We think the defendant’s exceptions upon two points are well taken, and that he is entitled to a new trial.

1. The rule that the execution of an instrument which is offered in evidence by one who is a party to it cannot be proved without calling the attesting witnesses, where they are living competent and within reach of the process of the court, is a fundamental rule of evidence in this commonwealth, long ago established, and strictly adhered to. Whitaker v. Salisbury, 15 Pick. 534. Homer v. Wallis, 11 Mass. 309.

In The King v. Harringworth, 4 M. & S. 354, Lord Ellen borough said that this rule “ is as fixed, formal and universal as any that can be stated in a court of justice.” In Abbot v. Plumbe, 1 Doug. 216, Lord Mansfield said that it is a rule which “ cannot be dispensed with.” In Barnes v. Trompowsky, 7 T. R. 265, Lord Kenyon said: “ We ought not to suffer this point to be called in question; it is too clear for discussion.”

In the courts of New York, the rule has not been treated with much respect, though adhered to in the case of deeds. Henry v. Bishop, 2 Wend. 575. In that, case, Chief Justice Savage said that he confessed the rule always appeared to be an absurdity; but that it had been so long adhered to, that it could be changed only by legislative enactment. In Hall v. Phelps, 2 Johns. 451, which was the case of a promissory note, the court discarded the rule altogether, and Spencer, J. said : “ The notion that the persons who attest an instrument are agreed *452upon to be the only witnesses to prove it is not conformable to the truth of transactions of this kind, and, to speak with all possible delicacy, is an absurdity.” But in Fox v. Reil, 3 Johns. 477, which was an action upon a bond, this departure from the rule was limited to the case of contracts not under seal; and Chief Justice Kent, in delivering the opinion of the court, says that he concurred in the decision of Hall v. Phelps, from a sense of the great inconvenience of the English rule when applied to commercial paper, and questions the correctness of the general remarks of Mr. Justice Spencer in that case. He proceeds to show that by the early law of England the witnesses to a. deed formed a necessary part of the jury which was to try its validity ; that this was dispensed with by the St. 12 Edw. II. c. 2, which allowed the inquest to be taken without any of the witnesses being associated with the jury; but that they were still to be summoned as usual. “ It is agreed,” says the statute, “ that when a deed, release, acquittance or other writing is denied in the king’s court, wherein the witnesses be named, process shall be awarded to cause such witnesses to appear, as before hath been used.” In Shaver v. Ehle, 16 Johns. 201, the case of Hall v. Phelps is spoken of as relaxing the rule only in respect of negotiable paper.

The best reason for the rule is said by Mr. Greenleaf to be that stated by Mr. Justice Le Blanc in Call v. Dunning, 4 East, 54, that a fact may be known to the subscribing witness, not within the knowledge or recollection of the obligor, and that he is entitled to avail himself of all the knowledge of the subscribing witness relative to the transaction. 1 Greenl. Ev. § 569. But a reason quite as much relied on seems to have been that stated by Grose, J., in Barnes v. Trompowsky, that “ where there is a subscribing witness, the parties thereby agree that the proof of their handwriting shall be made through that medium.” And in The King v. Harringworth, Lord Ellenborough says : “ Inasmuch as they are the plighted witnesses, the knowledge they have upon the subject is essential, and, if it can be procured, must be forthcoming.” 4 M. & S. 354.

The counsel for the plaintiff have argued that the reasons for *453enforcing the rule have ceased since the passage of the statute which allows parties in a suit to be witnesses. St. 1857, c. 305. But it was held in Call v. Dunning, 4 East, 53, that the admission of an obligor in an answer to a bill of discovery, that he executed the bond, did not dispense with the production of an attesting witness. And in Whyman v. Gath, 20 Eng. Law & Eq. R. 359, and 8 Exch. 803, the precise question whether the English statute, which renders the parties to a suit competent and compellable to give evidence, had altered the rule of law which requires the execution of attested instruments to be proved by the subscribing witnesses, was elaborately argued and considered in the court of exchequer; and the. court were unanimous in the opinion that it had not. Baron Parke remarked, when the motion for a rule was made, “ The doctrine of law is, that where a deed is executed in the presence of subscribing witnesses, the parties are understood to have made a contract that those witnesses are the persons by whom the execution is to be proved; ” and Chief Baron Pollock concludes the opinion of the court by saying: “ We think the rule of law in question is so inflexible, clear and universal, that we cannot set it aside by any reasoning, however cogent, arising out of the passing of a statute on the subject of evidence, which, however strongly its provisions may seem to point to such a conclusion, most certainly never had it in contemplation.” This decision is entirely in harmony with the views expressed by this court in Kelly v. Cunningham, 1 Allen, 473; and the ruling of the court below upon this point was erroneous.

2. It seems to us very clear that if the plaintiff’s property was sold by a person assuming to act for him, but without authority, in an action against the purchaser, if the plaintiff waives the tort, and ratifies the contract, he must ratify it as the agent has made it. Otherwise, he can only sue for the property itself, or in tort, for damages for the unlawful conversion. He cannot ratify a part of the contract made on his behalf, and repudiate the rest. Exceptions sustained.