Commonwealth v. HerndonCommonwealth v. Herndon
At a murder trial, the judge did not abuse his discretion in declining to give the defendant‘s requested instruction on eyewitness identification and instead giving the model jury instruction in use at the time of the trial, where the defendant presented no evidence to demonstrate that the principles in his requested instruction were so generally accepted that the judge was obliged to give that instruction; further, the record did not support a claim that the judge operated under the mistaken belief that he lacked authority to adopt the requested instruction. [328-330]
In the circumstances of a criminal trial, the defendant‘s constitutional right to confront witnesses against him was not violated where the Commonwealth introduced evidence of a witness‘s alleged identification of the defendant through third parties without first asking the witness, during the Commonwealth‘s direct examination of him, about that identification; however, this court announced prospectively that, as a matter of criminal procedure, the Commonwealth will be required to question a putative identification witness concerning an alleged prior identification before the Commonwealth seeks to introduce substantive evidence of that identification through a third party. [332-336]
At a criminal trial, the judge did not abuse his discretion by allowing the Commonwealth to add the defendant‘s sister to its witness list, thereby making her subject to a sequestration order that was in place for all witnesses and prohibiting her from coming into the court room during trial, where the judge reasonably found that the sister‘s posting of a photograph of the defendant and his codefendant on an Internet social networking site and her referencing them by their nicknames was sufficient to justify naming her as a witness, given that the nicknames were an issue at trial. [336]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on December 19, 2011.
The cases were tried before Patrick F. Brady, J.
Theodore F. Riordan (Deborah Bates Riordan also present) for the defendant.
BOTSFORD, J. A Superior Court jury found the defendant, Frankie Herndon, guilty of murder in the first degree of Derrick Barnes on the theory of deliberate premeditation and of possession of a firearm without a license. On appeal, the defendant challenges (1) the failure of the judge to instruct the jury on eyewitness identification in accordance with the defendant‘s requested instruction that was created after State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208 (2011), and that presaged this court‘s provisional eyewitness identification instructions set forth in Commonwealth v. Gomes, 470 Mass. 352 (2015); (2) the admission in evidence, through the testimony of two police officers, of an alleged out-of-court identification of the defendant and his codefendant, Frederick Henderson, by a witness although that witness did not testify concerning that alleged identification; and (3) the naming of the defendant‘s sister as a witness, which resulted in her sequestration from the court room. We affirm the defendant‘s convictions.
1. Background. From the evidence presented, the jury could have found the following facts. At some point before moving with their family to a town outside Boston, the victim and his brother Darryl Barnes (Darryl) had lived on Fayston Street in the Dorchester section of Boston. On August 27, 2011, Darryl and the victim returned there to visit people they knew from childhood and who were participating in a festival in Boston. Between approximately 5 and 5:30 P.M., Darryl parked his automobile on the street. The victim and Darryl left the vehicle and walked along the street, where they met their cousin Rondale Williams. The victim, Darryl, and Williams continued to walk and stopped in front of one house on the street. After a few minutes, Darryl left to drive another cousin home. Shantee Griffin, who stayed with her mother next door, approached where the victim and Williams were talking, and the victim introduced himself to Griffin.
At some point, the victim and Williams moved to the area of a front porch directly across the street.2 Williams was on the porch while the victim was standing on the stairs leading up to the porch
Williams ran from the porch to a nearby house and telephoned 911. Griffin, who was on the sidewalk in front of another nearby house during the shooting, also telephoned 911. She handed the telephone to a resident of Fayston Street, proceeded to where the victim was lying, and applied pressure on his chest in an attempt to stop the bleeding. Darryl returned minutes after his brother had been shot and ran to where the victim was lying. Minutes later, Boston police and emergency medical services responded to the scene. The victim, who was alert but unable to respond, was transported to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead not long after his arrival. He had received five gunshot wounds, including fatal wounds to the head and in the area of his right lower leg. Ballistic examination of shell casings found at the scene revealed that two different guns were used in the shooting.
The Commonwealth‘s theory of the case was that the defendant and Henderson shot the victim because in 2009 the victim had testified, revealing information contrary to the defendant‘s “no snitching code.” According to the defendant, “bad things” happened to snitches and they could get shot. Although the defendant and the victim grew up together and were together almost every day until 2009, after 2009 they “stopped hanging out.”
The evidence pointing to the defendant and Henderson as the two men who shot and killed the victim primarily consisted of identifications allegedly made by Griffin and Williams. The Commonwealth called both Griffin and Williams to testify at trial, but neither of them identified the defendant or Henderson as a shooter
As for Williams, the evidence of his identifications consisted of testimony by the two Boston police detectives, Benton and Wyse, about statements Williams made during an unrecorded interview they conducted of him on September 2, 2012, in the apartment of Williams‘s mother. According to the detectives’ testimony, Williams identified “Drano” as firing the first shot and “Jigga” as firing subsequent shots.
The defendant testified. He stated that on the day in question, he was at a festival where he met friends, including Thell Valentine. He then left with Valentine and went to Valentine‘s apartment around 5 P.M. They stayed at Valentine‘s apartment for a while and then drove around until about 11:30 P.M. Valentine‘s testimony corroborated this timeline and more specifically explained that he and the defendant were still at his apartment at the
The defendant was sentenced to life in prison on the murder charge and a concurrent term of from four to five years in prison for unlawful possession of a firearm.9 The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
2. Discussion. a. Eyewitness identification instruction. The defendant requested an instruction on eyewitness identification that was essentially identical to the instruction that was developed after the New Jersey Supreme Court‘s decision in Henderson, 208 N.J. at 298-299. See Gomes, 470 Mass. at 357 n.10. The judge declined to give the defendant‘s requested instruction, stating that he would use the model instruction provided in Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 378 Mass. 296, 310-311 (1979) (Appendix), S.C., 419 Mass. 1006 (1995).10 The defendant claims that the judge erred by giving the model instruction in Rodriguez, rather than the instruction he requested, especially in light of this court‘s recent adoption of the more inclusive instructions provisionally adopted in Gomes, 470 Mass. at 376.11 See id. at 379-388 (Appendix). Because the defendant objected to the judge‘s eyewitness identification instruction, we review for prejudicial error. See Commonwealth v. Meas, 467 Mass. 434, 454, cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 150 (2014). We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion in denying the defendant‘s proposed instruction and therefore that there was no prejudicial error. See Gomes, supra at 359.
Similar to the instruction adopted in Gomes, the defendant‘s requested instruction contained various principles regarding the reliability of eyewitness identification and human memory that were not included in the Rodriguez instruction: (1) human memory is not like a video recording; (2) a witness‘s level of confidence
Like the defendant here, the defendant in Gomes requested a more expansive eyewitness identification instruction than the Rodriguez model instruction, based on the New Jersey Supreme Court‘s analysis in the Henderson decision. Although the provisional instruction we adopted in Gomes included most of the points or principles relating to eyewitness identification instruction that were discussed in Henderson, 208 N.J. at 245-276, 298-299, we did so explicitly on a prospective basis, Gomes, 470 Mass. at 376. We concluded that the judge in that case did not err in declining the defendant Gomes‘s instruction request and using the model Rodriguez charge, where the defendant had failed to provide the judge “with any expert testimony, scholarly articles, or treatises that would reasonably have enabled the judge to determine whether the principles in the defendant‘s proposed instruction were ‘so generally accepted’ that it would be appropriate to instruct the jury regarding them.” Gomes, supra at 359-360.
The defendant alternatively argues that the judge declined to adopt the defendant‘s proposed eyewitness identification instruction because the judge incorrectly believed he had no authority to do so. He avers that the judge‘s failure to give the proposed instruction based on this legally erroneous belief constituted reversible error, citing Commonwealth v. Harris, 443 Mass. 714, 728-729 (2005). The record does not support the claim that the judge operated under the mistaken belief that he lacked authority to adopt the requested instruction. To the contrary, the judge read and considered the proposed instruction, but ultimately denied the request because he preferred to use the model Rodriguez charge.
b. Introduction of Williams‘s pretrial statement of identification
Q.: “Mr. Williams, did you speak with homicide detective on the 2nd of September of 2011?”
A.: “Don‘t know the exact date.”
Q.: “Did you speak with homicide detectives in the afternoon some day shortly after Derrick Barnes was murdered?”
A.: “Not that I recall.”
The prosecutor did not ask Williams any further questions about the meeting with the homicide detectives. Similarly, defense counsel did not ask any questions about such a meeting during his cross-examination of Williams. The Commonwealth then called Benton as a witness. Benton testified that he and Wyse met with Williams on September 2, 2011.14 He said that during the meeting, Williams identified Drano and Jigga as having walked up to the front of the porch on August 27, that Drano drew a gun and fired the first shot at the victim, and that subsequently Jigga also shot the victim. At a later point, Wyse similarly testified about statements Williams made to him and Benton identifying Jigga and Drano as the men who shot the victim.
The defendant objected to this evidence of Williams‘s identification, arguing that it was hearsay and could only be admitted for purposes of impeachment, and that the manner in which the evidence was being presented violated his constitutional right to confrontation. His counsel made the particular point that by failing to question Williams himself about the identification while Williams was testifying as a trial witness, the Commonwealth had deprived the defendant of his right to cross-examine Williams about it. The judge overruled the objection, and referencing
For evidence of a witness‘s prior identification of a defendant (or another person) to be presented by a third party and admissible as substantive evidence at trial, it is essential that the identifying witness himself or herself be available to testify and subject to cross-examination about the alleged identification statement. See Commonwealth v. Cong Duc Le, 444 Mass. 431, 437-439 (2005);
In Cong Duc Le, we adopted
This evidentiary rule undoubtedly implicates a defendant‘s constitutional right to confrontation. See Cong Duc Le, 444 Mass. at 437-439. See also California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 155-158 (1970). This court and the Supreme Court of the United States have made clear that the confrontation clause requires that a full opportunity be available to cross-examine the declarant witness about the statement. See Owens, 484 U.S. at 559 (defendant must have full and fair opportunity to bring out witness‘s bad memory and other facts tending to discredit his testimony such as “witness‘[s] bias, his lack of care and attentiveness, his poor eyesight“); Cong Duc Le, supra at 438 (requirement under
Where a defendant retains the opportunity to recall the declarant witness, a number of other States are in accord that there is no violation of a defendant‘s constitutional right of confrontation if the prosecutor fails to ask the identifying witness about the identification on direct examination. See People v. Lewis, 223 Ill. 2d 393, 402-403 (2006) (based on plain language of criminal statute permitting prior identifications to be admitted in evidence substantively, no requirement that declarant testify about out-of-court identification before third party may testify about identification); Jones v. State, 410 Md. 681, 700 (2009) (where tape-recorded interview was offered in evidence substantively pursuant to State criminal statute permitting out-of-court statements of child victims, and defendant had opportunity to recall declarant for further cross-examination regarding taped interview but did not, defendant was not entitled to new trial); State v. Hoch, 189 Vt. 560, 562-563 (2011) (testimonial hearsay statement admitted after declarant testified did not violate confrontation clause where defense counsel was free to recall declarant witness for further cross-examination). But see Smith v. State, 669 A.2d 1, 7-8 (Del. 1995) (under State criminal statute permitting use of prior statements as substantive evidence where declarant is subject to cross-examination, “the statement must be offered into evidence no later than at the conclusion of the direct examination of the declarant“).
Although not constitutionally required, we conclude that, moving forward, it is appropriate to require that the Commonwealth inquire directly of the alleged identifying witness about the alleged prior identification before introducing evidence of that alleged identification through a third-party witness. Cf. Smith v. State, 669 A.2d at 7-8. This sequence will provide the defendant specific notice of the prior identification, information that will permit the defendant to fully cross-examine the alleged declarant. The opportunity to recall the declarant witness after the statement has been introduced through a third party is too limited, and inappropriately places a “strategic burden on the non-offering party.”
For the reasons just summarized - and as stated in note 18, supra - it would have been preferable for the prosecutor explicitly to question Williams during direct examination about the identification of the defendant and Henderson that Williams was alleged to have made during his interview by Benton and Wyse - i.e., before the Commonwealth presented evidence of the identification through the testimony of the two detectives. Nonetheless, the ordering of the witnesses in this case did not constitute an error warranting reversal. First, the record demonstrates clearly that the defendant‘s trial counsel knew before trial of Williams‘s alleged statement identifying the defendant and Henderson because he had received a copy of a police report in which the identification was apparently set out. Second, Williams, of course, did testify at trial and was available for full cross-examination by the defense; there is nothing in the record to suggest that Williams was unable or unwilling to answer questions. Finally, the judge offered the defendant the opportunity to recall Williams in order to inquire about the alleged identification that was presented to the jury through the detectives’ testimony.
In sum, the fact that the prosecutor did not inquire specifically of Williams about his alleged prior identification of the defendant and Henderson before Benton and Wyse testified about the identification did not deprive the defendant of the ability to cross-examine Williams on this issue. Although we recognize that the introduction of the identification evidence through the detectives without having first questioned Williams about the identification was perhaps ill-advised, in the circumstances of this case it cannot be deemed improper, and does not warrant reversal of the
c. Sequestration of the defendant‘s sister. On the first day of trial, the Commonwealth presented to the judge a photograph that a Boston police detective discovered on a page of the Web site Facebook,19 on which the photograph appeared of Sudara Herndon (Sudara), the defendant‘s sister. The photograph, taken that day inside the court room, showed the defendant and Henderson in court, and the Facebook page referred to them by their nicknames, Jigga and Drano. The prosecutor explained to the judge at a sidebar conference that the Facebook post “has reference to a number of things... that will be evidence in this case.” Consequently, the prosecutor added Sudara to the Commonwealth‘s witness list, thereby making her subject to a sequestration order that was in place for all witnesses and prohibiting her from coming into the court room during the trial. The defendant argues that the judge abused his discretion by allowing the Commonwealth to add Sudara as a witness because this was a pretext to exclude her from the court room in violation of his constitutional right to an open court room. We disagree.
The rule of criminal procedure governing the sequestration of witnesses provides that “[u]pon his own motion or the motion of either party, the judge may, prior to or during the examination of a witness, order any witness or witnesses other than the defendant to be excluded from the court room.”
Judgments affirmed.