Bryan FRODGE, Taryn Pence, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF NEWPORT, City of Newport Police Department, Chief Robbie K. Hall, Lieutenant Paul Morgan, Corporal Kunkel, Corporal Gene Simmons, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 11-5458
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
Oct. 5, 2012.
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BEFORE: BOGGS and COLE, Circuit Judges; and OLIVER, District Judge.
Finally, Lawrence argues that the district court erred by excluding Berry‘s testimony on the ground that his conclusion was not generally accepted. Lawrence contends the court should have instead considered whether the methodology Berry used was generally accepted. But the district court correctly found that, far from being generally accepted, Berry‘s theory is almost universally rejected by the relevant scientific community. That finding was well supported: The American National Standards Institute almost unanimously rejected a proposal to require latching doors on stand-up forklifts. (Berry was the only member who voted in favor of the proposal, which had been submitted by Berry‘s boss.) And not a single forklift manufacturer markets stand-up, rear-entry forklifts with latching doors.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded Berry‘s testimony as unreliable. And without Berry‘s testimony, Lawrence cannot survive summary judgment on her design-defect claim.
B.
Lawrence argues that the district court should not have granted Raymond summary judgment on her failure-to-warn claim. To prevail under Ohio law, Lawrence had to prove, among other things, that Raymond had a duty to warn her. Freas v. Prater Constr. Corp., 60 Ohio St.3d 6, 573 N.E.2d 27, 31 (1991). A manufacturer has a duty to warn if it “knew or, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have known about [the] risk” that allegedly caused the plaintiff‘s injury, so long as that risk was not “open and obvious ... or a matter of common knowledge.” Crislip v. TCH Liquidating Co., 52 Ohio St.3d 251, 556 N.E.2d 1177, 1182 (1990). Here, the district court found that the risk identified by Lawrence—“crush injuries to the left foot or ankle“—was an obvious danger.
Lawrence contends that the district court misidentified the risk about which Raymond had a duty to warn. According to Lawrence, she was injured because the forklift “jarred” her. She implies that this risk was not obvious and that Raymond therefore had a duty to warn her about it.
Lawrence points to no evidence, however, that the relevant risk here was that the forklift would jar her out of the operator compartment. And she concedes she cannot remember what happened during the accident, and merely assumes she must have been jarred. Lawrence did not present to the district court evidence creating a genuine issue that her injury was caused by a risk of “jarring.” That defeats her failure-to-warn claim.
The district court‘s judgment is affirmed.
SOLOMON OLIVER, JR., Chief District Judge.
Plaintiffs-Appellants, Bryan Frodge (“Frodge“) and Taryn Pence (“Pence“) (collectively, “Plaintiffs“), brought the instant case against Defendants-Appellees, the City of Newport (the “City“), the City of Newport Police Department, Robbie K. Hall (“Hall“), individually and in his official capacity as the Chief of Newport Police, Paul Morgan (“Morgan“), individually and in his official capacity as a Lieutenant for the City, Corporal Kunkel (“Kunkel“), individually and in his official capacity as Police Corporal for the City, and Corporal Greg Simmons (“Simmons“), individually and in his official capacity as Police Officer for the City (collectively, the “Defendants“). Plaintiffs appeal the order of the district court granting summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ federal claims against Simmons for false arrest and excessive use of force under
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Factual Background
On Saturday, May 31, 2009, Plaintiffs spent the evening with friends, celebrating Pence‘s birthday. After dinner, the group went to the Riverside Marina, where Frodge had three beers. Thereafter, Plaintiffs began their drive home. Pence was driving her new Mustang, with her windows rolled down.
During this drive, Plaintiffs heard a siren and Pence pulled her vehicle to the right, allowing an ambulance to pass. When Pence was about to pull back into her original lane of travel, a white vehicle drove past at a high rate of speed, narrowly missing Pence‘s vehicle. Pence honked her horn at the vehicle and continued driving. Eventually, the vehicle that sped past Plaintiffs slowed down, and Pence got into the left lane to pass it. Once the vehicles were next to each other, the other vehicle stayed even with Pence‘s vehicle long enough for its rear passenger, later identified as Robert Burbrink (“Burbrink“), to scream and curse at Plaintiffs. Burbrink also stuck both of his middle fingers up at Plaintiffs, “flipping [them] off.” Plaintiffs responded by flipping off Burbrink. Once Pence was ahead of the white vehicle, she switched back into the right lane so that the white vehicle was behind her. She continued driving a short distance until she reached a stoplight at Third and Saratoga Streets, in front of Newport on the Levee. Because it was a Saturday night in the summer by Newport on the Levee, where there are a number of restaurants, bars, and other entertainment venues, there were a number of people and vehicles in the area.
While Plaintiffs and Burbrink were stopped at the stoplight, Burbrink got out of the white vehicle and approached the passenger side of Pence‘s Mustang, Frodge‘s side. Burbrink was “cussing [and] yelling a bunch of profanities” at Frodge, ordering him to get out of the car. Frodge told Burbrink that he was a police officer, that Burbrink was supposed to yield to an ambulance, and that he needed to get back into the white vehicle. Burbrink continued to try to get Frodge out of the vehicle, threatening to “slice [Frodge] from ear to ear” and grabbing Frodge‘s arm through the open window of Pence‘s
The next events occurred over approximately thirty seconds and primarily occurred in the street. After Burbrink kicked Pence‘s car, Frodge got out of the car, fearing that Burbrink may have a knife. Burbrink proceeded to immediately run at Frodge and kick him in the groin. When Frodge leaned down, Burbrink tried to kick him in the head, but the blow landed on Frodge‘s right shoulder instead. After witnessing this, Pence got out of the car. Burbrink came at Frodge again, but Frodge hit him first. When Burbrink fell back, he landed on Pence‘s shin/ankle. Pence told him to get off of her and kicked him off of her shin/ankle.
The fight caught the attention of two Newport police officers, Patrolman Bruce Markus (“Markus“) and Simmons, who were working an extra-duty security detail, in full police uniform, at the Hofbrauhaus Restaurant across the street. They were working in the restaurant‘s outdoor beer garden when they noticed several bar patrons looking at something across the street. The officers observed Frodge and Burbrink fighting on East Third Street. Simmons testified that the first thing he saw was two men “grabbing, grappling and swinging at each other.” Markus testified that the first thing he saw was “fists flying, pushing and shoving and fist throw-ing.” Upon observing this, Simmons and Markus raced across the street. Simmons pulled out his ASP baton, extended it as he approached, and yelled at Burbrink and Frodge to “knock it off.” Neither Simmons nor Markus identified themselves as police officers, but they were in full uniform. Simmons observed Burbrink and Frodge continue to struggle and fall to the ground before the officers reached them. Simmons also saw Pence kicking one of the men. By this time, the white vehicle in which Burbrink was traveling had left the area.
Simmons testified that when he and Markus reached the men, both men were standing, although Frodge testified that Burbrink was on the ground when the officers arrived. According to both Simmons and Markus, the men continued to struggle, and the officers had to physically separate them to stop the fight. Because Frodge and Burbrink were “still locked onto each other,” Simmons struck Frodge in the thigh with his ASP baton and took him to the ground. Simmons maintains that when he attempted to place Frodge under arrest, he and Frodge fell off the side of the curb, and Frodge landed abruptly on the ground.
Frodge‘s account of how he was hit with the baton differs from that of Simmons. He asserts:
[a few seconds after hitting Burbrink the] next thing I know, I‘m getting hit---hit with something, lifted up off the ground and thrown down on my face, and then I‘m getting handcuffed from the back, and I‘m hearing the F word yelled over and over... [T]hen I‘m hearing, you know, police radios and stuff. And at this point now, I realize its the cops.
Frodge testified that Pence kicked Burbrink off of her leg at the same time that Frodge was struck with the baton. Pence maintains that she did not see Simmons grab Frodge before hitting him with the baton, and that she saw Simmons strike Frodge three times. Frodge testified that he was unsure if he was struck with the baton after he went to the ground. He testified that he has three scars on his leg from the incident but does not remember being struck more than once with the baton. He is unsure when the other two
After the fight had ended and Frodge was on the ground, the officers placed both men under arrest, with Markus handcuffing Frodge and Simmons handcuffing Burbrink. Frodge testified that, while he was on the ground, someone double-clinched his handcuffs. Markus admitted that he double-clinched the handcuffs, but testified that he did so in order to prevent the handcuffs from tightening during transport.
While Frodge was handcuffed, he told Markus that he was a Covington police officer and that Markus should get Frodge‘s wallet out so that he could see his police ID. Frodge explained to Markus that he was not resisting, that he was a police officer and that Burbrink had attacked him. Frodge also testified that he told Markus that Burbrink kicked his vehicle and asked Markus to look at his vehicle to observe the damage. Markus examined the vehicle and noticed there was some damage, but testified that he did not know how it got there. At some point, Frodge overheard Markus telling Simmons that Frodge was a Covington police officer, to which Simmons responded, “[f]uck him, if we were over in Covington, we‘d be going.” Simmons contends that he reacted in this manner because he did not want to show any favoritism to a police officer out in the street, “in the middle of this mess with all these people.”
During the time that Markus was handcuffing Frodge, Pence was yelling at the officers, telling them that they had the wrong guy, and attempting to explain her and Frodge‘s side of the story. Pence testified that Simmons told her to “shut the F up” and later told her “[y]ou need to shut the F up, or I‘m going to pile more charges on you.” Frodge testified that he tried to calm Pence down, and eventually she sat down on the curb. However, once backup officers arrived, they arrested Pence.
Simmons testified that he did not immediately arrest Pence because he did not have another set of handcuffs to use on her. He testified that he was just trying to keep her under control until backup arrived. Simmons further testified that he told Pence that she needed to be quiet, and that would be charged if she did not stop yelling. Simmons testified that Pence sat on the curb during some of Frodge‘s arrest and that she was quiet at times, but overall, she was animated. Markus corroborated Simmons‘s observations, testifying that Pence was yelling and screaming.
Plaintiffs assert that Markus was the only officer to speak with them and that no other officer asked them any questions or investigated the events leading up to the altercation, even though Plaintiffs tried to explain that they were only defending themselves and their property. However, Kunkel, the supervisor on duty and the supervisor of Simmons and Markus, testified that he arrived on the scene in response to Simmons‘s call for backup. Kunkel asserted that he attempted to speak with Plaintiffs regarding the force Simmons used, but Plaintiffs refused to talk to him. Kunkel testified that when he asked Frodge whether he had anything to say, Frodge just “looked at [Kunkel]. Then he belched and looked away.” Kunkel also testified that Frodge‘s eyes were bloodshot and that he could smell alcohol on him. Kunkel stated that when he opened the door of the police car and tried to speak with Pence, she began screaming profanities at him and kicking her legs. In addition, Kunkel spoke with Simmons and Markus at the scene, and later received written statements from
Ultimately, Burbrink, Frodge, and Pence were transported to the Campbell County Detention Center. They were all charged with disorderly conduct. Within hours of their arrest, Plaintiffs posted bond and were released. Plaintiffs went to trial in March of 2009 and were acquitted.
B. Procedural History
On May 4, 2009, Plaintiffs filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky against Defendants.1 Plaintiffs alleged the following claims against Simmons: state claims for battery, negligence, and malicious prosecution, and federal claims for excessive use of force, false arrest, and Fourteenth Amendment Due Process violations under
The magistrate judge recommended granting Simmons‘s Motion for Summary Judgment because she found no constitutional violations had occurred. The magistrate judge found that Simmons had not violated Plaintiffs’ rights under the Fourth Amendment because he had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs. The magistrate judge found that Simmons had no objective evidence to support Plaintiffs’ claim of self-defense, and since Simmons could not conclusively know that an affirmative defense applied, he had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs. The magistrate judge applied the “objectively reasonable” standard to the excessive force claim stemming from the use of the ASP baton, and found that Simmons‘s use of force “was reasonable to end the altercation, subdue the parties, and take control of the situation.” The magistrate judge found that the excessive force claim based on Frodge being too tightly handcuffed failed because he did not maintain that he complained to either Markus or Simmons, nor that he requested that the handcuffs be loosened, as required by the Sixth Circuit for such claims.2 Because no constitutional violation occurred, the magistrate judge found it unnecessary to analyze Simmons‘s alternative argument that he had a qualified immunity defense.
The magistrate judge noted that Plaintiffs asserted a violation of their Fourteenth Amendment due process rights in their Complaint, but did not allege specific conduct or violation other than those which served as the basis of their Fourth Amendment claims. Because the Supreme Court recognizes the Fourth Amendment as the appropriate vehicle for excessive force claims, the magistrate judge found that she had already addressed those claims
The magistrate judge found that Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel were entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claims of supervisory liability under
The magistrate judge found that Plaintiffs’
On April 13, 2011, Plaintiffs timely appealed the district court‘s order. They argue that the district court erred in its ruling regarding whether probable cause existed, whether Simmons used excessive force, whether Plaintiffs maintained a claim against Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel under the theory of supervisory liability, whether Plaintiffs maintained a claim for municipal liability against the City, and whether the state law claims should be dismissed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A court of appeals reviews a district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo. Mazur v. Young, 507 F.3d 1013, 1016 (6th Cir. 2007).
III. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Plaintiffs’ § 1983 Claims Against Simmons (in his Individual Capacity)
Plaintiffs assert claims against Simmons under
1. False Arrest Claims
In order for a plaintiff to prevail on a theory of wrongful arrest under
However, this court has stated that “[o]nce probable cause is established, an officer is under no duty to investigate further or to look for additional evidence which may exculpate the accused.” Ahlers v. Schebil, 188 F.3d 365, 371 (6th Cir. 1999). Nevertheless, “an officer cannot look only at the evidence of guilt while ignoring all exculpatory evidence. Rather, the officer must consider the totality of the circumstances, recognizing both the inculpatory and exculpatory evidence, before determining if he has probable cause to make an arrest.” Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303, 318 (6th Cir. 2000). However, when a suspect asserts an affirmative defense, this does not automatically vitiate probable cause. The officer is not required to accept the explanation without question, but a police officer “may not ignore information known to him which proves that the suspect is protected by an affirmative legal justification.” Fridley, 291 F.3d at 873 (internal quotation marks omitted). On the other hand, “[e]ven if the circumstances suggest that a suspect may have an affirmative defense, if a reasonable officer would not ‘conclusively know’ that the suspect is protected by the defense, then [the officer] is free to arrest the suspect provided there is probable cause to do so.” Id.
Markus and Simmons arrested Plaintiffs for disorderly conduct because of their fight with Burbrink. Under the
when in a public place and with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, or wantonly creating a risk thereof, he:
(a) Engages in fighting or in violent, tumultuous, or threatening behavior;
We hold that Simmons had probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs. In order for Simmons to have probable cause, he only needed a “fair probability” that Plaintiffs were engaged in disorderly conduct, and he could not “conclusively know” that Plaintiffs had validly asserted an affirmative defense. It is undisputed that when Simmons first observed the incident with Plaintiffs and ran across the street, Burbrink and Frodge were fighting in the street, a fight that commenced while the cars in which they were riding were stopped at a traffic light. Frodge admits to hitting Burbrink and Pence admits to kicking Burbrink. Further, it is undisputed that the fight occurred on a Saturday night in a well-populated area. For the reasons which follow, the court concludes that there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs for disorderly conduct. First, the fight occurred in a public place. Second, the conduct involved demonstrated that the parties intended to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, or that they wantonly created a risk thereof. Finally, Plaintiffs were involved in fighting. The parties dispute the point at
However, Plaintiffs counter that their assertion of the affirmative defense of self-defense should have precluded Simmons from arresting them. Plaintiffs argue that Simmons did not credit their assertion that they only fought Burbrink because he had damaged the Mustang and they were defending their property. Plaintiffs contend that Simmons did not ask them their side of the story and did not consider the damage to their car. This court has held that “[w]here the police have sufficient inculpatory evidence to give rise to a determination of probable cause and they do not know of any exculpatory evidence, ‘the failure to make a further investigation does not negate probable cause.‘” Klein, 275 F.3d at 552 (quoting Coogan v. City of Wixom, 820 F.2d 170, 173 (6th Cir. 1987)). As discussed above, Simmons had probable cause to arrest Frodge. Simmons was not aware of any affirmative defense of self-defense until after Frodge had been arrested. Thus, this defense did not negate the finding of probable cause as to Frodge. Pence, on the other hand, was arrested after Simmons was aware that she was asserting an affirmative defense. However, there is no evidence that would have enabled Simmons to “conclusively know” that Plaintiffs were protected by their claim of self-defense. Simmons only observed the fight after Burbrink had kicked the car. Though Markus looked at the Mustang for damage and could see some damage to the car, he had no way of knowing whether this was caused by Burbrink as Frodge had alleged. Thus, even though Simmons was aware that Plaintiffs were asserting this defense at the time of Pence‘s arrest, because he could not “conclusively know” it was validly asserted, Simmons had probable cause to arrest Pence.
Plaintiffs assert that Dietrich and Gardenhire are analogous to their case and require Simmons to accept their affirmative defense. However, these cases are readily distinguishable since, in those cases the police officers were able to verify information, prior to arrest, that vitiated the officers’ finding of probable cause, but proceeded to arrest the plaintiffs nonetheless. See Dietrich, 167 F.3d at 1011; Gardenhire, 205 F.3d at 316. Here, Simmons was unable to verify Plaintiffs’ claims of self-defense prior to arrest. There was no evidence available to Simmons to demonstrate that they had justifiably acted in self-defense.
Plaintiffs also argue that the magistrate judge erred in analyzing probable cause because she failed to “view all facts and draw all reasonable inferences in [the] light most favorable to nonmoving party as required under
2. Excessive Force Claims
Frodge asserts that Simmons used excessive force by hitting him with the ASP baton and over-tightening his handcuffs. The court will address each instance of alleged excessive use of force separately.
a. ASP Baton
The appropriate standard to use in analyzing an excessive force claim brought under
Plaintiffs, therefore, needed to show that Simmons‘s use of force was objectively unreasonable. The magistrate judge found that Simmons‘s use of force was objectively reasonable. Based on the testimony of Plaintiffs, Markus, and Simmons, the totality of the circumstances demonstrate that Simmons‘s use of the baton was objectively reasonable. While two of the Graham factors may not support the use of force, the remaining factor weighs heavily in favor of Simmons‘s use of force being reasonable.
The first factor is the severity of the crime. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865. The crime at issue was disorderly conduct, which is not a particularly severe crime. Therefore, this factor does not weigh in favor of Simmons‘s use of force being reasonable.
The second factor is “whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others.” Id. Plaintiffs were fighting with Burbrink and, therefore, they posed a threat to at least one another. It is indisputable that at least right before the officers arrived, Frodge was fighting Burbrink. Frodge argues, in his brief, that the fight had ended when he was struck with Simmons‘s baton and, thus, the force Simmons used was unreasonable. However, Frodge‘s testimony does not support this assertion. Specifically, Frodge argues in his brief that “[w]ith Burbrink on the ground and the fight over, [Frodge] was then grabbed and struck multiple times from behind.” Frodge supports this assertion with a citation to his interview with the Covington Police Department Professional Compliance Board.4 In his deposition, Frodge testified that he punched Burbrink, and that as he started to spin to the ground, the next thing he knew he was being hit with something. Frodge testified that he felt a strike to his leg within seconds of throwing the punch. He also observed that while Burbrink was falling to the ground, Pence kicked him. Therefore, based on Frodge‘s deposition testimony, the fight had not completely ended at the time the officers reached the fight and when the baton was used. Furthermore, as Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony indicates, it was a Saturday night, lots of people were in the area, and the fight occurred in or near the street, while the vehicles were stopped at the light. Simmons testified that he first called out to the parties to “knock it off,” but that his warning was not heeded. Thus, it would have been especially necessary for Simmons and Markus to respond quickly to break up the fight. Simmons testified that after he used his baton, the fight ended, demonstrating that the force served its proper purpose. Because the parties were fighting one another, there was a threat to each other and, given the highly populated area, possibly to others as well. Therefore, it was essential that the fight be brought to an end as quickly as possible. Consequently, this factor weighs in favor of Simmons‘s use of force being reasonable.
A review of the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that Simmons‘s use of force was reasonable. Given that Simmons and Markus observed Plaintiffs actively fighting with Burbrink and needed to quickly break up the fight, the use of the baton was reasonable. There is no evidence that the baton was used with such force as to cause serious injury to Frodge. Frodge also asserts that taking him to the ground and twisting his arm behind his back also amounted to excessive force. However, Simmons testified that he took Frodge to the ground in the process of breaking up the fight and falling off the curb. Under the circumstances, it was reasonable for Simmons to twist Frodge‘s arm behind his back and take him to the ground in Simmons‘s efforts to end the fight and place Frodge under arrest. As the Graham court indicated, “[t]he calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments-in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving-about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” 490 U.S. at 396-97, 109 S.Ct. 1865. Further, the reasonableness of Simmons‘s actions “must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865. Taking into account the parties’ failure to respond to his command to “knock it off,” and given the location of the fight, it was reasonable for Simmons to employ some force in order to bring the fight to an end. Therefore, no constitutional violation occurred, and this court affirms the district court‘s judgment in favor of Simmons.
b. Tight Handcuffs
This court has stated that in order to reach a jury on a claim of tight handcuffing, “a plaintiff must offer sufficient evidence ... that: (1) he or she complained the handcuffs were too tight; (2) the officer ignored those complaints; and (3) the
B. Plaintiffs’ § 1983 Supervisory Liability Claims Against Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel
Plaintiffs argue that Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel are liable for constitutional violations, allegedly committed by Simmons, based on a theory of supervisory liability. The magistrate judge found Defendants were entitled to summary judgment on these claims because under any of the theories asserted by Plaintiffs, their claims failed.
This court held in McQueen v. Beecher Cmty. Schools, 433 F.3d 460, 470 (6th Cir. 2006), that “a prerequisite of supervisory liability under
The magistrate judge found that Plaintiffs’ claims of supervisory liability failed as a matter of law because she determined that Simmons did not violate Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. Because this court also finds there were no constitutional violations, Plaintiffs’ claims fail as a matter of law.
Nevertheless, even if Simmons had violated Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights, their supervisory liability claims would still fail. Plaintiffs argue that Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel ratified Simmons‘s conduct by failing to investigate the incident and failing to discipline Simmons for making an invalid arrest and using excessive force. This is insufficient to make supervisors liable for their subordinates’ conduct. Plaintiffs must present evidence that Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel “did more than play a passive role in the alleged violation.... Supervisory liability under
Here, the claims asserted, failure to discipline and failure to act, do not constitute “active constitutional behavior” as required and thus, are not actionable. Id. Further, Kunkel did conduct an investigation. However, even an inadequate investigation is still insufficient to trigger liability because a supervisory liability claim “cannot be based on simple negligence.” Leach v. Shelby Cnty. Sheriff, 891 F.2d 1241, 1246 (6th Cir. 1989). In addition, there is no claim by Plaintiffs that the failure to investigate was part of an ongoing pattern by Kunkel. In any event, Kunkel‘s investigation had no bearing on the alleged violation of Plaintiffs’ rights, as Plaintiffs have asserted claims for false arrest and excessive use of force, that occurred prior to the investigation.
Thus, Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel did not engage in any conduct that violated Plaintiffs’ rights, and Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for supervisor liability based on ratification. Consequently, this court affirms the district court‘s judgment in favor of Hall, Morgan, and Kunkel.
C. Plaintiffs’ § 1983 Municipal Liability Claims Against the City of Newport and Simmons (in his Official Capacity)
Plaintiffs assert the following three bases for their municipal liability claims: (1) the City failed to establish or enforce policies; (2) the City ratified Simmons‘s unconstitutional behavior; and (3) the City inadequately trained Simmons. The magistrate judge found that Plaintiffs’ claims failed under all three theories. However, on appeal, Plaintiffs only argue that it was an error to determine that they could not maintain a claim for municipal liability based upon a failure to adequately train. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that the City is liable under
To prevail on a claim against a municipality under
Plaintiffs assert that they have demonstrated a failure to train by the City based upon the fact that Simmons did not announce his status as a police officer to Frodge and Burbrink when he told them to “knock it off,” and the fact that he admitted that he generally finds it unnecessary to do so when he is in full police uniform. Plaintiffs argue that their failure to adequately train theory is also based upon Kunkel‘s failure to perform any investigation into the use of force. The magistrate judge found that this claim failed because Plaintiffs “do not explain in what manner the City‘s training program, or Simmons‘s training specifically, was inadequate, nor [do they] provide evidence of recurring complaints or any other complaint of a constitutional violation....” Plaintiffs do not identify any alleged defi-
D. Plaintiffs’ State Law Claims
Plaintiffs object to the dismissal of the state law claims because they assert that constitutional violations have occurred, and therefore supplemental jurisdiction is properly exercised over these claims. This court reviews a district court‘s decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of discretion. See Robert N. Clemens Trust v. Morgan Stanley DW, Inc., 485 F.3d 840, 853 (6th Cir. 2007). Pursuant to
The district court had original jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court‘s order granting summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ federal