Juan Valderama-Mancilla (“Valderama”) appeals his conviction following a jury trial for felony attempted illegal entry in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(1) and attempted illegal reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Valderama contends that the prosecutor improperly referred to his “post - arrest silence” at trial and urged the jury to draw propensity inferences from his prior illegal entries and *2 removals. He also appeals the district court’s denial of his motion under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) to dismiss the attempted reentry charge on the ground that the underlying removal order from 1998 was invalid. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm. Valderama argues that the prosecutor improperly commented on his

post-arrest silence in violation of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self- incrimination by referring to his failure to tell Border Patrol Agent Schwartz that he entered the United States for the purpose of receiving eye surgery in custody. But each of the questions or comments that Valderama contests on appeal reference Valderama’s silence during Schwartz’ s pre-arrest encounter with Valderama. Moreover, there is no mention in the trial record of any post-arrest interactions between Schwartz and Valderama from which the jury could have mistakenly understood the prosecutor’s comments to refer to Valderama’s post - arrest silence. Cf. United States v. Baker , 999 F.2d 412, 415 16 (9th Cir. 1993). Because [t]he use of a defendant ’s pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence is permissible as impeachment evidence and as evidence of substantive guilt, there was no error. United States v. Beckman , 298 F.3d 788, 795 (9th Cir. 2002). And even if the district court erred in denying Valderama’s Doyle objections, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because there was additional evidence *3 undermining Valderama’s arguments about his specific intent. See United States v. Bushyhead

2. The references to prior removals did not result in plain error. See United States v. Alcantara-Castillo , 788 F.3d 1186, – 91 (9th Cir. 2015). Not only is the evidence of Valderama’s prior removals not improper propensity evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) because the evidence forms an essential element of the charged offense, United States v. Martinez-Rodriguez , 472 F.3d 1087, 1089 (9th Cir. 2007), but the prior removals were also probative of his specific intent to enter free from official restraint — the main issue at trial, see United States v. Leos-Maldonado , 302 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 2002). See also United States v. McCollum , 732 F.2d 1419, 1424 (9th Cir. 1984) (“ Such a prior act can be probative of intent because the fact that the defendant had an unlawful intent at the time he committed the extrinsic offense makes it less likely that he had a lawful intent when he performed the acts charged as the present offense. ”). In any event, the prosecutor’s comments on Valderama’s prior removals did not a ffect Valderama’s “ substantial rights or the fairness, integrity or public reputation of the proceedings, especially considering the other evidence of Valderama’s guilt . Leos-Maldonado , 302 F.3d at 1064 65 (citation omitted). For the reasons above, reversal for cumulative error is also not

warranted. See United States v. Fernandez

4. The district court did not err in denying Valderama’s motion to dismiss the attempted reentry charge pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) on the ground that the underlying removal order from 1998 was invalid. Even if Valderama’s due process rights were violated by defects in the underlying removal proceeding, which we do not decide, Valderama does not show that he suffered prejudice as a result of any defects because it is not “ plausible ” that an Immigration Judge presented with all of the facts would exercise discretion in favor given his lengthy immigration history, demonstrated by his fifteen voluntary returns. United States v. Gonzalez-Flores , 804 F.3d 920, 927 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). Therefore, Valderama cannot establish that his 1998 removal order was fundamentally unfair, one of the three requirements a noncitizen must meet to challenge the validity of his removal order under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d).

AFFIRMED.

[*] This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

[1] Doyle v. Ohio , 426 U.S. 610, 618 (1976).

[2] We deny the government’s motion to take judicial notice of and transmit the recording of the first half of the 1998 removal hearing filed at Dkt. 22.