Opinion by
This is an appeal from an order of the Board of Finance and Revenue (Board) refusing the petition for review of Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores, Inc. (appellant) with respect to the resettlement by the Department of Revenue (Department) of appellant’s 1964 Corporate Income Tax (CIT) return.
Appellant is a Pennsylvania corporation organized and chartered in 1933 for the purpose of conducting a general stevedoring business. Appellant owns no real property in Pennsylvania or elsewhere but leases two piers and office space in Philadelphia and occupies an office in New York, New York. Appellant’s tangible personal property in Pennsylvania consists of office furniture and equipment, four trucks and certain stevedoring gear. Appellant employs approximately fifteen office personnel in Philadelphia, including a port manager, and approximately five mechanics. Ship
During 1964, appellant was engaged in a general stevedoring business which consists of loading and unloading ships carrying waterborne cargo in foreign and interstate commerce exclusively.
For the year 1964, appellant timely filed a CIT return reporting net income of $351,476.67 and tax due of “none”, being of the view that it was not subject to CIT. The Department settled tax against the appellant in the amount of $21,088.60 (6% of $351,-476.67). Appellant’s petition for resettlement and petition for review were refused; however, appellant agrees that if it is subject to the tax, the amount settled by the Department is correct.
Appellant advances a number of arguments in support of its view that it is not subject to CIT. First relying on language in Commonwealth v. Eastern Motor Express, Inc., 398 Pa. 279, 287-88, 157 A.2d
We note first that, by its terms, the CIT clearly applies to the appellant. Section 3 of the CIT imposes what is characterized as a property tax on “[ejvery corporation carrying on activities in this Commonwealth or owning property in this Commonwealth . . . on net income derived from sources within this Commonwealth . . . .” Section 2 then defines “Corporation” as “[a] corporation . . . either organised under the laws of this Commonwealth, the United States, or any other state ...” and defines “Sources within this Commonwealth” as including “any activities carried on in this Commonwealth, regardless of whether carried on in intrastate, interstate or foreign commerce.” (Emphasis added.) Moreover, appellant’s reliance on Eastern Motor Express, supra, is based on language taken out of context in that case. Precisely the same argument based on the same language was specifically rejected in Commonwealth v. Baltimore and Cumberland Valley Railroad Extension Co., 435 Pa. 378, 380-81, 257 A.2d 249, 250 (1969), a
Thus, while the CIT, by its terms, applies to both domestic and foreign corporations and purports, at least, to tax business activities whether related to interstate and foreign or intrastate commerce, it appears that, in reality, corporations, both domestic and foreign, which engage exclusively in interstate and foreign commerce are the major class of corporations subject to CIT. This is so for two reasons. First, Section 3 of the CIT contains the following proviso, which greatly restricts its application:
Provided, however, That such net income [derived from sources within this Commonwealth] shall not include income for any period for which the corporation is subject to taxation under the Corporate Net Income Tax Act ....
Second, the Commonwealth is, and apparently has been for some time, of the opinion'that corporations, both foreign and domestic, which are engaged exclusively
While we have serious doubts about the validity of the Commonwealth’s construction of “doing business” and, under these facts, see no reason why this appellant, a domestic corporation, was not doing precisely that,
Turning back then to appellant’s argument that the imposition of CIT violates the Uniformity Clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution, we have already seen that while foreign and domestic corporations engaged exclusively in interstate commerce are the major class subject to CIT, although not for the reason suggested by the Commonwealth, other domestic corporations have also been taxed thereunder; see Baltimore and Cumberland Valley, supra, and the cases cited therein. This essentially refutes the premise upon which the uniformity argument is based—that is, that appellant has been singled out among domestic corporations generally to pay CIT. Moreover, appellant has not alleged that it is being treated any differently than other domestic corporations engaged exclusively in interstate and foreign commerce nor has it shown that such classification is arbitrary or unreasonable. The fact is that the Commonwealth has two alternative statutory schemes for taxing corporate income. The major tax is the CNIT imposed (under Section 2) on corporations “doing business in this Commonwealth, or having capital or property employed or used in this Commonwealth.” The alternative or “catchall” tax is the CIT, imposed (under Section 3) on corporations “carrying on activities ... or owning property in this Commonwealth” and which are not,
Appellant next argues that the CIT, as applied to it, is an excise or franchise tax on the privilege of
Pa. Commonwealth Ct. , 372 A.2d 41 (1977). In Complete Auto Transit, the United States Supreme Court, reversing Spector Motor Service, Inc. v. O’Connor, supra note 6, held that a state tax on the privilege of doing business does not violate the Commerce Clause when applied to an exclusively interstate activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing state, where such tax is fairly apportioned, does not .discriminate against interstate commerce and is fairly related to services provided by the state. Under the facts as stipulated, appellant, a domestic corporation which owes its very existence to the Commonwealth and which carries on virtually all its activities (ex
Appellant’s argument is that while it is proper for a state to impose a tax on the net income of a corporation, such a tax must be properly apportioned so as fairly to impose tax only upon the corporation’s ‘local activities’; that stevedoring is not a ‘local activity’ but an integral part of foreign commerce; and, therefore, that receipts from stevedoring cannot be taxed by a state since such activities are beyond the jurisdiction of the state.
416 Pa. at 82, 204 A.2d at 471.
[Tjhere is no constitutional restriction upon a state’s imposing a tax on or measured by the net income of a corporation engaged in all forms of commerce within the state as long as the state provides an apportionment formula permitting a reduction of tax where out-of-state factors exist. ‘Out-of-state factors’ is not a phrase, however, which is synonymous with foreign or interstate commerce itself; it refers, rather, to factors which indicate the presence of a corporation in another state or country.
416 Pa. at 84, 204 A.2d at 472.
This appellant, like that in Northern Metal, is attempting, in effect, to exclude income from tax on an apportionment theory on the basis that it is derived from interstate and foreign commerce rather than on the basis that the corporation is carrying on activities both within and without this Commonwealth. There is simply no legal foundation for such a theory. The fact that appellant’s activities are in furtherance of interstate and foreign commerce in no way takes them out of the scope of taxable activities under the CIT; quite to the contrary, Section 2 specifically defines “Sources within this Commonwealth” as including “any activities carried on in this Commonwealth, regardless of whether carried on in intrastate, interstate or foreign commerce.” (Emphasis added.) See also West Publishing Co. v. McColgan, 27 Cal. 2d 705, 166 P.2d 861, aff’d per curiam, 328 U.S. 823 (1946). Appellant’s attempt to distinguish Northern Metal, supra, as involving a corporation engaged in both intrastate as well as interstate commerce is of no avail. It is true that there is a long-established distinction drawn in Commerce Clause cases whereby states could constitutionally impose privilege taxes measured by net income derived from all activities (including inter
Appellant’s final and related argument, which we find equally without merit, is that the imposition of CIT violates the Import-Export Clause of the United States Constitution.
The Import-Export Clause clearly prohibits state taxation based on the foreign origin of the imported goods, but it cannot be read to accord imported goods preferential treatment that permits escape from uniform taxes imposed without regard to foreign origin for services which the state supplies.
It is obvious that the CIT imposes a uniform tax on the net income of corporations carrying on activities in the Commonwealth and that it is not, by any stretch of the imagination, based on the foreign origin of goods. The mere fact that appellant derives its income from loading and unloading foreign goods provides no basis for exemption from this tax.
Order
Now, Jnne 13, 1977, the decision of the Board of Finance and Revenue in refusing appellant’s petition for review is hereby affirmed. Unless exceptions are filed within thirty (30) days hereof, the Chief Clerk is hereby directed to enter judgment in favor of the Commonwealth and against the appellant in the amount of $21,088.60 plus appropriate penalty and interest.
This tax was imposed by the Corporation Income Tax Law, Act of August 24, 1951, P.L. 1417, as amended, formerly at 72 P.S. §3420n-l et seq., repealed by Section 505 of the Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 88, 72 P.S. §7505. The tax is now imposed by Section 502 of the Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, as amended, 72 P.S. §7502.
While the appellant itself is not directly engaged in interstate and foreign commerce, stevedoring has been held to be substantially a continuation of interstate and foreign transportation. Joseph v. Carter & Weekes Stevedoring Co., 330 U.S. 422 (1947); Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. State Tax Commission, 302 U.S. 90 (1937),
This tax was imposed by the Corporate Net Income Tax Act, Act of May 16, 1935, P.L. 208, as amended, formerly at 72 P.S. §3420a et seep, repealed by Section 411 of the Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 86, 72 P.S. §7411. The tax is now imposed by Section 402 of the Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, as amended, 72 P.S. §7402.
Pa. Const, art. VIII, §1.
Actually, tlie taxpayer in that case was not engaged in any activity at all; tlie tax was based on its ownership of property in the Commonwealth.
Although Eastern Motor Empress, supra, does hold that foreign corporations engaged exclusively in interstate and foreign commerce are subject to CIT, and Commonwealth v. Camax Co., 83 Dauph. 56, 38 Pa. D. & C. 2d 224 (1964), can possibly be construed to indicate the same as to domestic corporations so engaged, neither case, contrary to the Commonwealth’s brief, supports the Commonwealth’s proposition that such activity does not constitute “doing business.” While “doing business” is an elusive term which is not defined in the CNIT and has no clearly established meaning under case law, to the extent it has been defined it has been equated with an exercise of the corporate power within the state for the purposes for which the corporation was chartered or with the employment or use of property for such purposes. See Commonwealth v. South Philadelphia Terminal, Inc., 75 Dauph. 233 (1960), aff’d, 404 Pa. 293, 171 A.2d 758 (1961); Commonwealth v. Budd Realty Corp., 54 Dauph. 387 (1943); Commonwealth v. Reading and Southwestern St. Ry. Co., 54 Dauph. 277, 50 Pa. D. & C. 208 (1943); Commonwealth v. Delaware River R.R. and Bridge Co., 48 Dauph. 18, 37 Pa. D. & C. 449 (1939). Cf. Commonwealth v. Am. Bell Tel. Co., 129 Pa. 217, 18 A. 122 (1889). Applying this concept to the present case, we do not see why the appellant, which was chartered in Pennsylvania for the purpose of stevedoring and which is doing precisely that in Philadelphia is not “doing business” in the Commonwealth, albeit “business” in interstate and foreign commerce. The source of the confusion in this area, we believe, is that the CNIT is an excise or franchise tax on the privilege of doing business in the Commonwealth and such taxes could not, at least in the past, be imposed on foreign corporations engaged exclusively in interstate commerce because of the Commerce Clause under the holding
The CNIT, although most frequently held to be an excise tax on the privilege of doing business, Commonwealth v. Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co., 402 Pa. 612, 168 A.2d 560 (1961), has, on occasion been declared a “property tax”; see, e.g., National Biscuit Co. v. Philadelphia, 374 Pa. 604, 98 A.2d 182 (1953). Similarly, the CIT, although generally acknowledged to be a property tax, has, at least as to certain taxpayers been held to be an excise tax. See Commonwealth v. Eastman Kodak Co., 385 Pa. 607, 615, 124 A.2d 100, 103 (1956). This only serves to indicate the truth of Justice (later Chief Justice) Bell’s comment:
The distinction between a property tax and a privilege or excise tax is sometimes so fine or so nebulous and the legislative Acts are sometimes so broadly or confusingly or overlappingly drawn, that the decisions throughout the entire Country on this vexing subject are at times vacillating, confusing and irreconcilable. . . . Eastern Motor Empress, supra at 298, 157 A.2d at 89n. 7. (Citations omitted.)
U.S. Const, art. I, §8, cl. 3.
The CIT has, in at least two cases, been held to be an excise tax on the privilege of doing business when applied to foreign corporations which had only minimal contacts with the Commonwealth; Commonwealth v. Eastman Kodak Co., supra note 7; Roy Stone Transfer Corp. v. Messner, 377 Pa. 234, 103 A.2d 700 (1954). The facts in this case are readily distinguishable from those in Kodak and Roy Stone. On the other hand, if the CIT is, in fact, a property tax on net income, such taxes have long been held valid under the Commerce Clause, even when applied to corporations engaged exclusively in interstate commerce. See Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota, 358 U.S. 450 (1959).
Although Northern Metal involved the ONIT, the principle of apportionment and the formula employed are substantially the same under the CIT.
U. S. Const, art. 1, §10, cl. 2.
