Commonwealth v. VacherCommonwealth v. Vacher
This court concluded that so-called “target standing” was not available to a criminal defendant to challenge the violation of his alleged coventurers’ constitutional rights in seeking to suppress evidence, where the defendant could not establish that he was the prime target of the police investigation. [434-437]
This court concluded that the witness immunity statute,
At a criminal trial, no prejudice arose from the erroneous admission of testimony by a police officer identifying the defendant in surveillance photographs in the absence of any indication that the officer possessed any special familiarity with the defendant that the jury lacked, where the testimony, as brief and fleeting as it was, did not overwhelm the other, properly admitted evidence. [441-442]
At a murder trial, no substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice arose from the judge’s failure to give an instruction pursuant to Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 442 Mass. 423 (2004), concerning the incomplete audio
This court concluded that, at a murder trial, no substantial likelihood of a miscarriаge of justice arose from the judge’s failure to instruct the jury regarding the requirement of the defendant’s knowledge of his alleged coventurers’ possession of a dangerous weapon, where it was unlikely the omitted instruction would have affected the outcome of the case. [444-446]
Lenk, J. A Superior Court jury found the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, on theories of deliberate premeditation, extreme atrocity or cruelty, and felony-murder.2 On appeal, the defendant asks us to recognize for the first time the concept of “target standing,” and to declare the witness immunity statute,
The defendant also contends that the trial judge’s failure to exclude identification testimony, and his failure to instruct the jury pursuant to Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 442 Mass. 423, 447-448 (2004), concerning the partial recording of the defendant’s interrogation by police, were erroneous and require a new trial. Concluding that there was no prejudicial error, we
1. Introduction. On December 16, 2008, the victim’s body was found burning in a pit on Jennifer Lane in Hyannis. The victim, sixteen year old Jordan Mendes, had been stabbed in the neck and face twenty-seven times, and had suffered a gunshot wound to the chest.3 He was last seen alive shortly after 2 p.m., the end of the school day, on December 15, 2008.4 Forty-five witnesses testified at the defendant’s trial, five of them pursuant to a grant of immunity. The prosecutor elicited testimony that the victim, his half-brother Charlie M.5 (then aged thirteen), and the dеfendant (then aged twenty), were involved in the sale of drugs, particularly the prescription painkiller Percocet. The Commonwealth’s theory at trial was that the defendant, as part of a joint venture with Charlie and John R., also thirteen at that time, killed the victim in a scheme to steal drugs and cash from him. The defense theory was that Charlie, the picked-on younger brother of the victim, was the true culprit, who retaliated against the victim’s bullying by killing him, without the defendant’s involvement.
Before the defendant was questioned in connection with the victim’s death, police interviewed both Charlie and John on December 18, 2008. Charlie and John made statements inculpating the defendant, and based on those statements, police issued a “be on the lookout” alert for the defendant. Police stopped the defendant in his vehicle later that night and brought him to Barnstable police headquarters, where he was interrogated.
Information learned in the course of John’s interview also was set forth in the affidavit supporting the application for a warrant to search the defendant’s vehicle, which was allowed. In proceedings against Charlie and John, however, a Juvenile Court judge suppressed the entirety of Charlie’s December 18, 2008, statement to police, and most of John’s, due to the officers’ failure
2. Facts. Based on the evidence at trial, the jury could have found the following. The victim, a sophomore at Barnstable High School, lived with his grandmother in an apartment in Hyannis. He had his own bedroom, which he always locked when he was not at home; even his grandmother could not access his bedroom without the key. He also had installed locks on his closet doors. On his belt loop, he carried a key chain that included a key to his grandmother’s apartment, a key to a safe, and a key bearing the Boston Red Sox insignia. The victim’s room was very neat, and he swept the floor in a particular manner so that he would be able to see footprints if someone had been in his room.
The victim spent a great deal of time with his half-brother Charlie and was often at Charlie’s mother’s house on Arrowhead Drive in Hyannis (Arrowhead Drive house). The two were both involved in selling drugs, particularly Percocet. The victim often carried large amounts of cash, and at least once was seen with up to $10,000 on his person, which he organized into stacks of $1,000, folding each stack in half and wrapping it with a rubber band.
a. Monday, December 15, 2008. After school ended at 2 p.m. on December 15, 2008, a classmate dropped the victim off on Arrowhead Drive. Charlie, John, and the defendant also had been dropped off at the Arrowhead Drive house around the same time by Diana R.,6 one of the defendant’s classmates at Cape Cod Community College. Charlie telephoned Louis L.,7 a student at Barnstable High School, expressing interest in purchasing a black
At some point after 4 p.m., Charlie’s grandmother, who was also the victim’s grandmother, saw Charlie enter her locked apartment through the front door, using the victim’s keys.8 Charlie had never before used the victim’s keys to enter the apartment. She asked Charlie if he would buy her some ginger ale, because she was not feeling well. After a stop at a convenience store, Charlie returned with the ginger ale to his grandmother’s apartment, in a black vehicle, between 7 and 9 p.m.9 Charlie’s grandmother asked him if he had a cigarette, and he gave her a filtered menthol cigarette.
Later that evening, Charlie dropped by the house of the victim’s godmother in Hyannis. The victim kept some of his belongings in the closet of the upstairs bathroom there, including a safe box containing money. Although another bathroom was available, Charlie waited for someone else to finish showering in order to use the upstairs bathroom in particular. After mаking use of that bathroom, he left.
At approximately 8:00 p.m., the defendant, Charlie, and John met Louis at a pharmacy in Hyannis to return the Nissan, which the defendant had been driving, and Louis gave them back the $11,000 in cash. As they were walking away, Louis called after them that they had left their keys on a key chain in the ignition; he testified that he recognized the keys as belonging to the victim.
At some time during the evening, the defendant telephoned Diana and told her that he would give her ten Percocet pills if she came to the Arrowhead Drive house right away, where he, Char
b. Tuesday, December 16, 2008. In the morning, Charlie asked Diana to drive him to his grandmother’s apartment, because he was worried that the victim had not come to the Arrowhead Drive house the night before. Diana drove Charlie, John, and the defendant to the apartment. Once there, Charlie went into the victim’s bedroom and then left the apartment.
Charlie then said that he “wanted to get a car,” so Diana drove them to a dealership in Hyannis.11 Charlie and the defendant spoke with a salesman about purchasing a silver 2000 BMW and negotiated a sale price for the vehicle, which had a sticker price of $10,995.12 Charlie presented $7,500 in cash and the dеfendant supplied the difference, grouped in $1,000 increments and wrapped in rubber bands. The vehicle was registered in the defendant’s name.
Meanwhile, the victim’s grandmother was growing increasingly worried about her grandson, whom she had not seen since the previous day. She and the victim’s mother drove to the houses of different friends and family members, looking for the victim,
The victim’s grandmother then received a telephone call from her son, the father of both Charlie and the victim, who told her to take the victim’s sister with her to check the places where the children used to play. Charlie and John then left the apartment. Sometime early that evening, Charlie was seen behind the wheel of a BMW at a local gasoline station, as the defendant walked towards it, carrying a red gasoline can. The defendant got into the BMW and John came out of it, holding the can as he walked toward the gasoline pumps.
Approximately twenty-five minutes after leaving her apartment, the victim’s grandmother and sister arrived at a place in the woods where the children often spent time. They noticed a bright orange light in the distance, and realized that it was a fire emanating from a pit. The victim’s body was burning at the bottom of the pit. Emergency personnel arrived at the scene, extinguished the fire, and extracted the victim’s body, which had been wrapped in a sheet and a comforter.13 Evidence later recovered from the scene included a package of Newport menthol cigarettes,14 a red pushpin, and a pink Starburst candy;15 a certified accelerant detection dog also twice alerted to the presence of gasoline.
After she received nеws of the victim’s death, Diana telephoned the defendant and asked him if he knew what had happened and whether he knew who was responsible. The defendant responded, “We think we have an idea,” and told her that he and Charlie were going to New York.16
c. Thursday, December 18, 2008. On December 18, 2008, the
Later that evening, after dropping off the other friends, Sam and the defendant drove to Wellfleet to meet their friend Ella M. During the trip, the defendant said, “I have something to tell you. I killed Jordan Mendes. I shot him, and I stabbed him. I bodied him.” He said that he and Charlie had planned to rob the victim for his money,19 but then “shit went bad” and he shot the victim while they were in the basement of the Arrowhead Drive house after school one day, and also stabbed him in the neck. The defendant told Sam that he and Charlie had rolled the body in a blanket, thrown it in a ditch, and burned it with gasoline. The defendant went on to say that he was not worried about getting caught because he had “cleaned it up” with bleach.
In Wellfleet, the two picked up Ella20 and drove to a restaurant. Sam went inside the restaurant while the defendant and Ella consumed a crushed Percocet pill in the vehicle, using a $100 bill that the defendant supplied to inhale it.21 The defendant told Ella that he “had all the money in the world” and wanted to spoil her and take her out to dinner whenever she desired. After they were seated inside the restaurant, the defendant told Ella that he loved her but that he was “going away for a long time” and that she would not be able to see him. He then took a “wad of money” out of his pocket and scattered it on the table. Ella counted somewhere between $500 and $1,000, but the defendant said that he had over $28,000.
After dinner, Ella and the defendant continued to talk in the
Sam and the defendant dropped off Ella and returned to Sam’s house, where the defendant left pills, approximately $2,000 in cash, and a knife. On the way back from Sam’s house, the defendant was stopped by police, who had received a “be on the lookout” alert regarding a BMW registered to the defendant. An officer of the Barnstable police department read the defendant the Miranda rights after the defendant got out of the vehicle, but did not place him under arrest. Another officer asked the defendant if he would go voluntarily to the police station to speak with detectives about a recent homicide, and the defendant agreed. The BMW was towed to the police station.
A redacted23 recording of the defendant’s interview with poliсe was played for the jury.24 During the interview, the defendant did not admit to killing the victim, but made statements concerning his whereabouts over the prior days that were inconsistent with other evidence. For example, he claimed that, after Diana dropped him off at the Arrowhead Drive house on the afternoon of December 15, 2008, he stayed there for the rest of the day, and maintained that he spent the entirety of December 16, 2008 at his own home in South Yarmouth.
d. Police investigation. i. Search of Arrowhead Drive house. Police searched the Arrowhead Drive house pursuant to a warrant, finding, among other things, a number of stains in the base
ii. Search of Nissan. In Louis’s Nissan, between the passenger seat and the center console, police found a black folding knife that tested positive for the presence of blood and contained a DNA mixture of at least two individuals. The major profile of DNA extracted from the knife blade was consistent with that of the victim, and the defendant could not be excluded as a potential contributor. The probability of DNA in the mixture matching the DNA profile of a randomly selected Caucasian individual was 1 in 28. A tennis racquet that tested positive for the presence of blood and bore DNA consistent with the victim’s was found in the Nissan’s trunk.
iii. Search of BMW. Pursuant to a search warrant, police found a number of new articles of clothing, with store tags still on them, in the trunk of the defendant’s BMW, as well as some clothing that appeared to have been worn. One T-shirt and one pair of sneakers that appeared to have been worn tested positive for the presence of blood; DNA found on the T-shirt matched the defendant’s profile, and neither the victim nor John could be excluded as contributors to DNA found on the sneaker.
3. Discussion. The defendant raises constitutional issues concerning the availability of “target standing” under
a. Target standing. Probable cause to stop and search the defendant’s BMW rested in part on statements made by John and Charlie implicating the defendant. A Juvenile Court judge ordered the majority of those statements suppressed in the juvenile proceedings against John and Charlie, primarily due to the failure of police to adhere to the protocol established by Commonwealth v. A Juvenile, 389 Mass. 128, 134 (1983), for interrogating juveniles under the age of fourteen. The defendant argues that, as the real target of the police invеstigation, he should have been granted standing to assert the violation of John and Charlie’s constitutional rights in litigating his own motions to suppress, and the failure to afford him such standing resulted in the erroneous denial of his motions. He asks this court to recognize the concept of target standing, which we have not done previously.
Although the United States Supreme Court has rejected the theory under the Fourth Amendment, see Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 133-138 (1978), “[w]e have left open the question whether target standing has vitality under
For example, “[u]nconstitutional [police conduct directed at] small fish intentionally undertaken in order to catch big ones may have to be discouraged by allowing the big fish, when caught, to rely on the viоlation of the rights of the small fish, as to whose prosecution the police are relatively indifferent.” Commonwealth v. Manning, supra at 429, citing 4 W.R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 11.3(h), at 354-355 (2d ed. 1987). See 6 W.R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 11.3(h), at 301 (5th ed. 2012) (posing hypothetical situation in which target standing might lie where X is arrested for armed robbery, and subsequently, “acting with the
We need not resolve in this case the extent of the availability of target standing under
Thus, unlike a wife who is searсhed by police with the specific intent of finding evidence incriminating her husband, Charlie and John were not ostensibly innocent “small fish, as to whose prosecution the police [were] relatively indifferent.” Commonwealth v. Manning, supra at 429. Rather, insofar as information already known to police suggested the juveniles’ material involvement in the victim’s death, it appears that police “were genuinely interested in implicating [them], and thus the added threat of exclusion vis-à-vis [the defendant] would not seem necessary in such circumstances.” 6 W.R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 11.3(h), at 305 (5th ed. 2012).
Indeed, it is not the case that Charlie and John were without opportunity to contest the police misconduct directed at them, a circumstance which otherwise might counsel in favor of allowing a third party to assert their rights instead. To the contrary, in sep
b. Constitutionality of immunity statute,
Turning first to the defendant’s as-applied challenge, the Commonwealth in this case elicited testimony from five immunized witnesses: Diana, Louis, Sam, Sam’s mother, and Ella.30 Based on their testimony, viewed in the aggregate, the jury could have found that the defendant had been at the Arrowhead Drive house around the time that the victim was last seen alive on December 15, 2008; that he test-drove Louis’s Nissan on December 15, 2008, in which the victim’s keys were seen at the time and a knife later was found; that he had at least $2,000 in cash and large bags of pills on his person on December 18, 2008, some of which he sold; and that he confessed to shooting and stabbing the victim and robbing him of pills and money.
Defense counsel lodged his first objection to the Commonwealth’s asserted overreliance on immunized witnesses before the fifth such witness took the stand, arguing that this excessive resort to offers of immunity constituted a “structural flaw.” The judge took no action, noting that the objection had been raised “at the eleventh hour.”31
Our jurisprudence has not vested criminal defendants with expansive rights vis-à-vis the immunization of witnesses. To the contrary, “[w]e have held, without qualification, that a defendant ‘has no standing to argue that the testimony of . . . purportedly immunized witnesses [is] the product of improper grants of immunity,’ ” reasoning that “[t]he privilege against self-incrimination is a personal right of the witness, and onе that the witness is in a position to protect by his own means.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 386 Mass. 345, 349 (1982), citing Commonwealth v. Simpson, 370 Mass. 119, 121 (1976). While a prospective defense witness’s assertion of his right under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution could affect a defendant’s ability to
Other courts have recognized that such unique circumstances might emerge “where there exists prosecutorial misconduct arising from the government’s deliberate intent to distort the fact-finding process.” United States v. Angiulo, 897 F.2d 1169, 1190 (1st Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Granito v. United States, 498 U.S. 845 (1990), and cases cited. See Commonwealth v. Cash, 64 Mass. App. Ct. 812, 818 (2005), quoting Curtis v. Duval, 124 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 1997) (judicial grant of immunity not required where there was no evidence of “attempt to harass or intimidate potential witnesses, or . . . that the prosecutor deliberately withheld immunity for the purpose of hiding exculpatory evidence from the jury”).
Here, however, the defendant has pointed to no such prosecutorial misconduct, nor has he even suggested the existence of a witness who was deterred from testifying in his favor due to his inability to secure a grant of immunity. Under these circumstances, “we see no logical basis for departing from the principle . . . that ‘it is up to the jury to evaluate the credibility of a[n immunized] witness’ . . . based merely upon the number of witnesses that received inducements from the government in exchange for their testimony.” United States v. Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d 142, 152 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 878 (1998), quoting United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1552 (5th Cir. 1994). See Commonwealth v. Burgos, 462 Mass. 53, 74, cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 796 (2012) (assessing credibility of witnesses who have received consideration in exchange for testimony is within province of jury). Standing alone, the Commonwealth’s presentation of immunized witnesses, particularly where a defendant has not sought to immunize his own prospective witness, does not
The Commonwealth is, in any event, constrained by
Other safeguards further preserved the defendant’s right to a fair trial. The judge instructed the jury, before each immunized witness testified, that they could consider a witness’s grant of immunity in assessing his or her credibility, and gave a similar instruction in his final charge. The judge also instructed the jury in his final charge that they could not convict solely on the basis of immunized testimony. In addition, defense counsel thoroughly cross-examined four of the five immunized witnesses on the
Finally, because we conclude that
c. Other errors. i. Identification testimony. Eight still photographs extracted from video surveillance footage taken on December 15, 2008, at a convenience store were admitted in evidence at trial. A detective testified, over objection, that the person seen in the photographs was the defendant. The defendant argues that such identification testimony was improper and unduly prejudicial, because the criteria for the admission of lay opinion identification testimony were not met.
The defendant is correct that the admission of this testimony was erroneous. The general rule is that a “witness’s opinion concerning the identity of a person depicted in a surveillance photograph is admissible if there is some basis for concluding that the witness is more likely to correctly identify the defendant from the photograph than is the jury.” Commonwealth v. Pleas, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 321, 326 (2000), quoting United States v. Farnsworth, 729 F.2d 1158, 1160 (8th Cir. 1984). “Put another way, ‘such testimony is admissible . . . when the witness possesses sufficiently relevant familiarity with the defendant that the jury cannot also possess.’ ” Id. at 326-327, quoting United States v. Jackman, 48 F.3d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 1995). If the witness lacks such familiarity, it is the province of the jury to draw their own conclusions regarding the identity of the person depicted without the witness’s assistance. See Commonwealth v. Austin, 421 Mass. 357, 366 (1995); Commonwealth v. Nassar, 351 Mass. 37, 41-42 (1966), S.C., 354 Mass. 249 (1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1039 (1969), quoting Commonwealth v. Sturtivant, 117 Mass. 122, 137 (1875).
Although we are cognizant of the “increase[d] potential for inappropriate prejudice to the defendant” stemming from “identification testimony from a police officer who is so designated,” Commonwealth v. Carr, 464 Mass. 855, 879 (2013), quoting Commonwealth v. Pleas, supra at 327, we cannot say that the improper testimony here constituted reversible error. The testimony, brief and fleeting as it was, did not overwhelm the other compelling, properly admitted evidence against the defendant. The defendant argues that the testimony “placed [him] near [the victim’s] apartment around the time that the Commonwealth alleged he was murdered,” but, where there was no indication that the defendant’s appearance at trial was different than it was in the photographs, the jury were capable of drawing the same conclusion. Cf. Commonwealth v. Anderson, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 968, 969 (1985) (erroneous identification testimony harmless where “photographs upon which the non-eyewitnesses based their opinions were introduced in evidence, permitting the jury to decide independently whether the defendant was the person on film”). Moreover, the defendant, in his interview with police, admitted to being in the convenience stоre on the night in question. Thus, the improper testimony was not prejudicial.
ii. Failure to give DiGiambattista instruction. As discussed, see note 24, supra, the audio portion of the first four minutes of the defendant’s police interview was not recorded, although there was a complete video recording. The defendant contends that the judge’s failure to give an instruction pursuant to Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 442 Mass. 423 (2004) (DiGiambattista), was prejudicial, where the prosecutor argued in her closing argument that there was no coercion during the interview, and where the jury asked to review the digital video disc (DVD) of the interview during deliberations.
We do not agree with the defendant that the issue properly was preserved for appellate review. Generally, if defense counsel
We held in DiGiambattista, supra at 447-448, that
“when the prosecution introduces evidence of a defendant’s confession or statement that is the product of a custodial interrogation or an interrogation conducted at a place of detention (e.g., a police station), and there is not at least an audiotape recording of the complete interrogation, the defendant is entitled (on request) to a jury instruction advising that the State’s highest court has expressed a preference that such interrogations be recorded whenever practicable, and cautioning the jury that, because of the absence of any recording of the interrogation in the case before them, they should weigh evidence of the defendant’s alleged statement with great caution and care.”
Further, “[w]here voluntariness is a live issue and the humane practice instruction is given, [as it was here,] the jury should also be advised that the absence of a recording permits (but does not compel) them to conclude that the Commonwealth has failed to prove voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 448.
The failure to give a DiGiambattista instruction was erroneous. Contrary to the Commonwealth’s suggestion, the State police sergeant’s testimony33 concerning the substance of the unrecorded portion of the interview does not cure “the failure to pre
Nonetheless, there was no substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. The defendant does not contest the interviewing State police sergeant’s testimony as to the introductory nature of the first four minutes of the interview, and nothing in the record suggests that any substantive exchange took place during that time. To the contrary, the recorded portion began as the sergeant introduced himself and his partner to the defendant and explained that the interview would be recorded, tending to corroborate the sergeant’s trial testimony. See note 33, supra. The recorded portion, spanning thirty-five pages of transcript, also captured the defendant’s waiver of Miranda rights, and the form memorializing the waiver was admitted at trial. Thus, it appears that most, if not all, of the substance of the interview was recorded аnd played for the jury, who accordingly were well situated to determine the voluntariness of the defendant’s statements.
In any event, even if the jury had disregarded the defendant’s recorded statements in their entirety, there was ample other evidence supporting a conviction of murder in the first degree. The defendant’s statements did not directly incriminate him, while other overwhelming evidence did. Cf. Commonwealth v. Barbosa, 457 Mass. 773, 801-802 (2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2441 (2011) (trial judge’s error in giving only part of DiGiambattista instruction did not prejudice defendant where his unrecorded police interview was “some of the weakest evidence against him”).
4. Review pursuant to
Where, as here, the Commonwealth proceeds against a defendant on a joint venture theory of an offense that includes posses
On all four offenses charged, the Commonwealth here proceeded against the defendant on alternate theories of his guilt. Three of those оffenses included an element of possession of a weapon, namely, felony-murder with armed robbery as the predicate offense,34 the armed robbery itself, and assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon. As such, the judge should have instructed the jury regarding the requirement of the defendant’s knowledge of his alleged coventurers’ possession of a dangerous weapon. However, his failure to do so did not result in a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. The defendant did not argue at trial that his alleged coventurers carried out the offenses with weapons that he did not know they possessed. Indeed, such a position would have been weak at best in light of evidence, such as confessions to two different people as well as DNA evidence, that the defendant himself used a weapon to kill the victim. It is therefore unlikely that the omitted jury instruction would have affected the outcome of the case, and we discern no reason, on this or any other basis, to order a new trial or to reduce
Judgments affirmed.