HANNAH COUSIN, et al
Case No.: 22-cv-2040-MMA
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
July 12, 2023
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT‘S MOTION TO DISMISS [Doc. No. 15]
This action consists of three consolidated cases brought by Hannah Cousin, Linda Camus, Deanna Franklin-Pittman, and Edward Barbat (“Plaintiffs“) against Defendant Sharp Healthcare (“Defendant” or “Sharp“). See Case Nos. 22-cv-2040-MMA (DDL), 23-cv-33-MMA (DDL), 23-cv-330-MMA (DDL). On March 3, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a Consolidated Class Action Complaint alleging that Defendant intentionally disclosed its patients’ sensitive health information, without their consent, to Meta Platforms, Inc. (“Meta“) through the procurement and embedding of an internet tracking tool, Meta Pixel, on its website. Doc. No. 14 (“CAC“). On April 4, 2022, the Defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Plaintiffs filed an opposition, to which Defendant replied. See Doc. Nos. 17, 18. The Court found the matter suitable for determination on the papers and without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1.d.1. See Doc. No. 19. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant‘s motion to dismiss.
I. BACKGROUND1
Defendant is a non-profit corporation that operates multiple hospitals and medical groups, and offers a healthcare plan, throughout San Diego, California. CAC ¶ 14. One such hospital operated by Defendant is Sharp Memorial Hospital (“Sharp Memorial“). Id. Plaintiffs are residents of California and Sharp patients, who used Defendant‘s website, www.sharp.com, to either search for health care providers, schedule medical appointments, or conduct other health care related matters. Id. ¶¶ 10-13, 64.
On June 16, 2022, “The Markup” published an article identifying Sharp Memorial as one of thirty-three hospitals across the nation that had installed and used Meta Pixel on its website. Id. ¶¶ 2, 32. The publication reported that Meta Pixel had collected patients’ sensitive health and personal information from Defendant‘s appointment scheduling page and shared it with Meta. Id. ¶ 3. The sensitive information included, among other things, a patient‘s medical condition, prescriptions, diagnoses, and test results. Id. ¶ 6. “The Markup” further stated that information sent to Meta included details about patient‘s medical conditions, prescriptions, doctor‘s appointments, and when paired with a patient‘s IP address, could be used in combination with other data to identify a specific individual or household. Id. ¶ 30.
Plaintiffs claim that Defendant failed to properly secure and safeguard their sensitive health information submitted on its website by installing and using Meta Pixel. Id. ¶¶ 1, 3. Plaintiffs assert that they were previously unaware of Defendant‘s use of
Meta Pixel, and that their information was being shared in such a way, until after the release of this article. Id. ¶ 106.
Plaintiffs allege that Meta Pixel collected their sensitive information through the following process. Id. ¶¶ 19-29. Meta created Meta Pixel to improve their targeted
Plaintiffs maintain that the information transmitted by Defendant to Meta included: (1) the patient‘s unique and persistent Facebook ID; (2) the fact that the patient clicked on a specific medical provider‘s profile page; (3) the patient‘s search parameters; and (4) the patient‘s location filter. Id. ¶ 45. As a result, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant intentionally divulged its patients’ Personally Identifiable Information (“PII“) and Protected Health Information (“PHI“) to Meta. Id. ¶ 51. Plaintiffs contend that Defendant divulged this sensitive patient information without obtaining their express consent and therefore violated their reasonable expectation of privacy. Id. ¶¶ 78, 79.
As a result, Plaintiffs bring the following five causes of action: (1) breach of fiduciary duty; (2) violation of common law invasion of privacy - intrusion upon
seclusion; (3) invasion of privacy under the
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A
In reviewing a motion to dismiss under
is generally bound by the facts and allegations contained within the four corners of the complaint. Hydrick v. Hunter, 500 F.3d 978, 985 (9th Cir. 2007).
Where dismissal is appropriate, a court should grant leave to amend unless the plaintiff could not possibly cure the defects in the pleading. See Knappenberger v. City of Phoenix, 566 F.3d 936, 942 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000)).
III. INITIAL MATTERS
Plaintiffs’ overarching theory of their case, underlying all claims, is that Defendant collected patients’ personal and sensitive medical information on Sharp‘s website and that this information was then improperly shared with Meta without patients’ consent. However, Plaintiffs fail to factually explain their personal participation in any of this. Plaintiffs also lump together a variety of alleged activity undertaken by Defendant, some of which is not actionable, with no meaningful factual support as to what activities each Plaintiff engaged in on Sharp‘s website and what information each Plaintiff provided. Therefore, the Court addresses four matters relating to the plausibility of Plaintiffs’ theory of their case at the outset.
First, Plaintiffs allege in a conclusory manner that Defendant disclosed to Meta their personal, confidential, and sensitive medical information; communications and messages with doctors; medical test results; payment information; and, password reset information. Id. ¶¶ 10-13. However, these allegations are conclusory and devoid of any factual support. For example, Plaintiffs fail to factually support their contention that these activities took place. Plaintiffs also fail to allege that these activities took place on a page of Sharp‘s website where Meta Pixel was embedded. Further, Plaintiffs do not explain what information they provided to Defendant. Plaintiffs cannot maintain their theory of the case absent this factual support.
Second, Plaintiffs allege that disclosure of their browsing activity resulted in a disclosure of sensitive medical information. Id. However, again these allegations are unsupported factually. While Plaintiffs provide an example of a search by a hypothetical
patient, they fail to state what information they each provided to Defendant, via their browsing activity, that was subsequently disclosed to Meta. Id. ¶¶ 39-63.
Even assuming Plaintiffs had provided this missing information, their claims, to the extent they are based upon browsing activity, are subject to dismissal. Plaintiffs allege that they used www.sharp.com, a public website, to “research . . . doctors,” “look for providers,” and “search for medical specialists” and that through the sharing of this data, Defendant allowed Meta to collect their sensitive medical information. Id. ¶¶ 10-13. However, other courts have held that this type of data collection is not considered “Protected Health Information” because “nothing about [the] information relates specifically to Plaintiffs’ health” and the information is “general health information that is accessible to the public at large.” Smith v. Facebook, Inc., 262 F. Supp. 3d 943, 954-55 (N.D. Cal. 2017), aff‘d, 745 F. App‘x 8 (9th Cir. 2018).
Third, Plaintiffs contend that Defendant disclosed sensitive information that was collected during the appointment booking function on Sharp‘s website. In support of this, Plaintiffs provide significant detail but in a hypothetical manner: Plaintiffs allege that a hypothetical patient can click on the “book appointment” button on www.sharp.com, and that Meta Pixel shared this activity with Meta, thus sharing the fact that the patient booked or attempted to book an appointment with a specific provider. Id. ¶¶ 51-53. Plaintiffs also allege that when a hypothetical patient clicks the direct link to call a doctor‘s office, the patient‘s identity and information would be shared in the same manner. Id. ¶¶ 54-55. Plaintiffs summarily contend that they made, booked, or scheduled appointments through Sharp‘s website. Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, 13. But Plaintiffs do not allege that they used the “book appointment” button or used the direct link to a call a doctor‘s office. Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, 13. Further, Plaintiffs fail to allege that these webpage interactions took them to a patient portal or otherwise plausibly conveyed their patient
status. In re Meta Pixel Healthcare Litig., No. 22-cv-03580-WHO, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 230754, at *26-30 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 22, 2022) (Navigating to or logging onto a healthcare provider‘s patient portal differs from the general internet browsing contemplated in Smith because it conveys a user‘s patient status which is Protected Health Information). As such, Plaintiffs fail to plausibly support their claims on this basis.
Lastly, Plaintiffs take issue with Defendant‘s alleged use of Meta Pixel on Sharp‘s appointment scheduling page. CAC ¶¶ 2, 3, 32. Plaintiffs claim that they used Defendant‘s appointment scheduling page to “make,” “book,” or “schedule” online appointments. Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, 13, 64. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant required patients to “fill out medical and personal information such as the reason for the visit, name, email, phone number, address, and, as an option, [their] social security number” when creating appointments online at https://sharp.myhealthdirect.com/bookAppointment. Id. ¶ 65. Plaintiffs vaguely then conclude that they entered “sensitive personal and health information” on Defendant‘s appointment scheduling page when they scheduled medical appointments online. Id. ¶ 66. But again, this allegation is utterly devoid of factual enhancement. Plaintiffs do not explain what personal or health information they entered on the webpage, which was then subsequently shared with Meta.
For these reasons, the Court DISMISSES all of Plaintiffs’ claims with leave to amend. With this in mind, the Court turns to each of Plaintiffs’ claims.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Plaintiffs’ first cause of action is for breach of fiduciary duty. Plaintiffs claim that “as, a healthcare provider, Sharp has a fiduciary duty to its patients[.]” CAC ¶ 120. Plaintiffs further allege that “Sharp breached [their fiduciary] duties . . . by installing [] Meta Pixel on the appointment scheduling page and disclosing Plaintiffs’ . . . sensitive health information without their consent to Meta.” Id. ¶ 123. Sharp argues that Plaintiffs’ claim must be dismissed because Sharp has no fiduciary relationship with
Plaintiffs. Doc. No. 15 at 12-13.
Under California law, a breach of fiduciary duty claim requires “the existence
Plaintiffs allege in a conclusory manner that because Defendant is a healthcare provider a fiduciary relationship exists between Sharp and its patients. CAC ¶ 120. However, as a matter of law, there is no fiduciary relationship between Sharp and Plaintiffs. Luiz v. Queen of Angels Hospital, 53 Cal. App. 2d 310, 313 (Cal. Ct. App. 1942) (“The relationship of hospital and patient is not per se a fiduciary or confidential one.“). The California Supreme Court has expressly held that a healthcare provider does not have a fiduciary relationship with patients and can only be held liable for a breach of fiduciary duty claim on the basis of a recognized theory of secondary liability. Moore v. Regents of University of California, 271 Cal. Rptr. 146, 153 (Cal. 1990). Accordingly, Plaintiffs fail to plausibly plead that Defendant owed them a fiduciary duty.
The Court is unpersuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument that the fiduciary relationship between a doctor and patient “imposes a fiduciary duty upon healthcare providers with respect to their patients as well as a duty to safeguard personal and medical information consistent with medical privacy statutes and industry standards.”3 Doc. No. 17 at 4-5. While Plaintiffs argue that Defendant owed its patients a duty to safeguard personal and
medical information, they conflate the duty of reasonable care, relevant to a claim for negligence, with the existence of a fiduciary relationship as a matter of law. Id. at 6-7.
The Court therefore GRANTS Sharp‘s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim.
B. Invasion of Privacy Under Common Law and the California Constitution
By way of their second cause of action, Plaintiffs allege that the disclosure of their personal and sensitive health information by Sharp to Meta, via Meta Pixel, constitutes an intrusion upon seclusion. CAC ¶¶ 127-35. Similarly, Plaintiffs’ third cause of action is for a violation of their right to privacy pursuant to
“To state a claim for intrusion upon seclusion under California common law, a plaintiff must show that: (1) a defendant ‘intentionally intrude[d] into a place, conversation, or matter as to which the plaintiff has a reasonable expectation of privacy [,]’ and (2) that the intrusion ‘occurred in a manner highly offensive to a reasonable person.‘” Davis v. Facebook Inc., (In re Facebook, Inc. Internet Tracking Litig.) 956 F.3d 589, 601 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Hernandez v. Hillsides, Inc., 97 Cal. Rptr. 3d 274, 285 (Cal. 2009)). “A claim for
Plaintiffs contend that they had a “reasonable expectation of privacy in their sensitive health information.” CAC ¶ 130. Plaintiffs further claim that Sharp‘s disclosure of their information, without their consent, “is highly objectionable to a reasonable person . . . because Plaintiffs’ sensitive health information is private and was
intended to remain private and confidential.” Id. ¶ 133. Defendant does not challenge Plaintiffs’ contention that they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Instead, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs fail to sufficiently plead that the alleged invasion of privacy was “highly offensive” and that the alleged intrusion, if any, was done by a third party and not the Defendant. See Doc. No. 15 at 14, 19. Defendant also argues that monetary damages are not available for the alleged violation of the California Constitution. The Court addresses these arguments in turn.
1. Highly Offensive
In considering whether an invasion of a privacy interest is “offensive,” courts are required to consider all-inclusive “factors such as the likelihood of serious harm to the victim, the degree and setting of the intrusion, the intruder‘s motives and objectives, and whether countervailing interests or social norms render the intrusion inoffensive.” Id. at 606; Hernandez, 97 Cal. Rptr. at 293. The analysis of whether an invasion of privacy is “highly offensive” must also focus on the degree to which the invasion is “unacceptable as a matter of public policy.” Id. (citing Hernandez, 97 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 286) (noting that highly offensive analysis “essentially involves a ‘policy’ determination as to whether the alleged intrusion is highly offensive under the particular circumstances“).
Plaintiffs postulate that Sharp disclosed its patients’ information to Meta and that the data could be de-anonymized through the matching of Facebook IDs. But as discussed above, it is not clear that anyone has actually done so, or what information, precisely, Plaintiffs shared with Sharp that was subsequently obtained by Meta. However, it is clear that even if Plaintiffs had alleged all these facts sufficiently, disclosing a user‘s browsing history does not plausibly reach the level of “highly offensive” conduct under either common law or the California Constitution. Defendant points to multiple cases holding that the collection and disclosure of a user‘s browsing history and personal information on a public website is “routine commercial behavior” and not “highly offensive.” Low v. LinkedIn Corp., 900 F. Supp. 2d 1010, 1025 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (disclosure of user‘s browsing history URLs and unique ID to third party was
not highly offensive); In re Google, Inc. Privacy Policy Litig., 58 F. Supp. 3d 968, 988 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (disclosure of user‘s personal identifying information, browsing habits, search queries, responsiveness to ads, demographic information, and declared preferences to third party was not highly offensive); In re iPhone Application Litig., 844 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1063 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (disclosure of unique device identifier number, personal data, and geolocation information
Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant‘s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ second and third causes of action to the extent they are based upon browsing activity.
Conversely, Plaintiffs do sufficiently plead that an alleged disclosure of sensitive health information on Sharp‘s appointment scheduling page is “highly offensive.” Katz-Lacabe v. Oracle Am., Inc., No. 22-cv-04792-RS, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61306, at *21 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2023) (holding that, in view of allegations being viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the general allegation that the defendant collected “sensitive health and personal safety information” from plaintiffs was sufficient to plead a “highly offensive” intrusion for a
“Courts are generally hesitant to decide claims of this nature at the pleading stage.” In re Meta Pixel Healthcare Litig., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 230754, at *46; See See In re Facebook, Inc., 402 F. Supp. 3d 767, 797 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (“Under California law, courts must be reluctant to reach a conclusion at the pleading stage about how offensive or serious the privacy intrusion is.“); In re Facebook, Inc., Internet Tracking Litig., 956 F. 3d at 606 (determining whether conduct was highly offensive can rarely be resolved at the pleading stage). Here,
the Court finds that Plaintiffs have alleged that disclosure of their sensitive health information on Sharp‘s appointment scheduling page is “highly offensive” sufficient to withstand dismissal. CAC ¶¶ 66, 127-44. The Court therefore DENIES Defendant‘s motion on this basis.
2. Intrusion by a Third Party
Defendant also argues that “the actual alleged intrusion upon [Plaintiffs‘] seclusion, if any, [was] carried out by a third party,” which should preclude any common law intrusion upon seclusion claim against them as a matter of law. Doc. No. 15 at 15-16. However, Plaintiffs adequately and plausibly plead that Sharp intentionally intruded upon their seclusion by embedding Meta Pixel on their website and sharing their data with Meta without their knowledge or consent. CAC ¶¶ 130-33. The Court finds that Defendant‘s arguments are best left for resolution at the summary judgment stage. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant‘s motion in this respect.
3. Availability of Damages
In connection with their third cause of action, Plaintiffs seek only monetary damages, not an injunction. CAC ¶ 144. Defendant contends that monetary damages are not available for an alleged violation of
“California‘s ‘constitutional provision protecting the right of privacy . . . supports a cause of action for an injunction’ but it does not confer on a litigant a private right of action for damages.” Moore v. Rodriguez, No. 20-cv-01481-BAS-BGS, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 103725 at *58-59 (S.D. Cal. June 2, 2021) (dismissing an invasion of privacy claim against private defendants under
Section 1 of the California Constitution.
C. Violation of California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act
For their fourth cause of action, Plaintiffs plead that Sharp violated California‘s Confidentiality of Medical Information Act,
Defendant moves to dismiss this claim, arguing that Plaintiffs “fail[] to plead facts sufficient to show that any of their alleged medical information” was actually disclosed. Doc. No. 15 at 20-22. Additionally, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ claim fails because they do not allege any facts showing that anyone at Meta viewed their allegedly disclosed medical information. Id. at 22-23. The Court addresses both of these arguments in turn.
1. Disclosure of Medical Information
CMIA prohibits the unauthorized disclosure of medical information and the negligent maintenance or preservation of medical information.
//
As discussed above, supra Section III, Plaintiffs have not provided sufficient facts to support the claim that their medical information was disclosed by Sharp. For this reason, the Court GRANTS Defendant‘s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CMIA claim.
2. Viewing of Medical Information
Plaintiffs must also plead that their medical information was “improperly viewed or otherwise accessed.” Stasi v. Inmediata Health Grp. Corp., 501 F. Supp. 3d 898, 923 (S.D. Cal. 2020) (citing Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. Rptr. 3d 205, 208 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013)). Additionally, just because medical information has been disclosed in an unauthorized manner does not mean that the information was viewed by an unauthorized person. Id. (citing Sutter Health v. Superior Court, 174 Cal. Rptr. 3d 653, 661 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014)). Here, Plaintiffs only allege that data was “collected,” “stored,” “sent,” “delivered,” “shared,” or “disclosed” to Meta. CAC ¶¶ 3, 4, 27, 32, 39, 90. Plaintiffs do not
In response, Plaintiffs argue that they only need to plead facts sufficient to infer that their medical information has been viewed by an unauthorized party. Doc. No. 17 at 24. However, Plaintiffs do not provide sufficient factual allegations to make such an inference. In re Solara Med. Supplies, LLC Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 613 F. Supp. 3d 1284, 1299 (S.D. Cal. 2020) (finding that notification by the defendant of a data breach and allegations of an increase in medical related spam was enough to infer that the plaintiff‘s information had been viewed); Stasi v. Inmediata Health Grp. Corp., 501 F. Supp. 3d at 924 (finding that the plaintiff‘s allegations that their information was posted on the internet was sufficient to infer the information had been viewed). Here, a single plaintiff alleges that Sharp shared her data with Meta for use in targeted advertisements. CAC ¶ 10. But this is merely a conclusion without sufficient factual support. She does not allege, for example, that she received or was subjected to an increase in any targeted advertisements. And that Meta could collect and view the information of a hypothetical patient does not support Plaintiff‘s claim. Id. ¶¶ 39-69.
Although Plaintiffs offer some additional facts in their opposition, including that Meta‘s business model supports the inference that their data must have been viewed in connection with targeted marketing, Doc. No. 17 at 24-25, the Court cannot read into the Consolidated Class Action Complaint allegations that are not contained within it. Birch v. Family First Life, LLC, No. 22-cv-815-MMA (NLS), 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65379, at *19 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2023); see also Rojas v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs. LLC, No. CV 16-9439-FMO-SSx, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 169120, at *2 (C.D. Cal. June 7, 2017) (explaining that “an opposition is not part of a plaintiff‘s pleadings“); Barbera v. WMC Mortg. Corp., No C 04-3738, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99483, at *2 n.4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2006) (“It is axiomatic that the complaint may not be amended by briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.“) (quoting Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1107 (7th Cir. 1984)); Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Ordinarily, a court may look only at the fact of the complaint to decide a motion to dismiss.“). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Sharp‘s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CMIA claim for this reason as well.
D. Violation of California Invasion of Privacy Act
In their fifth cause of action, Plaintiffs allege that Sharp violated
Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiffs CIPA claim on grounds that: (1) Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege sufficient facts under California Penal Code to show Sharp “aided and abetted” Meta‘s interception of any communications; (2) “Plaintiffs fail to allege facts showing ‘contents’ of communications are at issue;” and (3) any alleged interception of communications did not occur “in transit.” Doc. No. 15 at 25. The Court addresses each of these arguments in turn.
1. Sharp Aided, Agreed With, Employed, or Conspired With Meta
It is clear from Plaintiffs’ pleading that they bring their CIPA claim under the
Plaintiffs repeatedly allege throughout their pleading that Sharp intentionally procured Meta Pixel from Meta and installed it on their website. See CAC. The Court finds that this is sufficient to plead that Sharp either aided, agreed, employed, or conspired with Meta in the alleged interception of their information and data without their consent. Therefore, the Court DENIES Defendant‘s motion in this respect.
2. “Contents” of Communications
“The analysis for a violation of CIPA is the same as that under the federal Wiretap Act.” Hammerling v. Google LLC, 615 F. Supp. 3d 1069, 1092 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (internal citation omitted). The Wiretap Act defines the term “contents” as “any information concerning the substance, purport, or meaning of that communication.”
As discussed in the “Initial Matters” section above, supra Section III, Plaintiffs do not provide sufficient factual support to plausibly claim their content was intercepted by
Meta as a result of installing Meta Pixel on Sharp‘s webpage. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Sharp‘s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CIPA claim on this basis.
3. Interception “in Transit”
CIPA § 631 applies to “communications” intercepted “in transit.” Hammerling, 615 F. Supp. 3d at 1092. Defendant claims that Meta Pixel creates two separate communications, one between the user‘s browser and the hospital, and a second between the user‘s browser and Meta. Doc. No. 15 at 28. Defendant argues that since two separate communications occur, there is no interception in transit and thus Plaintiffs’ claim must fail. Id.
Defendant relies on Smith, 262 F. Supp. 3d at 951, arguing that because “the connection happens independently,” Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently plead that communications were intercepted in transit as a matter of law. However, the Smith court‘s analysis was limited to whether the healthcare defendants had purposefully availed themselves of conducting business in California by embedding third party code on their website. 262 F. Supp. at 951-52 (“embedding third-party code cannot confer personal jurisdiction over a website operator in the forum where the third party resides.“).
Similarly, Defendant contends that In re Facebook Inc., Internet Tracking Litigation, 956 F.3d at 608, should not apply here because the Northern District of California‘s analysis is limited to the CIPA “party exception” rule and does not address whether other elements of CIPA
Plaintiffs repeatedly allege that without their authorization Sharp intentionally installed Meta Pixel on its website and shared user‘s information with Meta in real time.
CAC ¶¶ 2-8, 19-29, 32, 152-64. Therefore, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the Court finds that Plaintiffs plead that communications were intercepted in transit sufficient to survive dismissal under
V. CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Sharp‘s motion and DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ five claims with leave to amend. If Plaintiffs wish to file an amended complaint curing the deficiencies noted herein, they must do so on or before August 2, 2023. Any amended complaint will be the operative pleading as to Defendant, and therefore Defendant must then respond within the time prescribed by
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: July 12, 2023
HON. MICHAEL M. ANELLO
United States District Judge