirmed as not being ex post facto. If the substitution of confinement in the state prison at hard labor for a period not exceeding seven years in place of whipping not exceeding 100 stripes, as the statute in- that case provided, being enacted after the offense was committed, could not be deemed to add to or increase the punishment by the new law, and hence not ex post facto, much more can it be justly held that the indeterminate sentence law does not add to or increase the punishment of appellant’s offense, beyond that existing at the time of its commission. The punishment by law at the time of the commission of the offense charged in the indictment was and is imprisonment in the state prison not more than fourteen years nor less than two years, and a fine not exceeding $2,000. The indeterminate sentence law has not changed this, but only prescribes a different method of fixing the amount of punishment within those limits. And taking that whole law together, and reading it into the judgment of conviction in its reformatory character, it mitigates the severity of the punishment as prescribed in the criminal code, aswe substantially held in Miller v. State, 149 Ind. 607, and hence it does not add to or increase the punishment, and is therefore not an ex post facto law as applied to this case. Such is the rule held in Commonwealth v. Brown, 167 Mass. 144; In re Conlon, 148 Mass. 168; State, ex rel., v. Peters, 43 Ohio, St. 629.

The contention that the act is ex post facto because it repeals the good time law cannot be sustained. That law relates only to rules for the government of the prison officials. The indeterminate sentence law simply substituted a new and different method of crediting good time to the convict. The good time law does not apply to one sentenced under the indeterminate sentence law or the reformatory act.

Under the motion for a new trial, numerous instructions are complained of, one of which, given by the court on its own motion, is as follows: “12. Even if you believe the prosecuting witness made a rush or attack upon the defendant when he came out of his house, if you believe the prosecuting witness had no weapon in his hands or appearance thereof, then I instruct you that the defendant was not warranted in using a deadly weapon.”

And another, given at the request of the prosecuting attorney, was as follows: “11. An assault or an assault and battery by a person upon another with his hands, arms, or head, or the force or momentum of his body, does not justify the use of a deadly weapon.”

The defendant was a one armed man, his right arm having previously been amputated at the shoulder, and the evidence tended to show that Glynn and others had engaged in a quarrel with defendant in J effersonville, and that Glynn had drawn a beer faucet on defendant as if to strike him; that defendant immediately left them, and went to his residence in said city, and was followed by said Glynn along the streets thereof; that defendant went into his house and got a revolver; and that Glynn, being a stout, robust man, stopped at defendant’s front door, and, on defendant’s coming out of his house, Glynn made a rush at defendant, to attack him, in a state of intoxication and a rage and passion, and defendant shot at him. These instructions inform the jury that a person assaulted by another, who has no weapon in his hands, or the appearance thereof, is not justified in using a deadly weapon in defense of his person. If that is the law, then in every conceivable case of a violent attack upon one by another, no matter what the circumstances may be, no matter what the disparity between the ages and physical strength of the two may be, the assaulted party must stand and take his chances of being knocked down and stamped into a jelly, or of being choked to death before he can lawfully use a weapon in his defense. Though the appearance and circumstances of the assault were such as to induce the reasonable belief to be honestly entertained by the defendant that his life was in danger, or that he was in danger of great bodily harm from the assault, he could not lawfully use a deadly weapon to repel such assault, unless the assailant had a weapon in his hands, or the appearance thereof, no matter how many he had about his person. This is not the law. Presser v. State, 77 Ind. 274-278; Batton v. State, 80 Ind. 394; McDermott v. State, 89 Ind. 187. But we have a case where an assailant was convicted of manslaughter, where he used nothing but his hands, thereby choking his victim to death, and that judgment was affirmed in this court. Shields v. State, 149 Ind. 395.

It is insisted by the State, however, that these instructions were correct as abstract propositions of law, and, construed along with other instructions given, make them altogether as a whole a correct statement of the law. As was said by this court in Abbitt, Adm., v. Lake Erie, etc., R. Co., 150 Ind. 498: “But even though the instruction in question, as formulated, upon any view, could be said to be a correct exposition of the law, which at least may be asserted as doubtful, still it may be said that it is so framed as to present the question to the jury as an abstract proposition, and not in a manner applicable to the particular evidence in this case. To say the least, it certainly would have left the jury in doubt or uncertainty as to how it should be applied to the evidence in this case, and for this reason alone the court was justified in refusing to give it. An instruction is not only required to state correct legal principles, but it should so state them that the jury may be able to apply them to the particular evidence to which they are germane.”

In any view of the case, the giving of the instructions quoted was erroneous. Therefore the court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to sustain the defendant’s motion for a new trial. The clerk is directed to issue the proper order for the return of the prisoner.