Dаrnell SMITH, Appellant v. COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee
2015-SC-000301-MR
Supreme Court of Kentucky.
JUNE 15, 2017
520 S.W.3d 340
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: Andy Beshear, Attorney General of Kentucky, Matthew Robert Krygiel, Assistant Attorney General.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE WRIGHT
Darnell Smith was convicted of a number of offenses related to three separate robberies and sentenced to a total of 25 years in prison. In this matter-of-right appeal, he raises four claims of error: (1) that admitting his recorded statements to a detective violated his Miranda rights; (2) that barring him from introducing evidence of his refusal to sign a Miranda-waiver form prevented him from fully informing the jury of the circumstances surrounding his statements and thus infringеd his right to present a complete defense; (3) that admitting evidence of a sweatshirt with no apparent connection to any of the charged offenses was reversible error; and (4) that denying his motion to sever the charged offenses for separate trials was reversible error. This Court affirms.
I. BACKGROUND
Smith‘s convictions arose from three separate robberies committed in downtown Louisville in January 2014.
The first occurred on the evening of January 18. Wesley Kingsolving was waiting at a bus stop when two men asked him whether they should walk or take the bus to the Phoenix Hill Tavern (which happened to be very close to Kingsolving‘s apartment). He recommended the bus and volunteered to show them which stop to get off at because he lived across the street from the bar. So they all rode the bus and got off at the same stop. Kingsolving pointed out the bar before turning and heading home. But the two men did not go to the bar; they robbed Kingsolving instead. The robbers physically assaulted Kingsolving and forced him to let them into his apartment—there they stole a backpack, money, an Xbox, a laptop, condoms, and a cell phone. The lead assailant—the taller of the two men, whom Kingsolving would later identify through a police photo lineup and at trial as Smith—also threatened to shoot him with a “clip.” After the robbers left, Kingsolving аsked a neighbor to call 911. Surveillance cameras on the bus captured images of the men.
Thirty minutes later, the second robbery happened about one-and-a-half miles away, outside the Jewish Hospital campus downtown. There, two men approached a Jewish Hospital nurse, Joshua Worthington, who was outside on a smoke break. One of the men asked him for a cigarette, and Worthington declined. The man walked away but immediately returned and asked instead for a drag from the cigarette Worthington was then smoking. Worthington again declined. The man punched him in the face, stole his cellphone, and ran away. Worthington never positively identified who struck him, but described his assailant as a black male who had “acne scars on his
The third robbery occurred almost one week later, on January 24. That evening, Rodney Pino arrived in the parking lot of his apartment with his son and noticed two men standing in the lot. As he parked his car, one of the men approached and asked for a cigarette. Pino said, “Yes.” But as he was exiting his vehicle, the man grabbed him. Pino tried to fight him off. During the struggle, according to Pino, the man implied that he had a gun and threatened, “You don‘t want it.” Eventually, after Pino‘s son threw something at him, the attacker ordered his companion into Pino‘s car‘s driver seat. The attacker jumped into the passenger‘s seat, and they fled with the vehicle.
Patrol officers soon encountered the stolen vehicle on the road—the ensuing chase ended when the vehicle crashed. Smith exited from the passenger side of the crashed vehicle and briefly attempted to flee on foot before submitting to police. Law enforcement never apprehended the driver (and Smith never identified him, claiming that he hadn‘t known the man well and was unsure even of his name). Pino arrived at the scene a short time later and identified the handcuffed Smith as his attacker; he would identify Smith as his attacker at trial as well. When police arrested him, Smith was wearing a dark jacket that appeared to be the same jacket that he was wearing in the bus and hospital surveillance footage from the earlier robberies.
Smith was charged with three counts of first-degree robbery, first-degree burglary, first-degree fleeing or evading police, two counts of third-degree terrоristic threatening, and being a second-degree persistent felony offender (PFO).1 (For all, he was charged with either principally committing or else being complicit in the commission of each offense. See
After a three-day trial, the jury found Smith guilty of the three first-degree robbery counts, first-degree burglary, second-degree fleeing or evading police, both counts of third-degree terroristic threatening, and being a second-degree PFO. The trial court sentenced him to a total of 25 yeаrs’ imprisonment as recommended by the jury.
Smith now appeals to this Court as a matter of right. See
II. ANALYSIS
A. The trial court did not err in declining to suppress Smith‘s statements to Detective Ditch.
Smith‘s first claim of error involves statements he gave to Detective Matt Ditch about the Worthington robbery while he was in jail on other charges.
We review suppression decisions under a mixed standard of review, employing a two-step process. First, we examine the trial court‘s factual findings for clear error. Welch v. Commonwealth, 149 S.W.3d 407, 409 (Ky. 2004). We treat those findings as conclusive if supported by substantial evidence. Bauder v. Commonwealth, 299 S.W.3d 588, 591 (Ky. 2009). We then review the application of the law to those facts de novo, giving no deference to the lower court‘s legal conclusions. Id.
Smith‘s claim rests on an alleged violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment as laid out by the United States Supreme Court in Miranda. Broadly speaking, to protect the Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate oneself, Miranda laid out a set of constitutionally mandated guidelines that state authorities must follow to obtain self-incriminating statements that may be used against the defendant at trial. See Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434-35, 120 S.Ct. 2326, 147 L.Ed.2d 405 (2000). The Miranda requirements are geared toward mitigating against the inherently coercive nature оf isolated and pressured interactions with police—namely, custodial interrogations. Id. Those protections are not implicated unless and until the suspect is both “in custody” and subject to interrogation3 by the state. Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-01, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980). To introduce statements obtained through in-custody interrogation without a lawyer present, the state has the burden of showing that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his rights and chose to speak to police voluntarily. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 475, 86 S.Ct. 1602; see also North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 373, 99 S.Ct. 1755, 60 L.Ed.2d 286 (1979).
If a suspect clearly asserts his right to remain silent and to have counsel, a bright-line rule prohibits any further questioning without counsel being present. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484, 101 S.Ct. 1880. The Edwards rule in effect renders any post-invocation waivers presumptively invalid—post-invocation waivers are not considered voluntary if obtained through police persistence. Id. The rule bars “police from badgering a defendant into waiving his previously asserted Miranda right by presuming his postassertion statements to be involuntary.” Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 787, 129 S.Ct. 2079, 173 L.Ed.2d 955 (2009).
But that bright-line presumption is overcome if the suspect himself “initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.”
Edwards does not, however, protect a Miranda invocation in perpetuity. Instead, it is subject to an expiration date of sorts, recognizing that the coercive pressures engendered by a custodial setting subside as time passes after a break in custody. See Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. 98, 107-08, 130 S.Ct. 1213, 175 L.Ed.2d 1045 (2010). Indeed, the Supreme Court crafted a bright-line rule dictating when the Edwards presumption expires: 14 days. Shatzer, 559 U.S. at 110, 130 S.Ct. 1213. “That provides plenty of time for the suspect to get reacclimated to his normal life, to consult with friends and counsel, and to shake off any residual coercive effects of his prior custody.” Id. So once 14 out-of-custody days have passed, law enforcement is not barred from rewarning under Miranda and reinitiating questioning; the onus is then on the suspect to reinvoke or waive.
With those general principles in mind, we turn to what happened here. As mentioned above, Smith was arrested for the Pino robbery on January 24, 2014. He remained thereafter in the Louisville Metro Department of Corrections jail on those charges. While he was in jail, police investigations tied him to the other two robberies as well. Detective Ditch was the lead investigator for the Worthington case.
On March 7, Detective Ditch traveled to the jail and met with Smith in an interrogation room. He attempted to ask Smith questions, but Smith “immеdiately refused” to speak to him and instead “lawyered up.” So the detective ceased questioning and left.
Almost a month later, on April 3, Detective Ditch returned to the jail, at an Assistant Commonwealth‘s Attorney‘s request, to again try to speak to Smith about the Worthington robbery. The second time around, Smith was more receptive—he eventually conceded to the detective that one of the men on the Jewish Hospital surveillance footage was indeed he, yet maintained that he was innocent of the Worthington assault and robbery. An audio recording of this interview was played for the jury at trial.
In claiming that the Constitution required suppressing his statements to Detective Ditch, Smith begins by arguing that his invoking his Miranda rights when the detective first tried to speak with him on March 7 barred the later questioning on April 3. Once he invoked, he insists, law enforcement was prohibited from questioning him at all unless counsel was present or Smith reinitiated dialogue with the authorities himself. Since he did not initiate further communications with law enforcement nor was an attorney made present, Smith contends Detective Ditch violated his rights when he returned on April 3 to try again to get him to talk. So he insists that any waiver of his rights after being rewarned of them was ineffective under Edwards‘s bright-line prohibition against post-invocation questioning. A suspect‘s subsequent waiver after invoking is deemed invоluntary and invalid if it was the product of police prodding—he claims
Smith is mistaken. His argument, given Shatzer‘s 14-day rule, presupposes that he remained “in custody” under Miranda during the nearly month-long period between Detective Ditch‘s visits. In doing so, he relies on a flawed premise: he takes as granted that “locked up” equals “in custody“—it does not.
What Smith‘s argument loses sight of is that in this Fifth Amendment context, custody is a judicially defined legal term of art, untied as it were from many of the usual senses of the term—it is limited to circumstances that entail “a serious danger of coercion.” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 508-09, 132 S.Ct. 1181, 182 L.Ed.2d 17 (2012). Just because a person is incarcerated when interviewed does not invariably mean that he is in “custody” for Miranda purposes. See id. at 508, 132 S.Ct. 1181. More to the point, at least where the custodial interrogation is unrelated to the reason the suspect is incarcerated, an inmate-suspect‘s post-invocation return to the jail‘s general population is conceptually indistinguishable from an unjailed suspect‘s invoking, being released from custody, and going home. See Shatzer, 559 U.S. at 113-14, 130 S.Ct. 1213.
So once Smith was returned to the jail‘s general population after he invoked on March 7, he was no longer in custody under Miranda. Because more than 14 noncustodial days passed before Detective Ditch returned on April 3, that earlier invocation did not bar the detective from reinitiating questioning after he rewarned Smith of his rights, which Smith was then obliged to reassert or else waive.
Smith argues that even if his March 7 invocation should be deemed to have expired, suppression was still required because he indeed reasserted his rights on April 3; the Commonwealth disagrees, insisting that he waived them and spoke to the detective voluntarily.4
If Smith is correct, of course, we would be left to conclude that the Edwards rule should have barred the admission of his statements. 451 U.S. at 485, 101 S.Ct. 1880. The applicability of that “rigid” rule requires courts to “determine whether the accused actually invoked his right to counsel.” Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459, 114 S.Ct. 2350, 129 L.Ed.2d 362 (1994) (quoting Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91, 95, 105 S.Ct. 490, 83 L.Ed.2d 488 (1984)). So the question is: Did Smith clearly ask for counsel to be present during the custodial interrogation? To answer that requires us to consider the relevant dialogue between suspеct and detective.
Ditch: If you would sign [the waiver form] for me before I talk to you, I‘d appreciate it. You don‘t have to. If it‘s, it‘s—you do know how to read, right?
Smith: Mmm hmm [affirmative].
Ditch: You know how to read and write? Okay, if you would, sign that where it says “Signed,” and I‘ll sign as a witness. Then I‘ll put the time down. You want me to read it to you? Okay.
Smith: So what is this for?
Ditch: I‘m gonna show you. And I‘m gonna, I‘m gonna—trust me, you want to see this. Okay?
Smith: What is this for though? Can I—can I know what it‘s for?
Ditch: It‘s pertaining to you. And it‘s pertaining to a report.
Smith: I don‘t know man.
Ditch: But here‘s the thing. There‘s nоthing incriminating on it, okay? If you don‘t want to sign that, that‘s fine with me, okay?
Smith: Yeah, I‘d just rather have my lawyer present.
Ditch: You don‘t want to sign that?
Smith: No.
Ditch: Okay. So the question, then, is: do you want to talk to me?
Smith: I‘ll answer as many questions as I can.
Ditch: Okay, so you will talk to me?
Smith: Yeah.
Ditch: Right now?
Smith: Yeah.
Ditch: Without your lawyer here? Without having a courtroom or anything like that?
Smith: Yeah.
Ditch: Okay. But you don‘t want to sign this rights-waiver form?
Smith: Mmm mmm [negative].
Ditch: Okay. But you do understand your rights?
Smith: Mmm hmm [affirmative].
Ditch: Let me just read ‘em to you again, so there‘s no question. And I understand that you don‘t want to sign it. I‘m gonna write right here, “refused to sign.” Alright? So I‘m just going to read it to you again just so there‘s no questions about it. You have the right to remain silent—
Smith: [inaudible] I understand. I just want to know, maybe, I don‘t know man. I don‘t know what—
Ditch: Here, let‘s do this. You do understand your rights?
Smith: Yeah.
Ditch: Okay. I have some stuff I want to show you.
Smith: Okay.
Ditch: If you decide you don‘t want to talk about it, you don‘t have to.
Smith: Okay.
Ditch: If you decide, you know—whatever. This is all about you, okay?
Smith: Yeah.
Ditch: So do you understand your rights? And you do want to talk to me right now? Okay, can you say it out loud please?
Smith: Mmm hmm [affirmative].
Ditch: Yeah? Okay, so you just don‘t want to sign this?
Smith: Mmm mmm [negative].
Ditch: But you do understand it, and you do want to talk to me? Alright.
Smith maintains that his statement about wanting to have his lawyer present was a clear request for counsel that required Detective Ditch to immediately cease questioning. Because the detective instead “ignored,” as Smith puts it, the alleged request for counsel and persisted, Smith argues that the statements the detective subsequently elicited from him were taken in violation of Miranda and so could not be admitted against him under Edwards. There is some surface appeal to this аrgument; but it wanes under scrutiny.
To be sure, Smith told the detective, “I‘d rather have my lawyer present.” But he said that when asked if he would sign the detective‘s waiver form, not when asked if he would speak to the detective at all. The reference to his lawyer did not assert his desire for counsel to be present for questioning, as protected by Miranda and Edwards; it asserted only his desire for counsel‘s assistance with signing the form. And in this regard, there is no question about whether Smith understood his rights—he confirmed, seemingly exasperatedly, numerous times during the back-and-forth that he did. Plus, that he invoked those rights less than one month earlier is a good indication of his clear understanding and familiarity with them. Here, he was apparently just leery of signing something without his lawyer. Detective Ditch made clear that Smith did not have to sign it if he did not want to—he did not want to sign it without his lawyer, so he did not.
If any doubts lingered, Detective Ditch‘s follow-up questioning laid them to rest. He asked Smith to clarify whether he wanted to have an attorney present during questioning in general, or whether he was actually okay with speaking to the detective at that time (and just didn‘t want to sign the waiver form without his attorney). In responding to those clarifying questions, Smith could hardly have been clearer—he had no qualms about speaking to Detective Ditch at that time without counsel present.
In the end, the reference to his lawyer, clаrified as it was by the detective, was simply not the type of unambiguous and unequivocal assertion of the right to counsel that would have otherwise required the detective to cut off the interrogation. “[I]f a suspect makes a reference to an attorney that is ambiguous or equivocal in that a reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood only that the suspect might be invoking the right to counsel, ... the cessation of questioning” is not required. Davis, 512 U.S. at 459, 114 S.Ct. 2350. A suspect “must articulate his desire to have counsel present sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would understand the statement tо be a request for an attorney. If the statement fails to meet the requisite level of clarity, Edwards does not require that the officers stop questioning the suspect.” Id.
Smith‘s statement failed to meet that required level of clarity. Instead, he articulated rather clearly the opposite—that he did not desire counsel‘s presence during questioning. The Fifth Amendment, under the Miranda-Edwards caselaw, prohibits further police questioning once a suspect indicates his desire to have counsel present; it does not prohibit further police questioning to flesh out whether a suspect has in fact indicated that desire.
Because Smith did not clearly assert his right to have cоunsel present for questioning under Miranda, Detective Ditch‘s continued questioning of him was permissible. The trial court did not err in admitting the
B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting Smith from introducing evidence about his refusal to sign the waiver form.
Smith‘s next complaint is also related to the April 3 questioning by Detective Ditch. With the trial court having rebuffed his attempt to suppress the April 3 statements, Smith sought to introduce evidence that the detective elicited those statements despite his refusing to sign the rights-waiver form without counsel. He argued that this evidence touched on the reliability of his statements to Detective Ditch—it was evidence, he insisted, of his being coerced into making unrеliable statements. The trial court rejected that argument and excluded any reference to his refusal to sign the form. The court concluded that Smith was merely attempting to relitigate the suppression issue—a matter of law for the judge, not fact for the jury.
On appeal, Smith maintains that this barred him from informing the jury of all the circumstances surrounding his statements to Detective Ditch, and so violated his right to present a defense. He impugns the trial court‘s allegedly flawed logic as “rest[ing] on the apparent assumption that evidence bearing on the voluntariness of a confession and evidence bearing on its credibility fall in conceptually distinct and mutuаlly exclusive categories.” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 687, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986).
The problem for Smith in making this argument is that he only assumes, but does not show how, the evidence at issue here in fact bears on the credibility of his statements to Detective Ditch. He never explains how his refusal to sign the waiver form, alone, should cast doubt on the credibility or reliability of his subsequent, voluntary statements. His mere refusal to sign the form doesn‘t seem to say anything at all about the credibility or reliability of what Smith later told the detective.
To be sure, we recognize that “the physical and psychological environment that yield[s] [a] confession can ... be of substantial relevance to the ultimate factual issue of the defеndant‘s guilt or innocence.” Crane, 476 U.S. at 689, 106 S.Ct. 2142. But Smith‘s refusal to sign the waiver form without counsel being present in no way shows or even implies that the detective‘s continued questioning somehow overbore his will or otherwise rendered his answers unreliable. That evidence simply does not say anything at all about how truthful or untruthful he was with the detective—it does not cast doubt on his statements’ credibility.
The case that Smith quotes, Crane v. Kentucky, is informative. In Crane, the defendant‘s defense was that no physical evidence linked him to the crime and that there were numerous reasons why his confession should not be believed. Id. at 691, 106 S.Ct. 2142. He sought to convince the jury that he, young and uneducated, was held at length against his will in a small, windowless room until he succumbed to the pressure to confess to every unsolved crime in the county. Id. So “introducing evidence of the ... circumstances that yielded the confession was all but indispensable to any chance of [his defense] succeeding.” Id.
The same cannot be said of the evidence at issue here. His mere refusing to sign the waiver form says nothing about the physical or psychological circumstances that yielded a confession. (We use the term confession loosely here because Smith admitted only that he was one of the men in the surveillance footage; he maintained his innocence despite that concession.)
Police or prosecution tactics are not subject to attacks geared at nothing more than making the state look bad. Where nothing about the tactics actually implicates the credibility or rеliability of the evidence they uncovered, they lack evidentiary worth. Attempts to garner sympathy from the jury by turning it against state authorities are not protected by the Constitution, which guarantees criminal defendants “a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.” California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984). Anti-police sentiment (and anti-prosecution sentiment by extension) is not a defense—the Constitution does not guarantee criminal defendants an opportunity to engender it.
We review a trial court‘s decision to exclude evidence for abuse of discretion, meaning we will reverse only if it was “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999). The trial court here acted well within its discretion when it excluded evidence related to Smith‘s refusal to sign the waiver form without having an attorney present.
C. The admission of Smith‘s hooded sweatshirt was not reversible error.
Smith also complains about the trial court‘s allowing the Commonwealth to introduce into evidence a black hooded sweatshirt that police discovered when executing a search warrant for his property being held by Louisville Metro Department of Corrections. According to Smith‘s counsel, the sweatshirt was taken from him after an earlier arrest in 2011 and is completely unrelated to the arrest and charges in this case. The Commonwealth does not dispute this, at least to the extent that it concedes that it does not know how or when the sweatshirt came to be included in Smith‘s property with the jail.
Smith thus insists that the evidence was inadmissible both under
We agree with Smith that this sweatshirt should have been excluded from evidence. Its relevance and probative value do not seem to have been sufficiently established to permit its being used as evidence against him—the mere fact that the hoodie was included with Smith‘s property being held by the jail does not alone tie it in any way to the charged offenses. The Commonwealth, in offering this evidence, was obliged to establish its relevance and probativeness; by its own concession, it was unable to do so.
Simply put, the evidence against Smith was overwhelming. Several witnesses positively identified him, and the identifications had little or nothing to do with whether he was wearing a “dark hoodie.” Clear surveillance footage tied him to the Kingsolving robbery and captured the Worthington robbery. His own statements to police also tied him to the crimes (while trying to deflect blame onto his unidentified companion). Indeed, apparently recognizing the wealth of evidence pointing to his guilt, Smith‘s entire defense effectively turned on selling the jury on the theory that his companion had in fact committed the charged crimes in every instance—the jury obviously did not buy it.
So when all of the evidence here is considered alongside the relative immateriality of the complained-about sweatshirt evidence, we have no doubt that admitting that evidence did not substantially sway the jury‘s verdict convicting Smith of each of the charged crimes.
D. Joinder of the separate offenses did not unduly prejudice Smith.
Smith‘s last claim of error involves the trial court‘s denial of his motion to sever and try separately the various charges related to the Kingsolving, Worthington, and Pino robberies.
These two rules,
At the outset, joinder was permissible here because the separate offenses were undoubtedly of the “same or similar character.”
We have said that
Of course that does not end our inquiry; we must still assess whether Smith showed that, despite those similarities, trying the separate offenses in one trial unduly prejudiced him. Because joinder of same-or-similar offenses often raises the same concerns addressed by
But we need not delve into that analysis to resolve this claim. Even if Smith is correct that the trial court should have severed the separate charges, and that the failure to do so was an abuse of discretion, he is still not entitled to relief because he cannot show that he was actually prejudiced by their joinder. See Peacher, 391 S.W.3d at 838. That is because we can say with fair assurance that the jury‘s beliefs as to each of the offenses were not “substantially likely to have been tainted” by inadmissible evidence of the others. Id. at 839 (quoting Rearick v. Commonwealth, 858 S.W.2d 185, 188 (Ky. 1993)) (cleaned up). One factor in assessing prejudice resulting from joinder is “the strength of the evidence of the separate crimes.” Id. (citing federal cases). Indeed, prejudice is unlikely “where the admissible evidence of the offense is overwhelming“; it is “more likely to the extent that weaker evidence of one offense is improperly bolstered by the spillover of strong evidence of the other offense.” Id.
Because Smith‘s case is of the former rather than latter variety—that is, the evidence of each offense, standing alone, was so strong as to be fairly overwhelming—there was little likelihood of prejudice resulting from trying the separate counts together. Smith has shown us nothing to suggest that joining them in one trial resulted in any actual undue prejudice.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is affirmed.
All sitting. All concur.