Case Information
*1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA __________________________________
)
RICHARD CHEATHAM, )
)
Plaintiff, )
) v. ) Civil Action No. 12-94 (RMC) )
ERIC HIMPTON HOLDER, JR., )
Attorney General, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________ )
OPINION
Riсhard Cheatham, a paralegal employed in the United States Attorney’s Office in Washington, D.C., alleges that his employer discriminated against him on the basis of his gender and then retaliated against him for complaining about the alleged discrimination. Mr. Cheatham applied for four different supervisory paralegal positions that the United States Attorney’s Office filled with four women. Mr. Cheatham contacted an equal employment opportunity counselor and complained about two non-selections. After counseling and informal settlement efforts, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal administrative complaint, which was accepted as raising discrimination claims as to the same two non-selections. Prior to a hearing before an administrative judge, Mr. Cheatham sought to add the other two positions to his complaint, but the judge twice rejected Mr. Cheatham’s motion. This lawsuit alleges gender discrimination in his non-selection for the two positions that were not investigated. Mr. Cheatham also claims that he has twice experienced retaliation as a result of his equal employment opportunity activity. The Attorney General moves for summary judgment, arguing that Mr. Cheatham’s failure to exhaust his administrative remedies bars his discrimination claims and that he has shown a nondiscriminatory reason for the USAO’s alleged retaliatory actions. For the following reasons, *2 the motion for summary judgment will be granted except as to Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation claim based on his 2010 performance evaluation.
I. FACTS
A. Gender Discrimination Claims and Procedural History Mr. Cheatham has worked for the United States Attorney’s Office in the District of Columbia (“USAO”) as a Paralegal Specialist since October 2001. [1] In the spring of 2008, he applied and interviewed for fоur Supervisory Paralegal Specialist positions under vacancy announcement 08-DC-048-M. Def. Mot. Summ. J. (“Def. MSJ”) [Dkt. 11], Ex. 11 [Dkt. 11- 1] (“Vacancy Announcement”); accord Pl. Opp. Def. MSJ (“Pl. Opp.”) [Dkt. 14], Ex. 1 [Dkt. 14- 2]. [2] The announcement stated that it was for three vacancies: one each in the Felony Major Crimes Section, the General Crimes Section, and the Sex Offense Domestic Violence Section. Vacancy Announcement at 54. Mr. Cheatham states in his Opposition brief, and the Government does not dispute, that four vacancies were filled from vacancy announcement 08- DC-048-M. See Pl. Opp., Ex. 2 [Dkt. 14-2] (“July 21, 2008 Memo Announcing Hires”) at 5–6. The positions were in four different sections of the USAO’s Superior Court Criminal Division: (1) the Misdemeanor Unit of the General Crimes Section (“Misdemeanor”); (2) the Felony Unit of the General Crimes Section (“Felony”); (3) the Felony Major Crimes Section (“Grand Jury”); and (4) the Sex Offense/Domestic Viоlence Section (“Domestic Violence”). at 5. *3 Although he was eligible and was interviewed for all four vacancies, Mr.
Cheatham was not selected, and a woman was chosen in each instance. Id. Mr. Cheatham states, and the USAO does not dispute, that “he learned on May 21, 2008, that he had not been selected for either the Supervisory Paralegal, Felony-Major Crimes Unit [Grand Jury] or the Supervisory Paralegal, Domestic Violence-Sexual Assault Unit [Domestic Violence] positions for which he applied and interviewed.” Pl. Opp. at 3. When he learned he was not selected for the Misdemeanor or Felony positions is not specified.
On May 30, 2008, Mr. Cheatham submitted a complaint form on the website of the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) Office. Def. MSJ, Ex. 1 [Dkt. 11-1] (“EEO Website Complaint”) at 1. He complained that he was not selected for two positions because of his sex. id. at 1–2 (“My most recent act of discrimination was on May 21, 2008. I was not selected for (2) recent Paralegal Supervisor positions.”). Mr. Cheatham identified the positions as having been filled by two women, of whom “[o]ne that has not been employed with[] the US Attorney[’]s Office no mor [sic] than a year and [a] half, anohter [sic] that was well known throughout the building as a problem employee.” Id. Pursuant to the EEO process for federal employees, Mr. Cheatham engaged in counseling on his charge, and he attempted mediation. The EEO counselor’s summary report noted that Mr. Cheatham complained that he was discriminated against on May 21, 2008, “when he was not selected for either of two (2) vacant Paralegal Supervisor positions, because of his gender (Male).” Dеf. MSJ, Ex. 2 [Dkt. 11-1] (“EEO Counselor Report”) at 5; see also id. at 6 (“[T]wo females were selected to fill the two vacant Supervisory Paralegal positions.”). On July 14, 2008, Mr. Cheatham received a “Notice of Final Interview” and notice of his right to file a formal complaint. at 8.
On July 26, 2008, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal complaint of discrimination with the EOUSA EEO Office. Def. MSJ, Ex. 3 [Dkt. 11-1] (“2008 Formal EEO Complaint”); accord Pl. MSJ, Ex. 6 [Dkt. 14-2]. In it, he complained that the “most recent act of discrimination was on July 21, 2008,” concerning a non-selection not challenged here, and that “[e]xactly 30 days earlier [he] applied for (4) paralegal Supervisor positions, and was not selected for not one [sic]. Four females were selected for each of these positions.” Id. at 11. The EEO Office responded by letter dated September 2, 2008, and informed Mr. Cheatham that it had accepted his complaint of discrimination for invеstigation. Def. MSJ, Ex. 4 [Dkt. 11-1] (“Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter”); accord Pl. MSJ, Ex. 7 [Dkt. 14-2]. The Statement of Issue Accepted was: “Whether management officials of the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia discriminated against the Complainant, Richard L. Cheatham, based on his sex (male), when Complainant learned on May 21, 2008, that he was not selected for two supervisory paralegal positions, for which he had recently applied.” Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter at 14 (emphasis added). The EEO Office advised Mr. Cheatham: “Based upon a review of your Complaint, the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Staff has enclosed the accepted issue for investigation. If you believe that the accepted issue has not been correctly identified, please notify me, in writing, within five (5) calendar days . . . .” at 12. Mr. Cheatham made no response. Def. Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Def. SoF”), Def. MSJ ¶ 7; Pl. Resp. Def. SoF (“Pl. SoF”), Pl. Opp. ¶ 7.
Mr. Cheatham’s formal complaint was investigated by an Assistant United States Attorney from the Western District of Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh. A Report of Investigation (“2009 ROI”) issued on October 19, 2009. Def. MSJ, Ex. 5 [Dkt. 11-1]. As part of the investigation, Mr. Cheatham answered written questions under oath. In that forum, he stated that *5 he had applied for supervisory paralegal positions in “the Misdemeanor Unit” and “the Felony Unit.” 2009 ROI at 19. The two selection processes investigated on Mr. Cheatham’s behalf were for vacancies as “the paralegal supervisor for the Misdemeanor Unit of the General Crimes Section [Misdemeanor], and the paralegal supervisor for the Felony Unit of the General Crimes Section [Felony].” Id. at 20. Among others, interviews were conducted of all persons who had interviewed Mr. Cheatham for the Misdemeanor and Felony supervisory paralegal jobs. Id. at 20–22. According to the 2009 ROI, the interviewers stated that Mr. Cheatham was not selected for the Misdemeanor or Felony positions due to his lack of “strong leadership or administrative skills”—specifically, “his admitted difficulty in communicating his ideas and his inability to respond to the hypothetical problems presented to him during his interview.” at 20. AUSA Jeffrey Ragsdale, chief of the Grand Jury section during the relevant time period, see Ragsdale Decl., Def. MSJ, Ex. 12 [Dkt. 11-1] ¶ 1, was also interviewed, and he commented on Mr. Cheatham’s interview for supervisory paralegal in Grand Jury, not the Misdemeanor or Felony positions accepted for investigation. [3] The 2009 ROI does not reflect that any person involved in hiring for the Domestic Violence position was interviewed. Mr. Cheatham submitted a rebuttal statement under oаth in which he addressed the managers’ reasons for his non-selections for the Misdemeanor and Felony vacancies but did not challenge the focus of the investigation on Misdemeanor and Felony positions as arising from his counseling and formal charge. id. at 22.
On September 15, 2009, Mr. Cheatham requested a hearing before an
Administrative Judge (AJ) of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) pursuant *6 to 29 C.F.R. § 1614.109. See Pl. Opp., Ex. 8 [Dkt. 14-3] (“Request for Hearing”) at 1. On June 22, 2010, after dispositive motions were briefed and submitted to the AJ—almost two years after the 2008 Formal EEO Complaint—Mr. Cheatham, acting pro se , filed a “Motion to Amend the Charge(s)” to include his non-selections for the supervisory paralegal vacancies in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence among his claims of discrimination. See Def. MSJ, Ex. 6 [Dkt. 11-1] (“Mot. Amend Charges”); accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 9 [Dkt. 14-3]. Mr. Cheatham argued that his claims for sex discrimination based upon his non-selection for the paralegаl supervisory positions in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence should be added to his claims before the AJ because they “arose from the same job announcement (#08-DC-048-M) that the initial two positions cited in the [ROI] were retrieved from.” Mot. Amend Charges ¶ 3. He also indicated that his interview for the Domestic Violence position was conducted by Kelly Higashi, Kimberly Knowles, and Elana Tyrangiel and that his interview for the Grand Jury position was conducted by Jeffrey Ragsdale. ¶¶ 2–3. Mr. Cheatham’s motion was denied by the AJ on July 23, 2010, without opinion. Def. MSJ, Ex. 7 [Dkt. 11-1] (“July 23, 2010 AJ Order”); accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 10 [Dkt. 14-3].
On December 20, 2011, after retaining counsel, Mr. Cheatham filed a motion with the AJ, asking the AJ to compel the USAO to supplement the 2009 ROI by producing “comparator information” regarding the two women who were hired for the Grand Jury and Domestic Violence positions. Pl. Opp., Ex. 11 [Dkt. 14-3] (“Mot. Compel”). Although the Motion to Compel stated that “[t]he Complainant is not and has never sought to amend his charge of gender discrimination from what was accepted by the Agency,” Mr. Cheatham argued that the USAO’s “failure to provide a complete [ROI] with respect to all comparators [who] were selected for the two supervisor paralegal specialist positions” had “substantially prejudiced” him *7 in the proceedings before the AJ. at 11–13. On December 29, 2011, “on the eve of hearing” set to begin on January 25, 2012, the AJ denied the motion, ruling that it was:
[A] thinly-veiled attempt to re-visit Complainant’s Motion to Amend that was previously denied. As the Agency correctly points out in its Opposition, Complainant has had several opportunities to alter or amend the accepted issues in this complaint but failed to do so.
Complainant did not contest the framing of the issues at the Agenсy informal processing stage; or at the formal processing stage; or after receipt of the [EEOC] Acknowledgement Order; or during discovery. Complainant never informed the tribunal that he contested any of the Agency’s discovery answers or responses and never brought a motion to compel about any discovery dispute. . . . The Hearing Record demonstrates that the Complainant did not move to amend the complaint until after dispositive motions had been briefed and submitted to the tribunal and after ADR/mediation failed to bring about an amicable resolution of this complaint. . . .
Def. MSJ, Ex. 8 [Dkt. 11-1] (“Order Denying Mot. Compel”) at 42; accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 10 [Dkt. 14-3]. Mr. Cheatham then withdrew his request for a hearing before an EEOC AJ and filed the present action on January 20, 2012.
On December 13, 2012, the Court directed the parties to provide additional information to assist in resolving the аdministrative exhaustion issue. Dec. 13, 2012 Order [Dkt. 17]. Both parties filed supplemental briefs, see Pl. Supp. Opp. [Dkt. 18], Def. Report [Dkt. 19], but neither added to the record in any legally significant way.
B. Retaliation Claims
Mr. Cheatham also complains of two retaliatory acts by the USAO since his initial EEO activity. Both of these matters have been fully investigated and considered through the administrative process and are properly before the Court.
On May 6, 2011, Mr. Cheatham filed a formal EEO Complaint stating that his overall performance rating had been dropped in his 2010 rating from his customary “Outstanding” to “Successful.” See Def. MSJ, Ex. 9 [Dkt. 11-1] (“2011 EEO Complaint”) at 44. Mr. Cheatham stated that his “performance evaluation(s) [had] declined” since he filed his 2008 EEO complaint despite his “productivity level” and “work ethic” remaining unchanged. Id. He believed the drop in rating level was retaliatory because during a meeting with Wanda Trice, his supervisor, to discuss his 2010 performance evaluation:
[Ms. Trice] mentioned to me that part of her reason for giving me an adverse evaluation was because of negative comments she had received from two of the attorneys I had worked with during this evaluation period. She told me that she believed that their comments were a result of “both of them having received a whiff of my initial gender complaint, and that she believed that they were purposely put in place by Brad Weinsheimer to break me.” Id.
On August 17, 2011, the EOUSA EEO Office granted Mr. Cheatham leave to add a second allegation of retaliation to the 2011 EEO Complaint. Pl. MSJ, Ex. 24 [Dkt. 14-4] (“Aug. 17, 2011 Letter”) at 78–80. Mr. Cheatham contended that on July 8, 2011, he had received a memorandum from supervisors at the USAO informing him that he would be receiving a $1500 “Special Achievement Award,” but on August 1, 2011, he was notified that the memorandum hаd been sent to him in error and that he would not be receiving any award. at 78.
An EEO Specialist investigated the 2011 EEO Complaint and prepared a Report of Investigation (“2011 ROI”) addressing both of Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation allegations. Def. MSJ, Ex. 10 [Dkt. 11-1]; accord Pl. Opp., Ex. 14 [Dkt. 14-3]. As in the investigation of the *9 2008 EEO Complaint, the investigator collected evidence and conducted interviews of Mr. Cheatham and other USAO personnel.
1. Performance Evaluation The ratings form used by the USAO to evaluate Mr. Cheatham included an overall performance rating of either “Unacceptable,” “Successful,” or “Outstanding.” Def. MSJ, Ex. 14 [Dkt. 11-2] (2009–10 Evaluations) at 5. [4] In addition to the overall rating, Mr. Cheatham was also evaluated on five “critical performance elements” pertaining to his paralegal duties, with the same three options available to the evaluating official. Id. The ratings form provided that the overall rating would be determined by the ratings on performance elements; to be rated as “Outstanding,” an employee needed a majority of “Outstanding” ratings and at least one “Outstanding” rating on an element “specifically link[ed] to organizational goals and initiatives.” at 6. Prior to 2010, Mr. Cheatham consistently received overall “Outstanding” ratings. 2011 ROI at 48; see also Pl. Opp., Ex. 21 [Dkt. 14-4] (“2004-07 Performance Evaluations”). From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Cheatham received four of five top ratings and an overall “Outstanding” rating; in 2009, he received three of five top ratings and an overall “Outstanding”; and in 2010, he received only two of five top ratings and an overall “Successful” rating. 2004-07 Performance Evaluations; 2009–10 Performance Evaluations.
Mr. Cheatham told the EEO investigator that Ms. Trice had informed him that “a former section chief may have told two of the [AUSAs] who provide input about [Mr. Cheatham’s] performance about [Mr. Cheatham’s] prior EEO activity and that may have led to the poor rating.” 2011 ROI at 47. According to Mr. Cheatham, he “had not received any *10 complaints from AUSAs regarding his work and . . . he did not have any indication that his work was no longer ‘outstanding.’” Id.
The EEO investigator spoke to several USAO staffers regarding Mr. Cheatham’s complaint, including: Ms. Trice, Mr. Cheatham’s supervisor and rating official; Richard Tischner, a USAO section chief and Mr. Cheatham’s reviewing official in 2010; Anthony Osborne Griffith, a Lead Paralegal Specialist who worked with Mr. Cheatham; and two of the AUSAs for whom Mr. Cheatham worked, Justin Dillon and Heather Carlton. 2011 ROI at 48– 50; see also Def. MSJ, Ex. 16 [Dkt. 11-2] (Cheatham Interview Transcript (“Cheatham Tr.”)); Def. MSJ, Ex. 17 [Dkt. 11-2] (Wanda Trice Interview Transcript (“Trice Tr.”)); Def. MSJ, Ex. 18 [Dkt. 11-3] (Justin Dillon Interview Transcript (“Dillon Tr.”)); Def. MSJ, Ex. 19 [Dkt. 11-3] (Heather Carlton Interview Transcript (“Carlton Tr.”)). Ms. Trice acknowledged that she knew of Mr. Cheatham’s prior EEO activity when she prepared the 2010 Evaluation but said that she based the evaluation’s contents on feedback from the AUSAs who supervised Mr. Cheatham, which was “not positive.” 2011 ROI at 48. Some AUSAs had “outlined their concerns” in e- mails to Ms. Trice, and others who “were not willing to memorialize their concerns” spoke to her “off the record” by telephone. Id. Ms. Trice also told the EEO Investigator that “she brought the concerns about [Mr. Cheatham’s] performance to his attention during the mid-year review, and she ‘noticed a slight decline in his performance from the time that he was bitter for not getting selected’ for supervisory and lead positions.” Id. (quoting Trice Tr. at 13).
Mr. Tischner stated that he had “very little input” into Mr. Cheatham’s evaluation and merely “signed off on it,” had no personal knowledge of Mr. Cheatham’s work, and was not aware of Mr. Cheatham’s prior EEO activity when the 2010 Evaluation was reviewed. at 49. Both of the AUSAs for whom Mr. Cheatham worked disavowed any knowledge of Mr. *11 Cheatham’s EEO activity prior to giving feedback to Ms. Trice for the 2010 Evaluation, but both were critical of Mr. Cheatham’s performance. Id. at 49-50. See generally Dillon Tr.; Carlton Tr. For example, when asked “what aspects of [Mr. Cheatham’s] performance did you believe to be unacceptable?”, AUSA Dillon responded:
To be honest, every aspect. And let me say this: I like Richard, he’s a nice guy. I have nothing against him personally. I had no idea about his prior EEO complaint, until . . . I received my notice that I was a witness in this. So this is not—nothing personal against him. He seems like a bright guy. He just doesn’t seem to want to apply himself, at least to the work I asked him to do. And I can certainly give you examples of that . . . .
Dillon Tr. at 12.
2. Cash Award
According to Mr. Cheatham, he received a memorandum from Executive AUSA Rachel Liеber on July 8, 2011, stating that he had been awarded a $1,500 “Special Achievement Award.” 2011 ROI at 50. When the money was not included in his paycheck, he inquired why; he was later notified that the memo had been sent to him in error and that he would not be receiving any award. Id. The EEO Investigator spoke to several USAO employees in the course of her investigation. at 51. Each informed the EEO Investigator that the award was intended for an AUSA with the same last name, Virginia Cheatham, who practiced in DOJ’s Fraud and Public Corruption Section, but administrative staff made a “human error” when entering the award information into the computer. Def. MSJ, Ex. 15 [Dkt. 11-2] (Decl. Rachel Lieber) at 14; accord Def. MSJ, Ex. 20 [Dkt. 11-3] (Decl. Richard Tischner) at 67–68, Def. MSJ, Ex. 21 [Dkt. 11-3] (Decl. Stephanie Bragg Lee) at 70–71. The Budget Officer who was responsible for entry of the information admitted to a “major mea culpa,” and Stephanie Bragg Lee, Supervisory Human Resources Specialist, informed Mr. Cheatham of the error by voicemail. Bragg Lee Decl. at 70–71.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Summary Judgment
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall
be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a);
accord Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc.
,
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson
,
B. Exhaustion of Remedies under Title VII.
As in the private sector, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e
et seq.
, protects federal employees against workplace discrimination. There are
more administrative steps required of a federal employee seeking to sue the federal government
than are required of private employees. A federal employee must first proceed before the agency
*13
accused of discrimination before hе may institute a civil action in federal court. 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-16(c);
see also Bayer v. Dep’t of Treasury
,
A federal employee who believes he has been discriminated against “must initiate
contact with a[n] [EEO] Counselor within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged to be
discriminatory. . . .” 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a);
see also Weber v. Battista
,
Following exhaustion of administrative remedies, a federal employee must sue
within 90 days of final administrative action or, if the EEOC has not taken final action, within
180 days of filing his initial charge with the EEOC.
See Price v. Greenspan
, 374 F. Supp. 2d
177, 184 (D.D.C. 2005),
aff’d sub nom. Price v. Bernanke
,
III. ANALYSIS
The Court addresses Mr. Cheatham’s discrimination claims regarding his nonselection for the supervisory paralegal positions before turning to the retaliation claims. [6] *15 A. Discrimination Claims
The USAO argues that Mr. Cheatham’s discrimination claims are barred because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and because he cannot rebut the USAO’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for selecting other candidates for the vacant supervisory paralegal positions. Def. MSJ Mem. at 17–26. As to the former argument, the USAO asserts that the two non-selections “were not investigated in the administrative process, and were not addressed in the EEOC proceedings. In light of this fact, . . . [Mr.] Cheatham failed to participate in the administrative process with respect to these non-selections.” at 20. Because the Court finds that Mr. Cheatham did not exhaust his administrative remedies as to the two positions of which he complains here, and there is no basis for equitable tolling or any other excuse for Mr. Cheatham’s failure to exhaust, summary judgment will be granted in favor of the USAO.
Mr. Cheatham applied for four supervisory paralegal positions in the USAO but complained of just two non-selections when he went for EEO counseling—that is, his non- selection for the positions in Misdemeanor and Felony. See EEO Website Complaint at 1; EEO Counselor Report at 5. Only two non-selections were accepted for investigation, and the 2009 ROI addressed his non-selections in Misdemeanor and Felony, with only a passing mention of his interview for Grand Jury. 2008 Formal EEO Complaint at 11; Sept. 2, 2008 Acceptance Letter at 14; 2009 ROI at 19. Yet in this Court, Mr. Cheatham claims disсrimination based upon only his non-selection for the positions in Grand Jury and Domestic Violence. Am. Compl. [Dkt. 2] ¶ 10. He has not exhausted his administrative remedies on these non-selections and cannot bring them to court now. Essentially, Mr. Cheatham asks this Court to reverse the ruling of Administrative Judge Richard W. Furcolo, who denied Mr. Cheatham’s untimely motion to amend his charges to add these specific non-selections to the EEO process. 29 C.F.R. *16 § 1614.106(d) (providing that “[a] complainant may amend a complaint at any time prior to the conclusion of the investigation to include issues or claims like or related to those raised in the complaint” but “[a]fter requesting a hearing, a complainant may file a motion with the administrative judge to amend a complaint to include issues or claims like or related to those raised in the complaint”).
Mr. Cheatham contends that his complaint here is fully ripe because: (1) the formal complaint mentioned four non-selections, Pl. Opp. at 15, 18; [7] (2) his Motion to Amend Charges before the AJ was “erroneously” so labeled with a “misleading caption” but its text was “tantamount to a Motion to Supplement” the record, id. at 4; (3) when counsel filed a “Motion to Supplement” immediately before the hearing, he “never sought to amend the previously accepted issue for investigation,” id. at 5; and (4) even if he did not exhaust his administrative remedies, Mr. Cheatham had a right to file a lawsuit because more than 180 days had passed from the date he filed his complaint with the EEOC and he did not obtain a hearing, id. at 20–21.
Creative lawyering cannot save Mr. Cheatham’s allegations related to the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence non-selections. Ignoring the facts in the record, counsel asserts that Mr. Cheatham:
Exhausted his administrative remedies when he filed a complaint of discrimination against the Agency for its failure to promote him to either of two (2) supervisory paralegal positions—[Grand Jury] and [Domestic Violence] of the USAO—within 45 days of learning of his non-selection.
*17 Pl. Opp. at 6. It is true that Mr. Cheatham filed an informal complaint within 45 days concerning his non-selection for two supervisory paralegal positions, but the record is clear that the EEO Counselor discussed the Misdemeanor and Felony vacancies but not the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence vacancies. Although Mr. Cheatham filed a formal complaint that referenced four non- selections, the investigation naturally and necessarily was limited to those issues raised before the EEO Counselor: the Misdemeanor and Felony non-selectiоns. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a) (“Aggrieved persons . . . must consult a Counselor prior to filing a complaint in order to try to informally resolve the matter.”). By then, of course, sixty-six days had passed since May 21, 2008, and a complaint about the Grand Jury or Domestic Violence positions would have been stale. Mr. Cheatham’s belated “discovery” two years later that his case was limited to the Misdemeanor and Felony non-selections was well out of time. Of course, he has no excuse for his delay; even if it were not clear throughout the informal counseling process that his claim pertained to two positions and not four, that became overwhelmingly clear when the EOUSA EEO Office stated it explicitly in the September 2, 2008 Letter.
That Mr. Cheatham understood exactly this same sequence of events is demonstrated by his Motion to Amend the Charge(s) filed on June 22, 2010, before thе AJ. Recognizing that the accepted issue in September 2008 was his non-selection for two supervisory paralegal positions, Mot. Amend Charges at 26, the remedy he sought was to amend the pending charge to read “ four Supervisory Paralegal Positions” and to include the Domestic Violence and Grand Jury positions, id. at 27, 30. Mr. Cheatham is an honest man: he admitted that he only complained initially about two non-selections and that, to include the Grand Jury and Domestic Violence vacancies, the accepted charge itself would have had to be amended. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.106(d).
Mr. Cheatham’s request for discovery
[8]
also recognizes that he had failed to
exhaust his administrative remedies on the Grand Jury and Domestic Violence non-selections
before filing suit. “Exhaustion is required in order to give federal agencies an opportunity to
handle matters internally whenever possible . . . .”
Brown v. Marsh
,
Counsel’s argument that this lawsuit is timely because it was filed within 180 days of Mr. Cheatham’s formal complaint to the EEOC and before any hearing on the complaint misses the critical point that Mr. Cheatham’s formal complaint did not follow the necessary precursor of counseling on four non-selections and was not accepted for investigation into four nonselections, a limitation that he did not timely correct or protest until the tail end of the administrative process—which he abruptly truncated immediately before an AJ hearing.
“Title VII ‘[c]omplainants must timely exhaust the[ir] administrative remedies
before bringing their claims to court.’”
Payne
,
B. Retaliation
The Court next turns to Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation claim, Count Two of the
Amended Complaint, which is based on two alleged retaliatory acts: a reduction in his customary
“Outstanding” performance rating to “Successful” and the denial of a promised cash award in the
*20
amount of $1,500. The merits of his EEO charges are irrelevant to the question of whether the
USAO retaliated against him.
Steele v. Schafer
,
Title VII’s antiretaliation provision prohibits an employer from “discriminat[ing]
against” an employee because he has “opposed” a practice proscribed by Title VII or because
“he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation,
proceeding, or hearing.” 42 U.S C. § 2000e–3(a). To make out a retaliation claim, a plaintiff
must show “(1) that he opposed a practice made unlawful by Title VII; (2) that the employer
took a materially adverse action against him; and (3) that the employer took the action ‘because’
the employee opposed the practice.”
McGrath v. Clinton
,
When the employer offers a “legitimate, non-discriminatory reason” for the
allegedly materially adverse action, “the sole remaining question” becomes “retaliation
vel
non
—whether, based on all the evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that [the] proffered
*21
reason . . . was pretext for retaliation.”
Pardo–Kronemann v. Donovan
,
Retaliation can take many forms and need only be a sufficiently material negative
action to dissuade a reasonable employee from further pursuing EEO activity.
Steele
, 535 F.3d
at 696 (citing
Burlington Northern
,
Starting with the denial of the promised cash award, the Agency employs two
persons with the last name of Cheatham: Richard Cheatham, the plaintiff, and Virginia
Cheatham, an Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA). Everyone agrees that Richard
Cheatham received a letter congratulating him on a performance-based cash award. 2011 ROI at
50; Lieber Decl. at 14. The USAO says that the letter to Richard Cheatham was supposed to go,
with the promised cash award, to Virginia Cheatham. The USAO submits sworn declarations
and records supporting its claim of “human error” on the part of a Budget Officer who made the
erroneous data entry, including evidence of the USAO’s apology to Mr. Cheatham by voicemail.
Lieber Decl. at 14, Bragg Lee Decl. at 70–71. Mr. Cheatham argues that he would have
received the award except for retaliation, but he offers no evidence to support his argument that
retaliation is to blame.
[10]
Summary judgment will thus be granted to the USAO on this claim.
See Greene v. Dalton
,
Mr. Cheatham’s first allegation is more complicated and cannot be decided on the present record. Mr. Cheatham has presented a prima facie case of retaliation relating to his performance review and USAO has responded that the attorneys with whom he worked were *23 dissatisfied with his performance. On the written record, it is very difficult to distinguish a slack performance by a disgruntled employee “after EEO activity” from a lowered evaluation by disgruntled supervisors “because of EEO activity,” and this record offers no distinguishing facts. A jury is better suited to determine which interpretation is correct.
Because there is a genuine dispute over material facts concerning the basis for Mr. Cheatham’s lowered performance rating, the Court will deny summary judgment to the USAO on Count Two in pаrt.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, summary judgment will be granted to the USAO on Mr. Cheatham’s discrimination claims, Count I of the Amended Complaint, and on Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation claim based on his non-receipt of a cash award, Count II. Summary judgment will be denied as to Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation claim in Count II based on a decline in his performance evaluation in 2010.
A separate memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.
DATE: April 2, 2013
/s/ ROSEMARY M. COLLYER United States District Judge
Notes
[1] Attorney General Eric Holder, sued in his official capacity, is the nominal defendant as head of the Department of Justice, of which the United States Attorney’s Offices are a constituent agency. The Court refers to the D.C. USAO, Mr. Cheatham’s immediate employer, as the defendant in this Opinion.
[2] Both parties compiled multiple exhibits to their summary judgment filings on the Electronic Case Filing (“ECF”) system. The Court refers to the exhibits by exhibit number and refers to page numbers by the ECF page numbers. For exаmple, the Vacancy Announcement, Defendant’s Exhibit 11, is pages 54 through 57 of ECF Docket 11-1.
[3] AUSA Ragsdale commented that Mr. Cheatham “was qualified for the grand jury supervisor position in that he has strong paralegal skills” but that he was not selected because “he did not have the strong leadership, administrative skills and sufficient grand jury experience necessary to supervise the grand jury section.” 2009 ROI at 20.
[4] This exhibit contains the entire 2010 Evaluation that is the subject of Mr. Cheatham’s retaliation complaint as well as the first page of the 2009 Evaluation; the first page contains a summary of the ratings Mr. Cheatham received.
[5] Prior to the end of the 30–day period, an aggrieved employee may agree in writing with the agency to postpone the final interview and extend the counseling period for an additional period of no more than 60 days. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(e).
[6] Jurisdiсtion and venue as to Mr. Cheatham’s claims are proper in this Court. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3) (“Each United States district court . . . shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under this subchapter. Such an action may be brought in any judicial district in the State in which the unlawful employment practice is alleged to have been committed . . . .”).
[7] Counsel for Mr. Cheatham describes his informal complaint as covering the “failure to promote him to the supervisory paralegal positions for which he applied and interviewed” and describes his formal complaint as “consistent.” Pl. Opp. at 3. The argument represents a blatant re-write of history: the informal complaint was clearly limited to two non-selections and, while the formal complaint alleged four, only two were accepted for investigation.
[8] Mr. Cheatham argues that he is entitled to additional discovery under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f). Pl. Opp. at 13–17. This argument, which misses the point and is riddled with clearly inaccurate factual statements, is unpersuasive. Mr. Cheatham claims that he “cannot identify his comparators” without additional discovery, but he has himself attached the entire candidate list to his opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Pl. Opp., Ex. 23 [Dkt. 14-4] (“Candidate List”) at 77. He asks for data on systemic discrimination against males, which is not relevant to the limited charges he brought. Moreover, Mr. Cheatham’s argument about the allegedly limited scope of the 2009 ROI is entirely a red herring that represents yet another attempt to revisit his decision to narrow the scope of his EEO complaint to just two positions. The issues for this Court are ones that can be answered on the present record: the scope of Mr. Cheatham’s complaint in the administrative proceedings and whether he exhausted his administrative remedies as to the claims he has brought to Federal court.
[9] The USAO’s reliance on
Baloch v. Kempthorne
,
[10] Moreover, there is no evidence that any person involved in the erroneous award knew of his prior EEO activity.