Dan Mack Turnage a/k/a Duke v. State of MississippiDan Mack Turnage a/k/a Duke v. State of Mississippi
BEFORE CARLTON, P.J., LAWRENCE AND SMITH, JJ.
LAWRENCE, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Dan Mack “Duke” Turnage was convicted by a Lawrence County Circuit Court jury of possession of a controlled
PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶2. On August 15, 2020, an ambulance was dispatched to 298 Roy Schmidt Road in Sontag, Mississippi. Upon arrival, paramedics discovered Brandy Turnage in critical condition. Brandy was transported by ambulance to a landing area where she would be airlifted to a Jackson hospital. During transportation, Brandy‘s husband, Dan Turnage, followed the ambulance in his own truck. Tyler Blalock, the paramedic inside the ambulance, testified that he observed Turnage driving erratically and noted that at several moments, it appeared that he was attempting to strike the ambulance from the back and run it off of the road. The incident was reported to the Lawrence County Sheriff‘s Department.1
¶3. On August 18, 2020, Sheriff Ryan Everett of the Lawrence County Sheriff‘s Department arrived at Dan Turnage‘s residence to speak to Turnage about the ambulance incident. Upon entry onto the property, Sheriff Everett observed Turnage and Barry Tabor2 sitting in Turnage‘s parked truck in the front yard.3 When they saw Sheriff Everett, Turnage and Tabor exited and stepped away from the truck in a “hurried manner.” Sheriff Everett testified that as he was speaking with Turnage, who was standing near the truck, he observed what appeared to be drug paraphernalia in plain view on the truck‘s front seat. Sheriff Everett detained Turnage and Tabor and called for backup so that a search could be conducted. Shortly thereafter, Chief Deputy Brad McLendon arrived at the scene. Sheriff Everett observed Tabor reach inside the front pocket of his pants, which prompted the sheriff to search Tabor‘s person. A .40-caliber pistol was seized from inside Tabor‘s pocket. Both Tabor and Turnage were handcuffed. Clint Hedgepath, a narcotics investigator, also arrived on the scene. During a search of the truck, law enforcement found a camouflaged bag that contained a metal container. Officers opened that container and discovered more suspected methamphetamine, which was then seized. The substance was later determined to be 11.86 grams of methamphetamine. Turnage and Tabor were arrested, and Turnage was charged as a habitual offender with possession of a controlled substance.
¶4. On November 3, 2021, Turnage was indicted by a Lawrence County grand jury for possession of controlled substance with intent to distribute4 with an enhanced penalty5 along with a habitual
search warrant, the search fell within the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment‘s requirement to have a warrant.” The court‘s findings will be discussed in detail in the analysis below. On March 7, 2023, Turnage filed a motion in limine to prohibit the prosecution from introducing evidence making references to “[a]ny statements or testimony not directly relevant to the indicted charges ... including, but not limited to” the ambulance incident.7
¶5. On March 8, 2023, a trial took place. However, Turnage was not present. A bench warrant was issued. Turnage‘s attorney filed an ore tenus motion for a continuance. After hearing the motion outside of the presence of the jury venire, the court determined that Turnage “voluntarily absented himself from trial” and that he therefore waived his right to be present for his trial pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Criminal Procedure 10.1.8 The trial proceeded with Turnage in absentia.9
¶6. The State called Clint Hedgepath. At the time of the crime, Hedgepath worked for the Lawrence County Sheriff‘s Department as the captain of narcotics over the investigation division. Hedgepath testified that on August 18, 2020, Sheriff Everett called him to Turnage‘s residence to “take possession of possibl[e] narcotics that were found during a[n] investigation.” When he arrived, he observed Turnage and Tabor in handcuffs “standing near the front of” Turnage‘s truck. Sheriff Everett showed Hedgepath what appeared to be “crystal methamphetamine,”10 “a couple of glass pipes,” and “some more miscellaneous stuff ... found during the[] investigation[.]” Hedgepath stated he conducted a further search and found “three separate clear plastic-type baggies,” each containing what was later determined to be crystal methamphetamine. The State moved to have the methamphetamine entered into evidence. Turnage renewed his objection to suppress the methamphetamine. The court overruled the objection, and it was entered into evidence.
¶7. The State called Archie Nichols, who worked for the Mississippi Forensics Laboratory.
¶8. The State called Sheriff Everett, who testified that he had gone to Turnage‘s residence to “[s]peak with him about a previous matter.” When he arrived, he observed Turnage and Tabor sitting in Turnage‘s truck,11 which was parked “on the north side of the house.”
Sheriff Everett testified that “whenever they recognized it was [Sheriff Everett], they got out of the truck in a hurried manner.” Sheriff Everett walked over to the truck to speak with Turnage and Tabor and “looked inside the truck.” He “[d]idn‘t open the door[,]” but “looked through the windows,” which were “down.” He noticed what appeared to be a “meth pipe.” He could not recall if he saw a couple of pipes or “just one.” At this point, Sheriff Everett detained Turnage and Tabor and “did a brief look in the truck” and found a camouflaged bag which contained a “substance” in it. Suspecting that this substance was narcotics, he contacted Hedgepath. On cross-examination, Sheriff Everett testified that “based on [his] training and experience, the appearance [of the pipe] and the residue that was in it [was] consistent with 21 years of being around meth pipes and people that have had them in their possession.”
¶9. The State called Tyler Blalock, a paramedic who responded and rendered care to Turnage‘s wife, Brandy, on August 15, 2020. While on the scene, Blalock noticed Turnage‘s blue truck parked on the property. He observed a man “leaned against [the] inside [of] the door” of the truck. While transporting Brandy by ambulance, Blalock observed that Turnage‘s blue truck was following the ambulance. He stated he saw “the person driving the vehicle very close” and identified this individual as the man who he observed leaning against the truck when Blalock arrived on scene. A photograph of Turnage was admitted for the limited purpose of Blalock‘s identification of Turnage “as being the operator of [the] vehicle.” Blalock positively identified Turnage as the “male that was leaning against the blue vehicle and was operating the vehicle.” The court took judicial notice that the picture depicted Turnage.
¶10. The State called Barry Tabor, who was arrested and charged with possession of a controlled substance along with Turnage. Tabor testified that on August 18, 2020, he “had been replacing a water pump” on Turnage‘s truck.12 He testified that he and Turnage planned on driving to the hospital to take Brandy some clothing. Turnage placed a bag in the truck, and Tabor assumed the bag contained clothes for Brandy. He stated he had no knowledge of anything other than clothing being in the bag. He admitted to having “some weed in the truck on the console” as well as carrying a .40-caliber pistol on his side. As he and Turnage were preparing to leave, the police arrived. On cross-examination, Tabor testified he was not offered anything by the State to testify. After the State rested, Turnage filed a motion for a
¶11. After hearing all the testimony and considering all the evidence, the jury convicted Turnage of the lesser-included crime of possession of a controlled substance. Sentencing was withheld until Turnage could be located and incarcerated on a bench warrant. His sentencing hearing finally took place on March 10, 2023. According to the circuit court‘s amended sentencing order entered on March 13, 2023, Turnage was sentenced to forty years in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, with twenty years to serve day-for-day and the remaining twenty years suspended, with five years of reporting post-release supervision. The court applied the enhancement provisions under section 41-29-14714 for subsequent offenses, doubling the sentence imposed under sections 41-29-139(c)(1)(D) and 99-19-81. The court suspended the time imposed pursuant to Mississippi Code 41-29-147.
¶12. On March 20, 2023, Turnage filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial.15 The court denied this motion. Turnage now appeals, claiming that “[t]he searches of the interior of [his] truck and the bag were illegal warrantless searches and the trial court erred in allowing the fruits of these searches to be admitted into evidence.” He further argues that “the automobile exception [did] not legitimize the search of Turnage‘s truck since both exigency and probable cause were lacking and no other exception to the warrant requirement applied.” Although Turnage argues the inapplicability of several warrant exceptions, we find that the automobile exception and the plain view exception are dispositive of the issue, and our discussion is therefore limited to those points of law.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶13. The standard of review for a trial court‘s denial of a motion to suppress based on an unlawful search or seizure is mixed. Gillett v. State, 56 So. 3d 469, 482 (¶21) (Miss. 2010) (citing Dies v. State, 926 So. 2d 910, 917 (¶20) (Miss. 2006)). Whether reasonable suspicion or probable cause exists is subject to a de novo review. Floyd v. City of Crystal Springs, 749 So. 2d 110, 113 (¶11) (Miss. 1999). Our review of the trial court‘s determinations of “historical facts” is applied using “the substantial evidence and clearly erroneous standards.” Buford v. State, 323 So. 3d 500, 504 (¶11) (Miss. 2021) (citing Eaddy v. State, 63 So. 3d 1209, 1212 (Miss. 2011)(¶1)). Thus, “[i]n reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we must determine whether the trial court‘s findings, considering the totality of the circumstances, are supported by substantial credible evidence.” Id.
DISCUSSION
¶14. Turnage argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress
In the instant case, the Lawrence County Sheriff arrived at Turnage‘s home for a “knock and talk.” When he arrived, the Sheriff saw Turnage and another person sitting in the cab of a pickup truck parked on the property. This truck was reported days earlier in an incident involving a moving ambulance, so the Sheriff believed the truck was readily mobile. Turnage and the other person exited the truck but remained standing nearby. While talking to Turnage, the Sheriff noticed what he believed was drug paraphernalia on the front seat of the truck. This provided the probable cause to search the rest of the truck‘s cab. During that search, the Sheriff‘s Department found illegal drugs.
¶15. The Fourth Amendment “proscribes all unreasonable searches and seizures, and it is a cardinal principle that ‘searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.‘” Roche, 913 So. 2d at 313 (¶22) (quoting United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 825 (1982) (quoting Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967))). A search usually is not unreasonable when it is, in fact, based on probable cause. Walker v. State, 881 So. 2d 820, 827 (¶15) (Miss. 2004).
¶16. Turnage argues that “Sheriff Everett‘s observation of the glass pipes” did not amount to probable cause to search the truck because “[i]t was not readily apparent that Turnage‘s truck contained evidence of any other crime.” Turnage avers that the discovery of the glass pipes “at best ... created a suspicion, less than probable cause.” The State responds that probable cause arose when Sheriff Everett observed the drug paraphernalia in plain view. Although the trial court did not discuss the plain view exception in its order denying Turnage‘s motion to suppress, we find that its discussion is warranted in this case.16
¶17. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that “[p]robable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer‘s knowledge
¶18. Here, it is undisputed that Sheriff Everett was lawfully on Turnage‘s property to discuss a prior incident. Sheriff Everett testified that when he arrived, Turnage and Tabor were sitting in Turnage‘s parked truck, but they exited the truck “in a hurried manner.” While speaking to Turnage and Tabor, Sheriff Everett testified that he looked through the open window of Turnage‘s truck and observed a glass “meth pipe” containing residue in plain view on the front seat of the truck. Sheriff Everett further testified that the appearance of the pipe was consistent with meth pipes he observed in his twenty-one years of training and experience in law enforcement. Possession of drug paraphernalia is a crime in violation of
¶19. Having established the existence of probable cause, we now turn to Turnage‘s argument that the automobile exception to the warrant requirement did not apply to the search of his truck. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that “there has long been an automobile exception to the warrant requirement where probable cause exists.” Smith v. State, 724 So. 2d 280, 312 (¶123) (Miss. 1998) (citing McNeal v. State, 617 So. 2d 999 (Miss. 1993); Barry v. State, 406 So. 2d 45, 47 (Miss. 1981); Hall v. State, 288 So. 2d 850, 851 (Miss. 1974)). Under the automobile exception, “[i]f a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment permits police to search the vehicle without more.” Roche, 913 So. 2d at 313 (¶23) (quoting Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 467 (1999)). Furthermore, “once an officer obtains probable cause to search a vehicle, then probable cause exists to search all compartments of the vehicle and all containers” therein where the contraband could be. Millsap v. State, 767 So. 2d 286, 292 (¶22) (Miss. Ct. App. 2000) (emphasis added) (citing United States v. Seals, 987 F.2d 1102, 1106 (5th Cir.1993)); see also Comby v. State, 901 So. 2d 1282, 1286 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004) (citing California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565, 576 (1991)). “[I]f officers have probable cause to believe that contraband is in only one part of a car, then they are limited to that area. If, on the other hand, officers have probable cause to believe that contraband is located somewhere in a car, but they don‘t know exactly where, then they can search the entire vehicle.” Millsap, 767 So. 2d at 292 (¶22) (limiting the search of a car to the trunk since the dog sniff indicated only the trunk).
¶20. Turnage claims the automobile exception to the warrant requirement did not apply because his truck “was not readily mobile.” However, the trial court found that Sheriff Everett believed the truck was “readily mobile” due to its involvement in the ambulance incident just “days earlier.” Further, it is clear from the record that Turnage‘s truck was readily mobile. Sheriff Everett testified that when he arrived at Turnage‘s property, Turnage and Tabor were sitting in the truck. Furthermore, Tabor testified that he and Turnage were preparing to drive the truck to deliver clothes to Turnage‘s hospitalized wife, Brandy. It appears that Turnage is arguing that, because the truck was not actively in motion prior to the search, it was not readily mobile. However, the Mississippi Supreme Court has rejected the suggestion that the automobile exception does not apply when a vehicle is immobilized. Franklin, 587 So. 2d at 907. This argument is without merit.
¶21. Turnage also claims that the automobile exception does not apply because there were no exigent circumstances involved as he “presented no risk of flight nor threat to tamper with evidence because he was handcuffed.” The State argues in its response that Turnage‘s argument is “contrary to the holding in Roche v. State, where the Supreme Court settled the question by holding that there is no separate exigency requirement attached to the automobile exception.” At the hearing on Turnage‘s motion to suppress, there was argument as to whether Mississippi has a separate exigency requirement. Ultimately, the judge found that “even if [there is] not” a separate exigency requirement, there were exigent circumstances because Turnage “could plausibly leave the scene.”
¶22. The Mississippi Supreme Court held the following in Roche, 913 So. 2d at 313 (¶23):
In a case with virtually identical facts to this one (even down to the bag of cocaine in the trunk of the car), Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 116 S. Ct. 2485, 135 L. Ed.2d 1031 (1996) (per curiam), we repeated that the automobile exception does not have a separate exigency requirement: ‘If a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment permits police to search the vehicle without more.’ Id. at 940.
¶23. Turnage claims that Roche did not abrogate the exigency requirement and cites Jim v. State, 911 So. 2d 658, 661 (¶¶13-14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), which was decided five months after the Supreme Court‘s decision in Roche. In that case, a police officer stopped the defendant‘s vehicle for a traffic violation. Jim, 911 So. 2d at 659 (¶2). Id. The officer observed three passengers in the car and a “brown paper bag in plain view,” which contained alcohol. Id. All occupants of the vehicle were under twenty-one years of age. Id. at (¶3). The officer arrested the defendant and his passengers and searched the vehicle for other contraband. Id. at (¶¶3-4). The officer opened the glove box and discovered marijuana. Id. The defendant moved to suppress the warrantless search of his vehicle, which the court denied. Id. at 660 (¶9). The defendant appealed and claimed that the automobile exception did not apply because the officer “did not have the exigency need” for the search. Id. at (¶10). On appeal, this Court discussed the exigency requirement set forth in Sanders v. State, 678 So. 2d 663, 667 (Miss. 1996). Id. at (¶11). This Court then emphasized that the defendant‘s car “was in motion” when the officer pulled it over and that the officer had “probable cause to search the vehicle for contraband.” This Court held the following:
Similarly, in Roche v. State the Supreme Court found the same two exigency factors and the court determined that the facts justified the issuance of a warrant to search the vehicle. Thus, “The car was readily mobile, and probable cause existed to believe it contained contraband; therefore, the Fourth Amendment permitted the officers to search the vehicle without a warrant.
Id. at 661 (¶14) (emphasis added) (quoting Roche, 913 So. 2d at 313 (¶23)). On those grounds, this Court held that the search of the defendant‘s vehicle “fit[] squarely into the automobile exception.” While this Court referenced the exigency requirement, it ultimately emphasized and heeded the precedent in Roche, which held that the existence of a readily movable car and probable cause satisfied the requirements under the automobile exception. Like the search that took place in Jim, the search of Turnage‘s truck fit squarely into the automobile exception under the precedent set in Roche. Accordingly, Turnage‘s claim as to the exigency requirement fails.
CONCLUSION
¶24. The trial court did not err by denying Turnage‘s motion to suppress because there was substantial evidence that the police had probable cause to search his vehicle under the plain view exception. Additionally, the court did not err in finding that the automobile exception allowed police to conduct a complete search of Turnage‘s truck. Accordingly, Turnage‘s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
¶25. AFFIRMED.
BARNES, C.J., CARLTON AND WILSON, P.JJ., GREENLEE, McCARTY, SMITH AND EMFINGER, JJ., CONCUR. McDONALD, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. WESTBROOKS, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.