Betty BECKLES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, P.O. Jean Verdesoto, P.O. Julio Gonzalez, P.O. Rafael Sanchez, P.O. Seo Seungwoo, Frank Amill, P.O. Jessica Caballоs, P.O. Thomas Fabrizi, P.O. Nicole Febus, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 11-1226-cv.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Aug. 20, 2012.
181
Susan B. Eisner, Assistant Corрoration Counsel (Francis F. Caputo and Philip S. Frank, on the brief) for Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel of the City оf New York, New York, N.Y., for Appellee.
Present: AMALYA L. KEARSE, ROSEMARY S. POOLER and DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.
SUMMARY ORDER
Plaintiff-appellant Betty Beckles filed a complaint against defendants-appellees the City of New York and officers of the New York City Police Department, alleging constitutional violations and state law claims in connection with her arrest on July 3, 2007. The complaint included claims of false arrest, excessive force, and civil rights conspiracy under
We review de novo a district court‘s grant of summary judgment, “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and draw[ing] all factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought.” O‘Bert еx rel. Estate of O‘Bert v. Vargo, 331 F.3d 29, 37 (2d Cir. 2003). Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine disputes of material fact аnd the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
The district court concluded that no reasonable jury сould find that the defendant officers had used excessive force against Beckles. Without reaching the merits of Beckles‘s excessive force claim, we affirm on the alternate ground that the officers are entitled to qualified immunity becаuse any right they may have violated was not “clearly established” at the time of the events at issue. See Bertin v. United States, 478 F.3d 489, 491 (2d Cir. 2007) (“We may . . . affirm on any basis for which there is a record sufficient to permit conclusions of law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Nagle v. Marron, 663 F.3d 100, 114 (2d Cir. 2011) (“Qualified immunity depеnds on whether, ‘[t]aken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, . . . the facts alleged show the [official‘s] conduct viоlated a . . . right,’ and, if so, whether that right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the events at issue.” (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), overruled on other grounds by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009))); Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236, 129 S.Ct. 808 (holding that “the courts of appeals should be permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of thе two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first“).
A right is “clearly established” if “it would be clear to a reasonable оfficer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151. Where, as here, it is not disputed that freedom from excessivе force is a clearly established right, we ask whether “various courts have agreed that certain conduct is a cоnstitutional violation under facts not distinguishable in a fair way from the facts presented in the case at hand.” Id. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151.
In this case, even construing all of the evidence in Beckles‘s favor, it was not clearly established at the time of her arrest that the force employed in carrying out that arrest was excessive under the circumstances. While there is a general consensus among courts to have addressed the issue that otherwise reasonable force used in handcuffing a suspect may bе unreasonable when used against a suspect whom the officer knows to be injured, these cases involving handcuffing uniformly concern suspects who either have visible injuries or are cooperating in their arrests. See, e.g., Walton v. City of Southfield, 995 F.2d 1331, 1342 (6th Cir. 1993) (“An excessive use of force claim could be premised on [the officer‘s] handcuffing [the plaintiff] if he knew that she had an injurеd arm and if he believed that she posed no threat to him.“), superseded by court rule on other grounds as stated in Livermore ex rel. Rohm v. Lubelan, 476 F.3d 397, 407-08 (6th Cir. 2007); see also, e.g., Littrell v. Franklin, 388 F.3d 578, 585-86 (8th Cir. 2004); Guite v. Wright, 147 F.3d 747, 750 (8th Cir. 1998) (permitting excessive force claim where despite visible shoulder injury marked by use of a sling, officer grabbеd plaintiff‘s wrist, pushed him, and held him against a door); Ferguson v. Hall, 33 F.Supp.2d 608, 612 (E.D.Mich. 1999) (denying motion for summary judgment where officer ignored plaintiff‘s request for front handcuffing аfter plaintiff displayed “deformed” arm to officer); Pritzker v. City of Hudson, 26 F.Supp.2d 433, 444 (N.D.N.Y. 1998) (denying qualified immunity where cooperative arrestee advised officer of preexisting injury prior to handcuffing).
We are aware of no case, and Beckles points to none, where a court held that ignoring an uncooperative suspect‘s claim of invisible injury (such that handcuffing could bе harmful) made during the course of handcuffing constituted excessive force. As such, in these circumstances, it was not cleаrly established that the force used by the defendant officers in arresting Beckles was excessive, and they are therefore entitled to qualified immunity on the excessive force claim. In view of this conclusion, it is unnecessary to address the conspiracy claim. See Deters v. Lafuente, 368 F.3d 185, 187 n. 2 (2d Cir. 2004).
As to Beckles‘s argument that the district court erred in allowing defendants to move for summary judgment when thеy had failed to file answers to Beckles‘s final two amended complaints, Beckles failed to move for a judgment of dеfault and cites to no authority for the proposition that a district court has a duty to order a judgment of default sua spоnte under these circumstances. “We normally will not reverse a judgment on the basis of an argument that was not made to the distriсt court,” Leyda v. AlliedSignal, Inc., 322 F.3d 199, 207 (2d Cir. 2003), and we see no reason to do so in this case.
Finally, we decline to review Beckles‘s claim that the district court erred in approving the imposition of a discovery sanction, given that she has failed to address the district court‘s reasons for doing so and has provided no basis for concluding that the court abused its discretion. See Mickalis, 645 F.3d at 137; S. New Eng. Tel. Co. v. Global NAPs Inc., 624 F.3d 123, 143 (2d Cir. 2010) (holding that we review imposition оf discovery sanctions for abuse of discretion).
We have reviewed the remainder of Beckles‘s arguments and found them to be without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED.