delivered the opinion of the court.

General order in bankruptcy XXYII (172 U. S'. 662), provides: “When a bankrupt, creditor, trustee, or.other person shall desire a review by the judge, of any order made by the referee, he shall file with the referee his petition therefor, setting out the error complained of; and the referee shall forthwith *9 certify to the judge the question presented, a summary of the evidence relating thereto, and the finding and order of the referee thereon.”

Respondent accordingly filed his petition for a review of the order of October 16. The referee thereupon certified to the judge-the question presented, a summary of the evidence relating thereto, and the finding and order of the referee thereon. He pursued in so doing Form No. 56 of the Forms in Bankruptcy. 172 U. S. 718. The question certified was “ the validity of the said order of October 16, 1900, above set forth in full.” At the same time the referee reported the disobedience of William T. Nugent and recommended that he be committed. No exception was taken before the referee or the District Court to the sufficiency of the trustee’s application, or to the adequacy of the certificate, and the entire evidence was transmitted.

Subdivision b of section 24 of the act of July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 544, 553, provides: “ The several Circuit Courts of Appeals shall have jurisdiction in equity, either interlocutor}*- or final, to superintend or revise in matter of law the proceedings of the several inferior courts of bankruptcy within their jurisdiction.”

The District Court affirmed the order of October 16, and ordered respondent to be committed for his failure to comply therewith, and' thereupon respondent filed in the Circuit Court of Appeals his petition for review. The matters of law to be passed on by that court were the validity of the order of Octo- • ber 16, as affirmed by the District Court, and the correctness of the order of commitment. And these were to be determined on the record of the District Court.

The Circuit Court of Appeals had in prior cases recognized the general proposition that those courts are confined on petitions for review to matters of law arising on the record of the courts below, and may well have assumed that there was no .necessity for a specific ruling on the motion to expunge the new matter accompanying the petition in this instance. Cunningham v. German Insurance Bcunk, 103 Fed. Rep. 932; CourierJournal Printing Co. v. Schaefer-Meyer Brewing Co., 101 Fed. Rep. 699. The record of the District Court in respect of the *10 order of October 16 was the record made before the referee, who had certified the question of the validity of the order at the request^ of respondent, and to the adequacy of whose certificate respondent had made no objection as heretofore said.

It is true that after the decision of the District Court was announced, and the final order was about to be entered, the entry of the order was suspended, on the application of the respondent, for two daj^s, and that then the respondent undertook, by way of amendment, to set up a denial that he held the money as the bankrupt’s agent, or bailee, and to assert that he held adversely to him. The District Court refused to allow the amendment to be made at that stage of the proceedings, and we do not understand that the Court of Appeals held that the District Court abused its discretion in so refusing.

At an earlier stage perhaps this ruling might have been cdntrolled by the rules of equity practice adopted by this court, but that would not be so after hearing had been had, the decision of the court had been announced, and judgment was about to be entered.

The respondent had denied the jurisdiction on the ground that he had not received the money, or any part of it, after the petition in bankruptcy was filed. When the matter came on to be heard on the rule to pay over, respondent agreed that-the enumerated depositions might be read, reserving his exceptions to the jurisdiction. He then carried the matter to the District Court, and- after it was decided, sought to amend his response to the rule by asserting that whatever money belonging to the bankrupt came to his hands was not received as agent of but was held adversely to the bankrupt. He did not even then set forth what money he had received, and how and when it came to his hands, or the circumstances under which he claimed to hold it adversely, but put forward simply a conclusion of law. The District Court held it not admissible practice to permit such an amendment-at that stage, that is, that the application came too late, after the case had been heard and determined and a written opinion bad been delivered and filed; and the District Judge may have considered it a mere subterfuge in evasion of the effect of the decision, or that the proposed amendment was insufficient. *11 If the proposed amended response bo treated as properly before us, we agree that the orders under consideration ought not to be disturbed because of this ruling made in the competent exercise of judicial discretion. And, moreover, respondent did not ask to plead over before the referee, but had the case certified to the judge as it stood.

Among the definitions set forth in section 1 of the bankruptcy act are these: “ ‘ Court ’ shall mean the court of bankruptcy in which the proceedings are pending, and may include the referee;” “‘judge’ shall mean a judge of a court.of bankruptcy, not including the referee; ” “ ‘ referee ’ shall mean the referee who has jurisdiction of the case or to whom the case has been referred, or any one acting in-his stead.”

By section 2, courts of bankruptcy are vested with power to “(6) bring in and substitute additional persons or parties'in proceedings in bankruptcy when necessary for the complete determination of a matter in controversy; (7) cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, reduced to money and distributed, and determine controversies in relation thereto, except as herein otherwise provided ; (10) consider and confirm, modify or overrule, or return, with instructions for further proceedings, records and findings certified to them by referees; (13) enforce obedience by bankrupts, officers, and other persons to all lawful orders, by fine or imprisonment, or'fine ’and imprisonment; (15) make such orders, issue such process, and enter such judgments in addition to those specifically provided for as may be necessary for the enforcement of the provisions of this act; (16) punish persons for contempts committed before referees.”

Section 36 provides that “ referees shall take the same oath of office as that prescribed for judges of United States courts.” Section 38, that referees shall have jurisdiction to “ (4) perform such part of the duties, except as to questions arising out of the applications of bankrupts for compositions or discharges, as are by this act conferred on courts of bankruptcy and as shall be prescribed by rules or orders of the courts of bankruptcy of their respective districts, except as herein otherwise provided.”

And section 39, that among other duties of referees, they *12 shall “ (5) make up records embodying • the evidence, or the substance thereof, as agreed upon by the parties in all contested matters arising before them, tv bene ver requested to do so by either of the parties thereto, together with their findings therein, and transmit them to the judges.”

Section 41 provides that “ a person shall not, in proceedings before a referee, (1) disobey or resist any lawful order, process, or writ; ” and that “ b The referee shall certify the facts to the judge, if any person shall do any of the things forbidden in this section. The judge shall thereupon, in a summary manner, hear the evidence as to the acts complained of, and, if it is such as to warrant him in so doing, punish such person in the same ■ manner and to the same extent as for a contempt committed before the court of bankruptcy, or commit such person upon the same conditions as if the doing of the forbidden act had occurred with reference to the process of, or in the presence of, the court.”

General Order XII provides that after the order of reference reaches the referee, “ all the -proceedings, except such as are required by the act or by these general orders to be had before the judge, shall be had before the referee.”

General Order XXIII is: “ In all orders made by a referee, it shall be recited, according as the fact may be, that notice was-given and the manner thereof ; or that the order was made by consent; or that no adverse interest was represented at the hearing; or that the order was made after hearing adverse interests.”

And we repeat General Order XXVII: “When a bankrupt, creditor, trustee, or other person shall desire a review by the ■ judge of any order made by the referee, he shall file with the referee his petition therefor setting out the error complained of; and the referee shall forthwith certify to the judge the question presented, a summary of the evidence relating thereto, and the finding and order of the referee thereon.”

■ No objection was made before the referee or the District Court, to the authority of the referee as such, to entertain these proceedings ; to enter the-order to show cause and thereby to bring in William T. Nugent; and to enter the order of Octo *13 ber 16; and we- do not find that the act or the general orders are to the contrary.

It is now said that the only power the referee has to direct the taking possession of property is given by subsection three of section 38a, providing that the referee may exercise the powers of the judge in that respect on a certificate of the clerk that the judge is absent or unable to act. But that provision seems to refer only to the seizure of property by the marshal or a receiver prior to adjudication and the qualification of the trustee as provided by section 2, section Se, and section 69, and it is at all events inapplicable here.

We think the referee has the power to act in the first instance in matters such as this, when the case has been referred, and in aid of the court of bankruptcy, and exercises in such cases “ much of the judicial authority of that court.” White v. Schloerb, 178 U. S. 542. By petition for review the matter can be carried to the bankruptcy court and the entire record and findings laid before that tribunal as was done here.

And if the order of October 16 was in itself a lawful order, the power of the District Court to commit William T. Nugent until he surrendered the money to the trustee, or otherwise satisfied the trustee with respect thereto, was unquestionable under the express provisions of the bankruptcy act in that behalf, as well as the general jurisdiction of the court to enforce its orders in the collection of assets.

It is objected that the order of commitment was invalid because it did not run in the name of the United States.' This objection was not made below; nor was this an attachment. It was an order to detain Nugent until he complied with an order made in a proceeding in equity under the bankrupt act. The objection is untenable. Nor was the commitment imprisonment for debt, as also contended. The order to pay over the money was not an order for the payment of a debt, but an order for the surrender of assets of the bankrupt placed in custodia legis by the adjudication.

The real question was whether the order of October 16, as confirmed by the District Court, was a lawful order. It was to be determined as a mere question of law on the facts found *14 that the money belonged to the bankrupt’s estate, and was then -in Nugent’s possession as the bankrupt’s agent, he. asserting no adverse claim. And the question of the validity of that order involved the validity of the order to show cause. '

The proposition, was that, as matter of law, where property of a bankrupt has come into the hands of a third party before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, as the agent of the bankrupt, and to which he asserts no adverse claim, the bankruptcy court has no power by summary proceedings to compel the surrender of the property to the trustee in bankruptcy duly appointed.

In other words, the question reduces itself to this: Has the bankruptcy court the power to compel the bankrupt, or his agent, to deliver up money or other assets ok the bankrupt, in his possession or that of some one for' him, on petition and rule to show cause ? Does a mere refusal by the bankrupt or his agent so to deliver up oblige the trustee to resort to a plenary suit in the Circuit Court or a state court, as the case may be \

If it be so, the grant of jurisdiction to cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, and to determine controversies relating thereto, would be seriously impaired, and, in many respects, rendered practically inefficient.

The. bankruptcy court would be helpless indeed if the bare refusal'to turn over could conclusively operate to drive the trustee to an action to recover as for an indebtedness, or a conversion, or to proceedings in chancery, at the risk of the accorm paniments of delay, complication, and expense, intended to be avoided by the simpler methods of the bankrupt law.

It is as true of the present law as it was of that of 1867, that the filing of the petition is a caveat .to all the world, and in effect an attachment and injunction, Bank v. Sherman, 101 U. S. 403; arid on adjudication, title to the bankrupt’s property became vested in the trustee, §§ 70, 21 e, with actual.or constructive possession, and placed in the custody of the bankruptcy court.

There was no' pretence that at the date of the filing of this petition in bankruptcy this money of the bankrupt, $4133.45 of which had been collected a few days, and $10,100, a few *15 hours, before, was held subject to any adverse claim, or that the right or title thereto had been passed over to another.

The position now taken amounts to no more than to assert that a mere refusal to surrender constitutes an adverse holding in fact and therefore an adverse claim when the petition was filed, and to that we cannot give our assent.

But suppose that respondent had asserted that he had the right to possession by reason of a claim adverse to the bankrupt, the bankruptcy court had the power to ascertain whether any basis for such a claim actually existed at the time of the filing of the petition. The court would have been bound to enter upon that inquiry, and in doing so would have undoubtedly acted within its jurisdiction, while its conclusion might have been that an adverse claim, not merely colorable, but real even though fraudulent and voidable, existed in fact, and so that it must decline to finally adjudicate on the merits. If it erred in its ruling either way, its action would be subject to review.

In this case, however, respondent asserted no right or title to the property before the referee, and the circumstances under which he held possession must be accepted as found by the referee and the District Court.

■ The decisions of this court under the present law sustain the validity of the action we are considering.

In Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524, the question related to the jurisdiction of the District Court over suits brought by trustees in bankruptcy to set aside fraudulent transfers of money or property made by the bankrupt to third parties before the institution of proceedings in bankruptcy. The court said: “ Had there been no bankruptcy proceedings, the bank: rupt might have brought suit' in any state court of competent jurisdiction; or, if there was a sufficient jurisdictional amount, and the requisite diversity of citizenship existed, or the case arose under the Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States, he could have brought suit in the Circuit Court of the United States. He could not have sued in a District Court of the United States, because such a court has no jurisdiction of suits at law or in equity between private parties, except where, *16 by special provision of an act of Congress, a District Court has the powers of a Circuit Court, or is given jurisdiction of a particular class of civil suits.” And it was held that Congress, by the second clause of section 23 of the bankruptcy act, had manifested its intention “ that controversies, not strictly or properly part of the proceedings in bankruptcy, but independent suits brought by the trustee in bankruptcy to assert a title to money or property as assets of the bankrupt against strangers to those proceedings, should not come within the jurisdiction of the District Courts of the United States, ‘unless-by consent of the proposed defendant.’ ” The court was dealing there with a suit of the trustee against a third party to recover property fraudulently transferred to him by the bankrupt before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, and which the third party claimed as his own.

In White v. Schloerb, 178 U. S. 542, where, after an adjudication in bankruptcy and reference of the case to a referee, and before the appointment of a trustee, the referee had taken possession of the bankrupt’s stock of goods in a store, a writ of replevin of. part of the goods was sued out by third persons against the bankrupt from a state court and executed by the sheriff forcibly entering the store and taking possession of the-goods, it was held that the District Court of the United States, sitting in bankruptcy, had jurisdiction by summary proceedings to compel the return of the property seized.

In Bryan v. Bernheimer, 181 U. S. 188, Abraham, nine days before the filing of a petition in bankruptcy against him, made a general assignment to Davidson of all of his property for the benefit of his creditors. After the filing of the petition Davidson sold the property to Bernheimer. ' After the adjudication in bankruptcy and before the appointment of a trustee, the petitioning creditors applied to the court for an order .to the marshal to take possession of the property, alleging that this was necessary for the interest of the bankrupt’s creditors. The court ordered that the marshal take possession, and' that notice be given to the purchaser to appear in ten days and propound his claim to the property, or failing to do so, be decreed tb have no right in it. The purchaser came in and propounded his claim, *17 stating that he bought the property for cash in good faith of the assignee, and praying that the creditors be remitted to their claim against the assignee for the price, or that the price be ordered to be paid by the assignee into court and paid over to the purchaser, who thereupon offered to rescind the purchase and waive all further claim to the property. This court held that the summary proceeding was properly entertained; that the purchaser had no title in the property superior to the bankrupt’s estate; and that the equities between him and the creditors might be determined by the District Court, bringing in the assignee if necessary. In that case it was observed that the remark in Bardes v. Bank, that the powers conferred on the courts of bankruptcy after the filing of a petition in bankruptcy, and in case it was necessary for the preservation of the property of the bankrupt to authorize receivers or the marshals to take charge of it until a trustee was appointed, “ ‘ can hardly be considered as authorizing the forcible seizure of such property, in the possession of an adverse claimant,’ was an inadvertence, and upon a question not arising in the case then before the court, which related exclusively to jurisdiction of a suit by the trustee after his appointment.” The court also said: “The general assignment, made by Abraham to Davidson, did not constitute Davidson an assignee for value, but simply made him an agent of Abraham for the distribution of the proceeds of thé property among Abraham’s creditors.” And further: “The present case involves no question of jurisdiction over a suit by a trustee against a person claiming an adverse interest in himself.”

In the case before us, William T. Nugent held this moneyas the agent of his father, the bankrupt, and without anv claim of adverse interest in himself. If it was competent to deal with Davidson, the assignee in the case of Bryan v. Bernheimer, by summary proceeding, William T. Nugent could be dealt-with in the same way.

The cases are indeed different, for Bernheimer, the purchaser, submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court and the sale was after petition filed, but nevertheless, so far as the question of subjecting a mere volunteer in possession of -as *18 sets belonging to the bankrupt’s estate to the control of that court by summary proceedings is concerned, the ruling in Bernheimer’s case is in point.

¥0 are of opinion that the order of October 16 was a lawful order. In arriving at that conclusion we have confined ourselves to the record of the District Court. If in the effort to escape the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, that record is not in a condition as favorable to respondent as the actual facts might have justified, he has only himself to thank for it; but, lest any injustice should be done, the judgment will be:

Decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed; decree and order of the District Court affirmed j and cause remanded to the latter court with liberty to take such further proceedings as it may be advised.