COMMONWEALTH VS. TARI RICHARDSON
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
August 7, 2014
469 Mass. 248
Plymouth. March 6, 2014. - August 7, 2014. Present: IRELAND, C.J., SPINA, CORDY, BOTSFORD, GANTS, DUFFLY, & LENK, JJ.
At the trial of indictments charging the defendant with, inter alia, unlawful possession of a firearm, the judge erred in enhancing the sentence imposed on the defendant (who previously had been convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm and assault and battery on a police officer) under the provisions of both
Statement of the procedure to be followed when a criminal defendant is charged with multiple sentencing enhancement provisions applicable to a single underlying offense. [254-255]
At the trial of indictments charging armed assault with intent to murder and unlawful possession of a firearm, the evidence was sufficient as a matter of law to identify the defendant as the person who possessed a firearm and fired multiple times at a police officer. [255]
At a criminal trial, the judge did not abuse his discretion in declining to order the postverdict inquiry of female jurors, where the defendant failed to make a reasonable or colorable showing that there was a possible juror bias. [255-256]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on April 27, 2007.
The cases were tried before Jeffrey A. Locke, J., and a posttrial motion to inquire of jurors or for alternative relief was heard by him.
After review by the Appeals Court, the Supreme Judicial Court granted leave to obtain further appellate review.
William W. Adams for the defendant.
Gail M. McKenna, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
Michael J. Fellows, for Committee for Public Counsel Ser-
GANTS, J. In Bynum v. Commonwealth, 429 Mass. 705, 707, 709 (1999), we declared that, where the Legislature enacts a sentencing enhancement statute that provides for a longer sentence where a defendant convicted of the crime has one or more specified prior convictions, “[t]he prior offense is not an element of the crime for which a defendant is charged but concerns the punishment to be imposed if he is convicted... and the prior offense is proved.” We, therefore, concluded that the Legislature did not intend that two sentences be imposed, one for the underlying offense and a second for having committed the offense after a prior conviction of the same offense. Id. at 709. Here, the defendant was convicted of a firearms offense for which there were two applicable sentencing enhancement statutes, and the Commonwealth proved convictions of separate prior offenses for each. The primary issue on appeal is whether the defendant may be sentenced under both sentencing enhancement statutes. We conclude that, unless the Legislature has explicitly declared its intent to permit multiple sentencing enhancements, a defendant may be sentenced under only one sentencing enhancement statute.2
Background. Because the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we recite the evidence at trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. After midnight on March 4, 2007, the defendant, an African-American man wearing a white T-shirt, entered a night club in Brockton, along with another African-American man wearing a white T-shirt. The club manager, Aldo Fernandes, recognized the defendant from a prior incident at the club, and pointed the defendant and his companion out to two security staff members, Andy Alerte and Aaron Crutchfield. After the club closed at 1 A.M., and the staff ushered patrons outside, Brockton police Officer Francis Czarnowski, who was working on paid security detail at the club and was walking toward Main Street to direct vehicles exiting its parking lot, heard gunshots coming from the direction of Forest Avenue. Officer Czarnowski proceeded in the direction of the shots, where he observed two groups arguing in the intersection. Moments later, he saw an African-American man wearing a white T-shirt pick up a firearm from the ground and fire three shots into the
Fernandes, who was observing the departing patrons in the parking lot, heard a gunshot from the intersection of Main Street and Forest Avenue, followed by more gunshots coming from further down Forest Avenue. He then saw the defendant running down Forest Avenue alone, with Officer Czarnowski close behind him in hot pursuit. From where he was standing in the club parking lot, Fernandes had an unobstructed and well-lit view of the defendant being chased by Officer Czarnowski.3
Alerte was standing outside the club around closing time when he saw one of the two men Fernandes had earlier pointed out to him at the corner of Forest Avenue and Main Street, and heard a loud bang, followed by another loud bang, coming from that area. He saw one of the two men bend over, grab something from the bushes, hold an object the way one would hold a firearm, and then start running down Forest Avenue, with Officer Czarnowski running behind him.
Officer Czarnowski pursued the two individuals into a driveway of a nearby house. The man who had shot earlier fired at Czarnowksi four times; the officer took cover behind two barrels and returned fire. Thereafter, the shooter and his companion jumped over the fence into the back yard of an adjacent house and escaped.
The next day, Fernandes identified the defendant from an array of photographs as the person he had seen at the night club just after midnight, and who he later observed being chased down the street by Officer Czarnowski. Alerte identified two photographs from the array, including a photograph of the defendant, stating both resembled the person Fernandes pointed out to him, whom he later saw pick up an object from the bushes. While being shown the array, he did not favor one photograph over the other, but at trial he testified that he favored the photograph of the defendant. Crutchfield also identified the defendant as the person Fernandes had asked him to keep an eye on, and whom he had later asked to move along in the parking lot. Officer Czarnowski was unable to select the defendant‘s photograph from the array.
The defendant was indicted on charges of armed assault with intent to murder, in violation of
The judge sentenced the defendant to from eighteen to twenty years in State prison on the conviction of armed assault with intent to murder.7 With respect to the sentencing enhancements on the conviction of unlawful possession of a firearm, the judge
In an unpublished memorandum and order pursuant to Appeals Court rule 1:28, a panel of that court affirmed the defendant‘s convictions of assault with intent to murder and unlawful possession of a firearm. However, the panel vacated the two sentences imposed pursuant to the sentencing enhancement statutes, and remanded the matter for “resentencing pursuant to a single sentencing enhancement provision, whereupon the count under the remaining sentencing enhancement provision shall be dismissed and the finding set aside.” Commonwealth v. Richardson, 80 Mass. App. Ct. 1103 (2011). We granted the defendant‘s application for further appellate review.
Discussion. 1. Multiple sentencing enhancements. Statutes providing for enhanced sentencing based on a defendant‘s prior convictions “do not create independent crimes, but enhance the sentence for the underlying crime.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 447 Mass. 1018, 1019-1020 (2006), citing Bynum, 429 Mass. at 708-709. Therefore, the violations of
The Legislature has “broad power to define crimes, and to create punishments for them.” Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 413 Mass. 224, 231 (1992). This power includes the authority to require that a defendant be sentenced under multiple sentencing enhancements where his prior convictions subject him to enhanced punishment under multiple statutes. Id. See Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 368 (1983) (“[s]imply because two crimi-
The limitation on the imposition of multiple sentencing enhancements is not legislative authority, but legislative intent. “Where the Legislature has specifically authorized cumulative punishment under two statutes, even if the two statutes proscribe the same conduct..., a court‘s job of statutory construction is terminated, and the intent of the Legislature is to be enforced.” Alvarez, supra at 232. Here, neither
It would certainly be permissible for the Legislature to so provide, and we recognize that it is arguable that the Legislature intended that a defendant with a prior conviction of a drug charge or a crime of violence who unlawfully possesses a firearm be required to serve no less than five years in State prison, and that a defendant who has also been convicted of a prior firearms offense be subject to a prison term of up to fifteen years. But, where there is nothing in the statutory language or the legislative history to suggest that the Legislature intended to combine the minimum and maximum terms of multiple sentencing enhancement provisions in this manner, we must conclude that the leg-
Under the rule of lenity, “if we find that the statute is ambiguous or are unable to ascertain the intent of the Legislature, the defendant is entitled to the benefit of any rational doubt.” Commonwealth v. Constantino, 443 Mass. 521, 524 (2005). “This principle applies to sentencing as well as substantive provisions.” Commonwealth v. Gagnon, 387 Mass. 567, 569 (1982). Based on this well-established principle of statutory construction, we will not presume, absent a clear statement, that the Legislature intended to impose multiple sentencing enhancements to a single underlying offense.11 Because neither of the enhancement provisions at issue in this case contains a clear statement of legislative intent regarding the imposition of multiple sentencing enhancements, the defendant may only be sentenced pursuant to one of the enhancement statutes.
We briefly discuss the procedure to be followed when a defendant is charged with multiple sentencing enhancement provisions applicable to a single underlying offense. The Commonwealth may charge a defendant under multiple sentencing enhancement statutes, especially where it may be unsure which of a defendant‘s prior convictions it will be able to prove at trial. It may then exercise its prosecutorial prerogative to decide which enhancement provision will apply at sentencing by entering a nolle prosequi of all but one sentencing enhancement count, provided it does so before sentencing. See
2. Sufficiency of the evidence. The defendant claims that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to identify him as the person who possessed the firearm and fired multiple times at Officer Czarnowski. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must in evaluating such claims, see Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 676-677 (1979), we conclude that the evidence described earlier in this opinion was sufficient to support the jury‘s verdicts.
3. Postverdict inquiry of jurors. The defendant contends that the judge abused his discretion by failing to order a postverdict inquiry of female jurors. Ten days after the jury‘s verdict, the defendant‘s brother signed an affidavit in which he attested that, during a recess in trial proceedings, he overheard a woman, who was between twenty-five and thirty years of age, say during a telephone call that her boss was the brother or cousin of the prosecutor who was trying the case. The defendant‘s brother was not certain that the woman he overheard was a juror, but he had seen her in the court room and had also seen her speaking with a juror when she was outside the court room. The defendant requested the trial judge either to conduct a voir dire of the jurors or to show jurors’ photographs to the witness to determine whether the woman he saw was a juror. The judge, over the Commonwealth‘s objection, allowed the defendant‘s motion to the extent that he permitted defense counsel to obtain copies of juror photographs through the registry of motor vehicles so that they could be shown to the defendant‘s brother.12
As a result of the order, photographs of five of the seven female jurors were provided to defense counsel,13 and were included in an array of nineteen photographs that was shown to the defendant‘s brother. He did not recognize anyone depicted in the photographs. Notwithstanding this failure, the defendant renewed his
Conclusion. We affirm the defendant‘s convictions of armed assault with intent to murder and unlawful possession of a firearm. We remand the case to the Superior Court with instructions that the judge vacate the sentence, as revised by the Appellate Division of the Superior Court, of one of the two sentencing enhancement counts under
So ordered.