Raoul GIBSON, Appellant v. PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF PROBATION AND PAROLE, Department of Corrections, Appellees
No. 7 WAP 2015
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
April 19, 2016
1054
AND NOW, this, the above captioned appeal is quashed for failure to file Appellant‘s brief.
Daniel KING v. RIVERWATCH CONDOMINIUM OWNERS ASSOCIATION Appeal of: Thomas P. Gannon, Esquire
No. 94 MAP 2016
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
February 28, 2017
PER CURIAM
AND NOW, this 28th day of February, 2017, the Notice of Appeal is DISMISSED.
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant v. Letitia Denise SMALLWOOD, Appellee
No. 709 MDA 2015
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued March 15, 2016 FILED FEBRUARY 1, 2017
Reargument Denied April 6, 2017
Nilam A. Sanghvi, Philadelphia, for appellee.
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and DUBOW, J.
OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.:
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order, entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County, granting Letitia Denise Smallwood‘s petition filed pursuant to the Post-Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA“),
Smallwood‘s first post-conviction petition was denied in 1979. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the PCRA court‘s order denying relief. See Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 497 Pa. 476, 442 A.2d 222 (1982).
In 1999, Smallwood saw a television program that featured Dr. Gerald Hurst, a chemist and renowned arson expert. In her certification, Smallwood stated that in that program, “Dr. Hurst explained the advances that had been made in the field of fire investigation and also explained how he had assisted a woman charged with a crime similar to the one I was get her conviction overturned.” Petitioner‘s Certification, 5/15/14, at ¶ 11.
Fifteen years later, on March 14, 2014, Smallwood filed a second PCRA petition. The Commonwealth filed a motion to dismiss the petition as untimely and, in the alternative, previously litigated. On June 20, 2014, the PCRA court heard arguments. Thereafter, the court held an evidentiary hearing on December 15, 2014, and a merits hearing on March 27, 2015. On April 20, 2015, the PCRA court concluded that Smallwood had met her burden of proving the newly-discovered fact exception under
- Whether the PCRA court erred because the petition is untimely!,] as a “new” expert opinion based on old methodology and facts does not reset the sixty-day clock nor does expert shopping constitute due diligence?
- Whether the PCRA court erred in granting petitioner a new trial because the after-discovered evidence would be used solely to impeach the credibility of Commonwealth witnesses?
- Whether the PCRA court erred in granting petitioner a new trial because the after-discovered evidence
would not likely result in a new trial?
Commonwealth‘s Brief, at 5.
The PCRA court summarized the underlying facts as follows:
In the early morning hours of August 29, 1971, a fire raged through the property at 11 North Pitt Street in the Borough of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The property consisted of two offices on the first floor and apartments on the second and third floors. As a result of the fire, two tenants residing in apartments on the third floor were killed.
William H. Sweet, a Deputy Fire Marshal with the Pennsylvania State Police performed the fire investigation. He arrested [Smallwood] on September 4, 1972.
The Commonwealth‘s case against [Smallwood] was composed primarily of circumstantial evidence. This circumstantial evidence included both findings from the fire investigation as well as evidence that [Smallwood] possessed the means, motive and opportunity to commit the arson.
At trial, Trooper Sweet testified that the fire was incendiary. His opinion was based largely on eyewitness testimony which suggested that the fire had “started in two separate places without interconnecting trails.” Although the eyewitness testimony was imprecise with regard to the timing of when each saw the fire, Trooper Sweet determined that the fire “started in two separate places.” Through his investigation, however, he was not able to learn precisely what caused the fire. Nevertheless, he did opine that it was arson.
At the evidentiary hearing held in connection with the instant petition, Dr. Jason Sutula testified on behalf of [Smallwood]. He was qualified as an expert in the field of fire investigation. He identified the National Fire Protection Association Publication 921 (“NFPA 921“)5 as the “gold standard” for fire investigators. It was first published in 1992 and has been revised numerous times since then. Applying the methodology of NFPA 921 to this case, Dr. Sutula took issue with Trooper Sweet‘s conclusions 1) that the fire was arson; and 2) that there were two points of origin. Initially, Dr. Sutula pointed out that Trooper Sweet‘s classification of the fire as incendiary was “premature.” He went on to explain that pursuant to NFPA 921 principles, a fire cannot be classified as incendiary until other potential causes have been considered and ruled out. Potential causes in this case included a malfunction of the building‘s electrical system as well as an accidental ignition of discarded furniture and trash in the halls due to carelessly discarded
smoking materials. Applying the principles of NFPA 921 to the available evidence, Dr. Sutula concluded that the cause of this fire must be classified as “undetermined.”
Further, Dr. Sutula pointed out that the original investigation was not sufficient to determine that there was a second point of origin on the third floor. It should be noted that Dr. Sutula acknowledged that Trooper Sweet‘s original investigation was acceptable according to the methodology of fire investigation in 1972. However, fire investigation at that time was more of an “art” than a science.
PCRA Court Opinion, 7/27/15, at 1-4.
Our standard of review for an order denying post-conviction relief is limited to examining whether the PCRA court‘s determination is supported by evidence of record and whether it is free of legal error. Commonwealth v. Jermyn, 551 Pa. 96, 709 A.2d 849, 856 (1998); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 824 A.2d 331 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en banc). The scope of our review is limited to the findings of the PCRA court and the evidence of record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party at the trial level. Commonwealth v. Spotz, 624 Pa. 4, 84 A.3d 294, 311 (2014). A second or subsequent petition for post-conviction relief will not be entertained unless a strong prima facie showing is offered to demonstrate that a miscarriage of justice may have occurred. Commonwealth v. Allen, 557 Pa. 135, 732 A.2d 582, 586 (1999). A prima facie showing of entitlement to relief is made “only by demonstrating either that the proceedings which resulted in conviction were so unfair that a miscarriage of justice occurred which no civilized society could tolerate, or the defendant‘s innocence of the crimes for which he was charged.” Commonwealth v. Ali, 624 Pa. 309, 86 A.3d 173, 177 (2014), citing Allen, 732 A.2d at 586.
Before addressing the merits of a PCRA petition, we must first determine whether the PCRA court had jurisdiction to entertain the underlying petition. See Commonwealth v. Fahy, 558 Pa. 313, 737 A.2d 214, 223 (1999). A PCRA petition, including a second or subsequent petition, must be filed within one year of the date the judgment becomes final,6 unless appellant can plead and prove one of three exceptions set forth under
Our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated it is the petitioner‘s burden to allege and prove that one of the timeliness exceptions applies. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Beasley, 559 Pa. 604, 741 A.2d 1258, 1261 (1999). The Commonwealth contends Smallwood has not carried this burden.
The PCRA provides, in relevant part:
(1) Any petition under this subchapter, including a second or subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of the date the judgment becomes final, unless the petition alleges and the petition proves that:
(i) The failure to raise the claim previously was the result of interference by government officials with the presentation of the claim in violation of the Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth or the Constitution or laws of the United States;
(ii) The facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to the petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence; or
(iii) The right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and has been held by that court to apply retroactively.
(2) Any petition invoking an exception provided in paragraph (1) shall be filed within 60 days of the date the claim could have been presented.
As stated above, Smallwood‘s judgment of sentence became final 40 years ago; therefore, her petition is patently untimely. If, as the PCRA court found, Smallwood‘s petition alleges and proves that her claim was predicated upon “newly[-]discovered facts that were unknown” and that those facts could not have been discovered sooner through the exercise of “due diligence,”
In her PCRA petition, Smallwood relies on Dr. Sutula‘s February 18, 2014 affidavit.8 In his affidavit, Dr. Sutula applied the most recent edition of the NFPA 921 standards9 to the facts of Smallwood‘s case. Doctor Sutula stated:
The most important result of the NFPA 921 technical committee‘s work, along with feedback from the general public, was a document that clearly outlined an accepted methodology for conducting sound fire and explosion investigations. Additionally, the first guide discredited many common misconceptions and “rules of thumb” that were routinely used to form opinions and conclusions about a given fire scene. ... Currently, both of the organizations that certify fire investigators, NAFI and IAAI,10 recognize NFPA 921 as the authoritative guide when performing a fire investigation. Both organizations have incorporated NFPA 921 as the foundation for their certification process, recommend its methodology when conducting a fire investigation, and use the document to generate questions that appear on their individual certification exams.
Affidavit of Jason A. Sutula, Ph.D., 2/18/15, at ¶¶ 17-21 (emphasis added). Doctor Sutula opined, to a reasonable degree of engineering and scientific certainty, that application of those standards indicates that Trooper Sweet‘s classification of the fire as incendiary was premature because two other possible causes of the fire, electrical and accidental, had not been ruled out. Id. at ¶¶ 35-41.
The PCRA court determined that the “newly[-]discovered facts” were Dr. Sutula‘s application of the NFPA 921 standards to the evidence available in this case. PCRA Court Opinion, 7/27/15, at 6-8. The court stated that from the time Smallwood saw the 1999 television program featuring Dr. Hurst, she “attempted to acquire more information on the current advances in fire science while trying to secure legal assistance to pursue her claim.” Id. at 6. The PCRA court recounted Smallwood‘s decade-long effort to support her claim that “new science” would undermine Trooper Sweet‘s opinion that the fire was arson. Id.
Smallwood contacted Dr. Hurst, as well as attorney and law professor Thomas M. Place,11 to discuss her case. Shortly after seeing Dr. Hurst on television, she petitioned the court for copies of her transcripts and state police reports. She corresponded with Dr. Hurst throughout the spring of 1999, and corresponded with Professor Place, who agreed in 2000 to work on her case with Dr. Hurst.
In March 2000, Centurion Ministries wrote to Smallwood, indicating Professor Place hoped to obtain a new trial for her with the help of Dr. Hurst. In May 2000, Dr. Hurst wrote to Smallwood and told her “she had not been forgotten,” and that Professor Place was “looking for an additional expert in the area.” Id. at ¶ 23(u).
In August 2002, Dr. Hurst wrote to Smallwood; he relayed to her that another expert had informed Professor Place that Dr. Hurst‘s approach to her case was not correct. Dr. Hurst acknowledged there was more than one way to approach the case, and emphasized she needed a competent attorney who understood post-conviction law. Because she knew Professor Place was an expert in that area, she “continued to rely on his commitment to [her] case.” Id. at ¶ 23(ww).
In September 2004, Smallwood wrote to her friend, Ms. Grant, telling her that “Professor Place had just stopped working on my case[,]” asking her to help her find an attorney, and suggesting Dr. Hurst “testify through a deposition because of his poor health.” Id. at ¶ 23(aaa). In June 2009, Smallwood again wrote to Ms. Grant, “expressing frustration that Professor Place had procrastinated about my case for ten years.” Id. at ¶ 23(jjj).12 On September 24, 2009, Smallwood wrote to the Pennsylvania Innocence Project asking for assistance with her case. Id. at ¶ 25.
In 2012, the Pennsylvania Innocence Project at Temple University Beasley School of Law contacted the Cumberland County District Attorney‘s Office and requested copies of any records remaining in the case file. Ultimately, the Innocence Project was notified on January 17, 2014 that Dr. Sutula had completed his review of the available records from Smallwood‘s case. Nilam A. Sanghvi, staff attorney at the Pennsylvania Innocence Project, certified that Dr. Sutula had informed him and his co-counsel, Joshua D. Snyder of Boni & Zack, LLC, “that he had completed his review of the available materials from Ms. Smallwood‘s case[.]” See Evidentiary Hearing, 3/27/15, Certification of Witness Pursuant to
The PCRA court concluded that Smallwood had met the due diligence component of the newly-discovered facts exception un
The Commonwealth disputes the PCRA court‘s due diligence determination, arguing that what occurred between 1999 and 2014 was not due diligence or reasonable efforts, but instead, “years of attorney and expert shopping.” Appellant‘s Brief, at 71. Essentially, the Commonwealth concedes that in 1972, the time of trial, arson investigation was more of an art than a science. Considerable advances made in the ensuing twenty years transformed the art of fire investigation into a science. Publication of NFPA 921, and its subsequent revisions, and application of its principles, are now critical to the determination of whether a fire was incendiary. The Commonwealth contends that Dr. Sutula‘s February 18, 2014 affidavit, which relied on the 2014 edition of the NFPA 921, is simply a “new” opinion based on “old methodology and facts[.]” Appellant‘s Brief, at 57. The Commonwealth claims that the petition is untimely because a “new” expert opinion based on old methodology and facts does not “reset” the clock, “nor does expert shopping constitute due diligence[.]” Commonwealth‘s Brief, at 4.
We are constrained to agree. Both Smallwood and the trial court misapprehend the focus of where due diligence is to be examined. Simply put, the methodology on which Dr. Sutula relies has been in the public domain since 1992, and Smallwood became aware of it through Dr. Hurst in 1999.
The NFPA 921 standard is the new fact in this case. As such, Smallwood had to demonstrate the standard was unknown to her and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence any earlier than 60 days before she filed her second PCRA petition. She has not demonstrated this; instead, the record reveals that after learning of NFPA 921 in 1999, Smallwood spent immense time and effort over the next fifteen years attempting to find evidence of the construction of the subject building so that her expert could offer an alternative theory as to the cause of the fire. If successful, an alternative theory would call into question—and eliminate—arson as a credible conclusion using the scientific method under NFPA 921. Of significance here, however, is that Smallwood did not have to establish an alternative theory for purposes of overcoming the timeliness exception; she simply needed to establish that application of the scientific method under NFPA 921 would lead to the conclusion that the cause of the fire in this case was undetermined.
Although Dr. Sutula‘s February 18, 2014 affidavit did contain newly-discovered facts that would permit the PCRA court to consider an otherwise untimely petition, we cannot conclude that Smallwood established that these “facts” could not have
In Commonwealth v. Cox, 146 A.3d 221 (Pa. 2016), the defendant confessed to two murders, and the court joined the cases for trial in 1995. In addition to the defendant‘s confessions, the Commonwealth introduced the testimony of Philadelphia Police Officer James O‘Hara, who had performed ballistics testing on bullets recovered from the victims’ bodies. The jury convicted defendant of two counts of first-degree murder. Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment for one murder and to death on the other. On direct appeal, the Supreme Court affirmed, Commonwealth v. Cox, 556 Pa. 368, 728 A.2d 923 (1999) and, thereafter, affirmed the denial of his first PCRA petition. Commonwealth v. Cox, 603 Pa. 223, 983 A.2d 666 (2009). Defendant filed a second PCRA petition, claiming counsel was ineffective for failing to have independent ballistics testing performed. Our Supreme Court held the defendant failed to establish that he had acted with due diligence in seeking out ballistics evidence, and therefore had failed to prove an exception to the one-year time bar. The Court stated:
Cox was required to establish that the fact upon which he bases his claim was unknown to him and that he could not have discovered it through due diligence. The fact upon which Cox‘s claim is based is the conclusion that the second Davis bullet was not fired from the gun used in the Watson murder. This conclusion resulted from the ballistics analysis performed by Officers Walker and Cruz. Cox did not discover this fact until Officers Walker and Cruz issued their report on April 30, 2013; it was therefore unknown to him until that date. Cox cannot, however, establish that he could not have ascertained this fact through the exercise of due diligence. ... Cox‘s initial attempt to obtain the ballistics evidence was made in his first PCRA petition, in connection with his claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to seek independent ballistics testing. The salient question is whether in so doing, Cox acted with reasonable effort to discover the facts upon which his claim is based. ... [T]here is no question that Cox knew that more testing could be performed on the ballistics evidence at the time of trial in 1995. It was not until six years later, in 2001, that Cox first attempted to obtain the ballistics evidence through his first PCRA petition, in connection with his claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek independent testing thereof. By raising this claim in his first PCRA petition, Cox has effectively conceded that the testing could have been done at the time of trial. ... Cox acknowledges that the testing could have been done at the time of trial, but offers no explanation as to why he did not seek such testing at that time. Instead, he took no action to obtain the additional testing for six years. It is this lengthy, unexplained delay that defeats the possibility of a conclusion that Cox acted with reasonable effort to obtain ballistics testing.
Cox, 146 A.3d at 230-31 (citations and
Similarly, in Commonwealth v. Stokes, 598 Pa. 574, 959 A.2d 306 (2008), the Court concluded that the defendant could not prove due diligence in discovering files containing allegedly exculpatory evidence, the information upon which his claims were based, because the record revealed that he knew that the files existed for years before he attempted to obtain them. Notably, the Stokes Court emphasized that defendant “never asserted that the prosecution (or anyone else) prevented him from gaining access to those files in the [twelve] years between the date his direct appeal was decided and the date he ultimately sought the files.” Id. at 310-11. “The defendant‘s knowledge of the files, absent action to obtain them, precluded a finding of due diligence.” Id. (emphasis added). The Court concluded:
Because the record reflects that [defendant] was aware of the files upon which he now relies several years before he ever sought them, and because [defendant] failed to explain why he did not request these files earlier, he did not establish the due diligence required to excuse him from over a decade of inaction. [Defendant] has not explained why it is that he sought the files in 2004, but failed to do so earlier. Nor does he describe how it was that he was able to acquire the documents in 2004, but could not do so before that date. [Defendant] has not satisfied [the] exception[ ] to the PCRA‘s timeliness requirement.
Id. at 311-12.
In Commonwealth v. Edmiston, 619 Pa. 549, 65 A.3d 339, 348 (2013), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court considered whether a 2009 National Academy of Science report, entitled Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward, (“NAS Report“), which detailed the imprecision of microscopic hair analysis, constituted a newly-discovered fact for purposes of establishing the exception to the PCRA time requirements. There, following a bench trial, the court convicted Edmiston of the gruesome rape and murder of a two-year old child. The court sentenced Edmiston to death. Edmiston sought relief under the PCRA, which the court denied. The Supreme Court affirmed denial of post-conviction relief. Commonwealth v. Edmiston, 578 Pa. 284, 851 A.2d 883 (2004).
On June 13, 2005, Edmiston filed a second PCRA petition, premised upon the coroner‘s photographs. On August 12, 2005, he amended his second petition. On February 18, 2009, prompted by the publication of the NAS Report, Edmiston supplemented his amended petition and, following an evidentiary hearing related to
In this regard, the PCRA court observed that the deficiencies and weaknesses of forensic science are nothing new, and commonly form the basis for attacks on expert testimony in the courtroom. What was new, in the PCRA court‘s view, was that these deficiencies have now been collected, investigated, and studied in a report bearing the imprimatur of the NAS. Because the NAS Report was published less than 60 days before Appellant filed his Supplemental Petition, the PCRA court held this claim was timely.
After a hearing on the merits, however, the PCRA denied relief. The court found that the Commonwealth‘s expert, Bruce Tackett, who had testified that the hairs found in Edmiston‘s truck exhibited the “same” microscopic characteristics as the hairs he had taken from the victim‘s head, “did not individualize the hair found in [Edmiston‘s] truck to the victim, and was therefore not inconsistent with the NAS Report.” Id. at 351, n.8. Further, the court held that “the newly[-]discovered information in the NAS Report would be useful only for impeachment and, moreover, would not have changed the outcome of the trial.” Id.
Edmiston appealed to our Supreme Court. Edmiston claimed that the NAS Report‘s discussion of the “imprecision of microscopic hair analysis,” is a newly-discovered fact that undermined “the strength of the Commonwealth‘s evidence that the hairs found in his truck ‘matched’ the victim‘s.” Id. at 350. The Commonwealth disputed the PCRA court‘s finding of timeliness under section 9545(b)(l)(ii), arguing that the information on which the NAS Report was based had been ”in existence in the public domain for years prior to being compiled in the NAS Report[.]” Id. at 351 (emphasis added). Therefore, had Edmiston exercised due diligence, that information “could have been discovered by [Edmiston] well before being included in the NAS Report in February 2009.” Id. The Court agreed:
As the PCRA court found, therefore, [Edmiston] has not carried his burden of establishing that he was not aware of the factual predicate of his claim at the time of trial and that succeeding counsel could not, with the exercise of due diligence, have presented this claim more than 60 days before he raised it on June 13, 2005. We cannot say that a petitioner who is aware of the factual basis of his claim but who raises the claim over 15 years later complied with the jurisdictional, statutory requirement to file his claim within 60 days of the date the claim could have been presented.
Id. at 349 (emphasis added).14 Thus, the Court held that Edmiston had failed to
This Court has addressed the meaning of “facts” as that term is employed in Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) and held that, to constitute such “facts,” the information may not be part of the public record. Similarly, we have held that a petitioner must allege and prove previously unknown “facts,” not merely a “newly discovered or newly willing source for previously known facts.” These principles have been applied when a petitioner has relied on a study to satisfy the time-bar exception of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii). See [Commonwealth v.] Lark, 560 Pa. 487, 746 A.2d [585,] 588 n.4 [ (Pa. 2000) ] (concluding that because a particular study of the Philadelphia criminal justice system consisted of statistics which were public record, it could not be said that the statistics were unknown to the petitioner).
Id. at 352 (emphasis added). See also Commonwealth v. Whitney, 572 Pa. 468, 817 A.2d 473 (2003) (holding PCRA petitioner did not meet newly-discovered facts exception where statistics that comprised criminal justice study were of public record and could not be said to have been unknown to petitioner).
Likewise, in Commonwealth v. Fisher, 582 Pa. 276, 870 A.2d 864 (2005), the defendant relied on the timeliness exception in section 9545(b)(1)(ii) to raise a claim based in part on an affidavit from a retired FBI metallurgist, which Fisher argued would undermine the Commonwealth‘s expert trial testimony. The Court reversed the PCRA court‘s determination that the petition fell within the newly-discovered facts exception to the timeliness requirement, holding “the claim based on the expert‘s affidavit was not timely because the expert had published his opinions in previous research that had been available and discoverable for more than the two prior years.” Id. at 871. See also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 580 Pa. 594, 863 A.2d 423, 427 (2004) (exception focuses on facts, “not on a newly discovered or newly willing source for previously known facts“).
Applying these principles to the case at hand, we conclude that Smallwood‘s petition does not meet the newly-discovered facts exception. The methodology upon which Dr. Sutula relied has been in the public domain since 1992, and Smallwood learned of it in 1999; thus, it had been available and discoverable for many years prior to the filing of Smallwood‘s petition. See Edmiston, supra; Cox, supra; Stokes, supra; Fisher, supra. Although the methodology has been developed and refined over time, the basic premise of Dr. Sutula‘s affidavit is that Trooper Sweet “concluded that this fire was incendiary without proper use of methodology to come to that determination.” N.T. PCRA Hearing, 3/27/15, at 33. Essentially, Dr. Sutula did not see any evidence that Trooper Sweet used the scientific method. Id. at 40.
As noted, the NFPA 921 was first published in 1992, and has been updated on a three-year cycle. The 1992 version of the NFPA 921 focused on determining origin and cause of fires and explosives using accepted scientific principles. See NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investi
In his affidavit, Dr. Sutula relied on the most recent edition, the 2014 edition. Dr. Sutula‘s affidavit provides:
NFPA 921 [Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2014 Edition] recommends the use of the Scientific Method when conducting a fire investigation. Section 4.2 of the 2014 edition states, “This method provides for the organizational and analytical process desirable and necessary in a successful fire investigation. ... The Scientific Method is an iterative process. Thus, each hypothesis must be tested until it is verified, ruled out, or a determination is made that there is insufficient date to verify it or rule it out. ... In addition to the use of the Scientific Method, NFPA 921 warns about the inappropriate use of the process of elimination.
* * *
Thus, in practice, if a proper fire investigation is conducted, any and all accidental fire causes must be considered, tested, and systematically eliminated before hypotheses related to an incendiary fire can be developed. If one or more accidental fire causes remain as a possibility, either because they are consistent with the available evidence or because they cannot be tested due to insufficient available evidence, then the fire cause must remain as undetermined.
Affidavit of Dr. Sutula, supra, at ¶¶ 20-23.
Doctor Sutula went on to explain that the 2014 edition of the NFPA listed examples of observable data that could lead to a hypothesis of an incendiary cause, including “known accelerants, photographic evidence of multiple ignition points separated by portions of the building that are unburned and that have no other accidental explanation, and physical remains of incendiary devices designed to initiate a fire without the presence of an arsonist.” Id. at ¶ 24. Doctor Sutula noted that the only documentation available were four photos of the exterior of the building and the Pennsylvania State Police Report for Incident # H2-64398, both of which contain no evidence to support the conclusion that the fire that occurred at 11 North Pitt Street in Carlisle was incendiary in nature. Id. at ¶ 25. Doctor Sutula also noted that the narrative of the Pennsylvania State Police investigator described the areas where the greatest damage occurred, and this was the only “evidence” that the fire was of incendiary origin. There were no photographs, and there was no evidence that would indicate use of an accelerant. Id. at ¶ 27.
Doctor Sutula points out alternative accidental fire causes that the investigation did not rule out, including an electrical fire or an accidental fire, noting in particular the prevalence of cigarette smoking in 1972 and the existence of combustibles, old furniture, including a couch and an overstuffed chair, which were located in the second floor hallway. Id. at ¶¶ 31-32.
In his supplemental affidavit, filed on July 7, 2014, in response to the Commonwealth‘s April 24, 2014 Motion to Dismiss Smallwood‘s PCRA Petition, Dr. Sutula states:
The Commonwealth stated that since NFPA 921 was published in 1992, the tools to perform a proper fire investigation were available at that point and Ms. Smallwood should have presented it as “new evidence” at that time. ... First,
... the 2014 edition of NFPA 921 is vastly enhanced from the first edition and supersedes all previous editions as the current standard of care. The 2014 edition contains the most recent revisions on fire investigation methodology, the improper use of “negative corpus” and the process of elimination, and the appropriate guidelines for when to classify a fire as undetermined. None of these topics were immediately recognized or common practice in ... 1992. Second, a large portion of the fire investigation community was slow to adopt NFPA 921 as the standard of care in fire investigation. Although IAAI [International Association of Arson Investigators] was formed in 1951, the fire investigation organization did not formally accept NFPA 921 as the authoritative guide in fire investigation until January 12, 2013. Based on the continual revisions and improvements to the NFPA 921 and the 21-year timeframe required for one of the main certifying organizations within the fire investigation community to recognize NFPA 921 as the authoritative guide in fire investigation, Ms. Smallwood would have not known about, understood, or been able to take advantage of the full provisions of NFPA 921 in 1992, and, therefore, would not have been able to present this information as “new evidence” at that time.
Dr. Sutula‘s Supplemental Affidavit, 7/7/14, at ¶¶ 26-29. Doctor Sutula also noted that the 2014 edition “provides a much more scientifically acceptable framework for completing all aspects of a fire investigation[,] and ... is the standard of care in the fire investigation community and supersedes all previous editions with regard to proper fire investigation.” Id. at ¶ 22.
In sum, and as stated above, the NFPA has been continually updated on a three-year cycle, but the basic premise, the use of the “scientific method,” has remain unchanged. The essence of Dr. Sutula‘s affidavit is that there is no indication that Trooper Sweet used the scientific method in his fire investigation, and, consequently, two other causes of the fire, accidental and electrical, had not been ruled out. He does not explain how revisions to NFPA 921 subsequent to 1992 changed the use of the scientific method to alter his basic premise that under NFPA 921 the cause of the fire had to be considered undetermined. Dr. Sutula‘s affidavit discussing the use of the scientific method over a dozen years after Smallwood became aware of it does nothing more than introduce facts previously known but now presented through a newly discovered source—Dr. Sutula. If we were to accept Smallwood‘s position that Dr. Sutula‘s affidavit constitutes the “new fact” to trigger the timeliness exception, petitioners could endlessly file petitions by producing “new facts” through new sources.
We also reject the suggestion that Smallwood‘s petition was timely because the NFPA 921 standards were not generally accepted until after the International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI) issued its position statement adopting the NFPA 921 as the authoritative guide in fire investigation on January 12, 2013. The IAAI‘s 2013 adoption of the standards do not change the fact that the use of the scientific method to study fire investigations was known as early as 1992 under the then-published NFPA standards. See Edmiston, supra (fact relied upon as newly discovered evidence is not publication of NAS Report, but analysis of scientific principles supporting hair comparison analysis). Even were we to give Smallwood the benefit of the January 12, 2013 date, her petition was not timely filed within 60 days of that date. See
This case is deeply troubling on several levels.16 There is no doubt in this Court‘s opinion that the expert currently retained would give an opinion that the fire that occurred on August 29, 1971 was of undetermined origin. From the evidence available and the current state of “fire science,” it is likely that the Commonwealth‘s expert might well concede that fact. It seems axiomatic that a jury hearing Smallwood‘s statements and the evidence in light of the uncertainty of the origin of the fire might well reach a different conclusion as to Smallwood‘s guilt than that determined by the original jury who heard Trooper Sweet‘s testimony that the fire was of incendiary origin.
What remains incomprehensible is why Smallwood, who clearly knew about the advancements in fire science as early as 1999, waited until March 14, 2014, to file a petition for post-conviction relief based upon this new fact. Even her own expert opines that the 2014 version of the NFPA is a refinement rather than a revision of the 1992 NFPA, so the fact relied upon by Smallwood was in the public domain as early as 1992 and Smallwood knew of it in 1999. Smallwood did not file her petition within 60 days of the 1999 occurrence. Our focus is not on the date the expert published his opinion, but on the petitioner‘s “reasonable efforts” to bring forth the newly-discovered fact of the NFPA 921 standards based on the information that was publicly available and accessible to her, and any number of experts, for years.
We conclude, therefore, that Smallwood knew or had reason to know of NFPA 921, the newly-discovered fact, prior to 2014, in fact, in 1999, and thus her knowledge precludes a finding of due diligence under
Accordingly, we reverse the PCRA court‘s order granting a new trial.17 Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
Notes
It is the position of the International Association of Arson Investigators that National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Document 921 is widely recognized as an authoritative guide for the fire investigation profession. In addition, NFPA 921 is an important reference manual, and sets forth guidance and methodology regarding the determination of the origin and cause of fires. This Association uses NFPA 921, along with other documents including NFPA 1033, as a foundation for its training and certification programs.
The statement reaffirms the IAAI‘s long-standing recognition of the importance of NFPA 921 to the knowledge and methodology of fire investigation. “Authoritative” means the guide is an accepted source of information, and known to be accurate and reliable. By its own terms the document is not a “standard,” and is subject to revision and updating on a periodic basis to allow it to remain current with the expanding scientific and technical knowledge in the fire investigation field.
NFPA 921/1033 Position Statement, https://www.firearson.com/NFPA-9211033-Position-Statement/Default.aspx (last visited Jan. 17, 2017).Importantly, our review of the record reveals that Cox has never alleged that he asked trial counsel to seek independent ballistics testing or that his counsel refused such a request. Were that the situation, there could be a basis upon which to conclude that he attempted to act diligently, but that his efforts were thwarted by trial counsel.
Cox, 146 A.3d at 231 (emphasis added). Professor Place certified that he did not believe Dr. Hurst‘s analysis provided a strong enough basis for filing a PCRA petition, and that in is view, “the strict timeline for filing a PCRA petition would only be triggered by a final expert report.” See Evidentiary Hearing, 3/27/15, Certification of Witness Pursuant to
2-3.6 Test the Hypothesis (Deductive Reasoning). All other possible origins and causes must be eliminated. The investigator does not have a truly provable hypothesis unless it can stand the test of careful and serious challenge. This is done by the principle of deductive reasoning, in which the investigator compares his or her hypothesis to all known facts. If the hypothesis cannot withstand an examination by deductive reasoning, it must be either discarded as not provable and a new more adequate hypothesis tested or the fire cause must be listed as “unknown.”
NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigators, National Fire Protection Association (1992) (emphasis added). See supra, note 2.