Case Information
*1 i OFFICE OP THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AUSTIN.TEXAS
nn Ovarruled by O;k587-a /(.>, : i:fd I' Ronorsble CI. ;:;. Lockhsrt, Chsirrlan
Rosrd of Insurance Commlsnioners
Austin, Texas
Opinion No. O-4587 Ile : Incorporation of title insur- Deer 7lr:
ance companies under Article 1302a, as emended; powers and duties of the Board of Znsur- anca Commisaionars to prescribe rates and policy forms for title insuranca risks outside of Texas; deposits and reserves required of suoh oompanles; their liabil- ity for franohise taxes; filing fees required; ellgiblllty of property to be reodved in psy- ment of oapltal stock and sur- plus.
We have your letter of recant date requesting the opinion of this department on the above subjects, whioh let- ter sets out eight separate questions. We also have your supplemental request maklng certain additions and explana- tions in oonneotion with question 7 and adding a ninth ques- tion, whioh question No. 9 is divided into twelve subheads.
Your original opinion request reads in part as fol- lows :
W!i%is is the first title insurance oompsny attempted to be formed under Artiole 1302a a8
amended (Acts 1929, Alet Leg., Reg. Sess. p.
77, Ch. I+0 as amended by Acts 1931, l&d Leg., Rag. Sess. Ch. 269 and by Acte 1933, l&d Lag., Reg. Sess. p. 750, Ch. 222). For our guidance
in the incorporetion, licensing, .examlnation and regulation of this company, es wbll as similar
ones which may be incorporated in the future end companies which came utier the new legislation above cited upon its enactment, we request yolrr opinion upon the following points in oonnectfon with the construction of Artiole 13028 as it
now stands: n
Your questions are hereinafter stated and answered individually.
Question No. 1 reads as follows: *2 Hon. 0. B. Lockhart, page 2
nDoee thle Board have the legal power and duty ot prsearlblng polloy form5 for ~150 lo
writlag insuranae outalde the State of titla Texas by oompanles operating under Article
1302aV
We assume that your phrase “title Insurance outside the state” means title insurance oontraots medo outside the state on property outside the stete.
Seotloua Nos. 3, 4 end 5 of Artiole 13020 reed em r ollowB t
*Sue. 3. Corporations 80 formed, au ml1
ea foreign oorporatlons en8 those oreated under
Subdivision 57, Artiole 1302, Qr tha Revised stat- utes of 1925, or under Chapter 18, Title 78, Be- vised Statutes of 1925, or any otheo law in 60
2ar as the buolne5s cd either may be a tltla ln-
suranae bualneso, eholl operate in Tex%s, under * and under suoh nnl- the oontrol and sunsrvielon srS to ioraw of poll-
form rules and regi&tlone ales end underwriting oontraotti~ and premlume there- for, ae may be from time to time.prascrlbe4 b the Board of Znauranoe Comdsslonere of Texas a JJ
no Texas or foreign oorporat ion, whether &or-
peroted. under this eat or any other law ab the State of Texan, shall be permitted to Issue my polioy ar mertg8go oertliloate or under-
title
OrrLting oontraot on Texas mepertz other thus
under thla sot ana under euoh rules and rewtla-
t1ons. X0 policy of title lnsuranae af guGfmtiee of any oheraoter on Texue titles shall be lseued
or valld unless mitten by a oorporstion oaarply- log with all provisions oi and authariaed m:
quellfled under this aot. Before an rate we-
vfded for herein shall be fixed or o L ed, roe-
sonable netloe shall ed to the oompanles ai’feoted by this aot. Every lsaue~, and c hearing atford- oampuny doing business under thls act shall tile
with the Board or Insurance Odseioners the
form rb guarantee, oertlfloate, mortgage polloy
ar any polloy of title lnsuranos before the same shall be Issued, and form must ba apwoved
by tho Board, and be unlfara as to all compaaiee.
Under no cironmstenoes map asp oa1~0n~ use aBy
?orm until the same shall have been ausrivved bf
he Boar&
*The Board of Insurance Comailssionere &all have the right and It shall be its duty to fix
ati promulgate the rotas to be oharged by MI?
poratlons created or opereting hereunder ir
premiums on polloles or certliloates under-
wrftlng oontraote, .The rate Zixed by the Board
Eon. 0. P. Leekhart, page
shall be reaaohable tothe publle aad. non-eonfle- oatory sa to the oaq~ny. For the purpose af aol.l.eotIng data on yhhh to datemIne the proper rates to be iixeb, the Boar& ahall have the right to require the ooqanies oporsting Iu Texas to sa&$t.suah lnfomatlon In suah form as it may d6iPl proper, all Ihfomation as to loss expsrIenoo, expense oi operation, and other material matter for Its oonslderation.
“Ratea when once fixed shell not be changed until after a publIo heaxIng shall be had by tha Board, after proper not100 sent aih0t to all oompaniea interested In writing this buslnera; and after public hotloe in such manuer as to thereto for two weeks In ad- give fair publioity vanoe. The Board must oall suoh heaxIng to oon- e$der rate ehmgee at the re uest of a oompany writing tit10 lnauranoe,~or i!r the Board thinks thst a ohango In rates may be roper. zany ecm- pany or other pcmeon Lntoreeto ii , reeling InJured by ang aotlon of the Roard with regard to rates, ahall hare the right to tile a,suIt In the DIa- trlot Court of Travis ~Gounty, wIthin thhfrty’diya after the Roard hae made such order, to review the oatIon, In which auIt the oourt meg entor a udgment correcting the Rosrb’s order and ilx- ry euoh rntes ae may be proper, OF atfIrmIng 3, the eotion o? the Board, Under no ciroumstanaea shall any rate of premium be oharged for ,polI- ales or underwritIng oontraots bi.frew fkola those iI@ those fixed In a final lina promulgated by the Board, or
judgment of the court
ae herdn provide&
"Sea. 4. Gorporations organIze,b under the lawo of any other State ahell,be permitted to do business In this State on exaotly the a~’ bssis end. subjeot to the sams rules, regula- tions adil priosa and supenlefon a8 fIxed for Texas oorporationa.
“980. 5. Any foreign or Uomestio oorpora- tion issuing enr form of pollog or u&erwrlt- lng oontreota or charging any prtnnium rate8 to the publIo am either ownern' or mortgageo*s oertiilcatea or underwrIting oontracta on Texe8 other than forms and rates ~mfi d of Xnsursnee Gommlsaiormrs here- St8 right to 40 b&Iiluaa 1 remit In Temaa; but l&&e &all not be ooaatrued a8 t;;;;~g;g,g”~g ~~~~~t~?&~~I~ neem under this aot anA*doIng a genoral tI$l* * Insurance busllnees ror the publIo In this Stat+ *4 Eon. 0. P. Lookhart, pega 4
far rd.nauringor underqltlng allor anypart
0r the buaInaa8 o? an+her auah oompany to be the same as the ahare to the pabllo.* ?l#QhaaIa ours)
‘In the oase a? Hew York Title k Mortgega Company Y. Tarver, 51 Fed. (2d) 584, a three judge Federal oourt in oon- atruing Artiole 1302a held as iollowsr
‘That said Title Inauramta Aot 1s held to only relate to and iiieot ?ona o? polloles and
prsmlum rates oi auah inauran0o, eto wIth3.n
the state o? Texas, the 60Ing oi bus~n~sa with- in tha atate o? Taaaa; m&to be oxtra-terrl-
torlal In Its erreat, lrnd aamo oannot artrot tha form o? polIolee in use br oomplalnantr In other states than the state o? Texas fztr rates at pre- mium ohargea on polioles wrItton outside tha
atdt0 o? Texas not to be PSriOWed within this The atato of Teas hss the power to say
state.
what kind 0? title pss-formpd in the state of Texas. Bothwoll et Inspran00 bualneas shall k
al. I, Buokbee, &Tears Go., 275 u. S. 2 74, M 8.
0% 124, 72 Ly .EQ. 277.”
This opinion was wr/tten on a motion Sor an inter- lwutorp Injunction, and the oourt*a order was auatalmed by , the Supreme hurt of the Unltod States in a memora8dat8 opln-
Ion reported in [76] L. Ed. 922~.
The laat sentonoe In the ?Irat paragraph at 8aotIon 3 above emphasized I? atanaing 8lona sight be bjord ewxgh to oover polIap rorma wed outsldo a? this Stato in oonneo- tlon wfth out o? state property, But tho atatiute 8hould %a oonstrued from Its tour oornera, In the 0as0 o? G~erolal Standard Insuranoo Campany v. Board o? Inmraoo CammlsaIem- em, 34 9. WI, (26) 343 (error refused), the court raid:
*The &ard,aan axerolse on4 th0 authority oonferred upon It by law an ollar and unmiatak- able terms and will not be deeps to ba given
by implloat%on nor can It be extond0d by Inter- enca but must be strlotlp ~onstruad.*
Your questIon No, 1 Is amswerod In the nagative. Tour question No, 2 reads aa ?ollowar VfDoes this Boerd have the legal power and dut o? presoi+bing premlsm rates at wl&h oom- pa ni ee operating under artlole 13Q2a shall write title Insuraa0e rlakn outside o? Toxaa?* Wa assume that your pa0 *tit18 Inauranee rlaka outside o? Texaa*‘maana title MuraM (10Ptraota mado out- side the State on property outside @ the Stat+~:
Elm. 0. P. Lookhaxt, pago 5
You will note that Saotlon 5 of Axtlele 1302a pm- video a penalty (fertelture of right to do bWI~a8 in Tens) f w any oorparatlon ahar&ag rates other thak those praaexlb- od by tha Board on polIoIea on Tams picOpextlq It pmVIde8 no penalty for oharglng rates not 80 approved on property outside Texas. Fox t&la reason and for the raa8ona sot out under question Ro. 1 your seaond question Is answered in the negative.
Your question No. 3 with subdIr2sIon (0) thereof omitted reads as r0u0wsr
“With reapsot to the QepOsIt or oaah os aeouxltles, equal to one-fourth regulxed by Seotlon 6 of the Aat
of tho authorized aapltai at the oorporatlon: (a) Should this deposit k
oonaidered a part of, or required In addltlon
to, the aepltal steak of the Company? (b) In
Saotlon 6 the daposlt la roqulred to be kept
‘with the Stab’Ea “rd~~~s~hs~~~~~~~~~~~~
tory as arrr a nsme
prorod br the Soard M Inaaranee &vmlsaiwera*,
whexoas in SootIon 2 as anmadadtha aglpp(luiea
axe granted osrtain prlvllagee with respaot to
Inveataiant of portions of their oapltal atosk In abstraot plants in exowa of 50$ of the oap%- tal @took, provided that the7 maintain *with
’ the ala%Iam de- a as rot&&d .Sn lot be met OODr P by keepping tha deposit under the joint oantrol
at tha State Treasurer and of thla Board?. . .
(6) Can the seourltlea In this deposit IawfulLy
aonaist of real estate, or notas or other obll-
gationa aaoured by lten upon raal aatats In Tmaa or other states where the ocmpany la ad&tad to operate, or bath In Texw and &bar states?*
Subaaotion (e) of this question la not a.nswm&, sinoe your auppltiantal letter dlraote that it bo mItted.
seotian 6 of &dole 1302a reads as ~o~ows: “All oorporations, QometIo and roroign rrit- Ing title or mortgagoo polioias or uud*rw&ng
eontracts must at all times have ke.ep on 6s.
posit with the State heaaury air mah other da-
posltory aa may be named by ,auoh oorporatlon and approved by the Boar% at ~Inaurenoa Comm,l8ai~nera, either oash or first mortgsga notes or ~auoh &ho for lmes~~ aaourltiaa as ara now admieslbla
bp lIte this 3tate Insuranoe aolspanlea under the iswe af
to an smeuut eqtil ts ona-iomth @ the authorized oapltsl 0r auah ooxpmatlos; pa+ rided, however, that auoh doposit *all in na
evoat rxow4 the sum ef ~lOQ,~@CC&&* *6 .
Hon. 0. P. Lookhart, page 6 suoh reotion aoes not cay that the doposit e&U. be made out of ae8eta separate from and in adaition to thoao asaeta used in payment of oapital steak. You will notie* that Section 10 requires the aoatnntiation of aertala rssarv.8 separately and apart from the oapital oS the a-any. That the Legislature railed to meke suoh a requirement es to the deposit under Section 6 is signlfioant.
Neither does Seation 6 roqulre apeaifioallp that the deposit be msae out of ospital asseta. the amount of the deposit by the'smount of the authorimed aapital. It merely meaaurea
In answer to subdivision (a) of question No. 3, wu are advised that the deposit may be mede out ai any asset8 available whioh otherwise meet the requirements of sald Seo- tion 6 of Artiole 1302s.
In eonneetion tith subdivision (b) & pueation 3 we aall pour attention to the rule that separate prolrlsi8ollcl ~of a statute will not be aonstrued as eonfliqtlng if auah construction aen be rraaoansbly avoided.
We also oall to pour attention the fact that at tha tfma .of the amendment to Seotion 2 (Aotr of 19331 43rd Leg., p, 750) whioh reit4rO to the Wmmlssioner 0r Zn8u.ranoe thqre was oo.offlosr in Texas by that title. The otatute referring to auah oi'ifoe was rep8aled by the Acts of 1927; 40th Leg., p. 329, which oreated Board of Insurance QtisdoMr8.
All powera, duties, exu'prerogatlrea oi the QaP8intioner of Inauranae had prior to 1933 been transferred to the Board of Insurance Oamn.lsslcmere by Artialo 4862r, Revlard Civil Stat- therafdre utaa. It seems reasonable that the reference In Scotion 2 to the Commlseioner of Insurance was intended to ba to the Board of Insurance So+uv&seioners. This isot, in eonneotlon vdth the reference to So&ion 6 of the dot, idi- oats8 thst all suoh deposits should be kept a8 provided ln aaid Seation 6. We see no oompelllng reason'for keeping the individual deposits in alfferent nmmer& We Bee nothing to require that the aeposlts be kept under olnt ~control of the State Treasurer and the Board. Subdivie on (b) of question t
3 Is answered in the negativs.
In subcivision (d) of QUek3tiOn 3 the phraSS "OT othsr obligstlons* is too indefinite to fOTm a basis upon whiah this ofriae can formulate an opinion and this opinion will attempt to answer suoh question by disregarding auah phrase ana oonslaering the quemtion with suuoh phrase omitted.
Se&ion 6 of Artiale 1302a provides that the da- posit shall be “either oeah, first mortgage notea or arueh other securltles aa are now adsd&Mble for Investment by life insuranoe companies under the laws of this state."
The referenae to securities which twe admiesible \ for Investment by'llfe insuranoe eompaniea rofora in our I
800 I Hon. 0. P. Lopkhart, pa60 7 . /
opinicui to Artiole 4725 of the Berlaed Olvil Statutes whlah apealriea the seouritiea in whlah l uah eomp~ea aa9 fm,eat.
Suoh atatuto begina as iolbtat
"A life laauranae aompany organlard &a the laws oi this atate may invest In loan up- on the iollowlng securities none ethera.*
It is true that Artiole 4726 sets out oertaln uan- dltlona under which such oompanlaa may hold Lana coavey real estate but auoh artlolee does not refer to auoh real estate aa an i nvestment.
It is therefore 0ur opitthtt that We muat look ta Article I+725 to determine the “other seouritieaw reierreb to In Section 6 at Artiols 1302a.
said drtiele 4725 autheriaea the iztvestmant in rirst mortgage loana aa followat
"St may aleo mclke loane u on first llana on'Tsa1 estate the title to wh iY oh,Pa valid and
the value of which le &9$ mare than the amount laeneh thereon.*'
l!bero are other reqitlruaente as to inauranee ,on buildings aonatftutiag a,part of the value el'suah real ea- tats. %ham is no repulrement that the aeaurit9 for auah real estate loana be loaated.in Texas,
While Artlole 4724 math,orlzrs~i~vwHment in real aatete lcena it dose net aufhoriee pur0haae of reel l * tat0 at4 an imestment. In this sonueotlw you are rdarmd to our opinion No. O-4556 addressed to you aad holding that real estate IS not a *aeaurityn *bthln th6 maetint of A&.iale 4720,
In aahaeotion pdth aubaivialon (a) af'questloll In Seatlon 6 M YOU ewe advised that the depmit required Art3 .cle 1302a may lawfully oonalat ai notes atieured by first llena on rael estate, and it ia lmatarial fm the purpoa) Q? auoh deposit whether suah reel eatate ia Moated ln Texea OT in aoae other state in whloh tha aompanp ia permitted to operate,
It is further out opinion that auah deposit -9 not lawfully aauaist of the Teal estate itself Tegardlaarr of the loaatlon of suoh real eatate.
Your quaRtion Ho, 4 reads a8 ioldowat *IS th. 5% Tt8tTVt Oi f&&t &WONS &UWhUI preaoribsd in Station 10 cxt the Aat, appl%oabie
to pTdltSl8 UpCm bualnaaa e&&dde of Toxaat
AR& %f stop and ii you should hold that the aam- patties may lswWll9 charge, 01p that t&U Bear& *8 Hon. 0. P. Lockhart, pa&o 8
may lawfully preeorlbe, pramlum rat06 ior tibia
lnsuranoa risk written on property outside or
Texas different from prmiuza rates so preaorikd
or charged in Temr, then 1s rruah 5$ pramlum re-
same on premium from business outside of Toxa8 to be computed upon the premiums actually charged and received upon suah foreign business or upon
the different rates as presodbed by this Corn-
,.&vslon and chtirged upon/Was business, whathar
.hlgher m lower than the foreign rates?n
Said Section 10 of Artiole 1302a read8 in part 1111 s0110ws:
Wvery oompany doing’s title lhsuranee buai- naas under the provisions of this act ehall ret
aside annually as a reserve 5% of its gcoae prr-
mlums so oollected, bafore any dividends M
paid, the .totals of such reserve shall 111)var
beeiegrired $0 sxowd a totaL rasarva oi #lOO,- . . . . lt .
Suoh provisioh roqtires tha l oaumulatlon of a fund for the protsotion cd pollopholdere ard should be oonstrued so as to beat aooampliah that purpose. The latter part oi . Section 10 provides;
“Funds aooumulated undsr this provision shall never be wed ior the payment ot any ob-
ligation other than those oonneoted with title’
lnauranoe, and, la the event of the insolvency
of .a ompany, the fuud hereby provided ,&all bo
uaed to protect title insuranoa polloyholderr
even though there be no acorued title lhsuranoo
claims and even though there be unpaid obliga-
tloxp 0r other sorts.”
You will note that the latter quotation does not, cay that ths funds shall be used to protect Texas title In- .
mranoe policyholders, but merely says *title Insuraaco po3.10yholders.H sr rund is r0r the proteotion all pollayholders it oould conoelvably bs very inadequate for that purpose if the oompany did a large business outside of the State and the reserve was acoumulatcd from Texas bueinass only. The statute does not say that the reserve 8haU be set aside from pxemiume on Texas business only.
St la our opinion that the 5% reserve provided In said Seotioh 10 of hvtiole 1302e should be sot as168 frgn all premiums rotually oolleoted.
Your Question hT0, 5 reads a8 r0u0net “Are oompanlea Bperating under Artlola 1302a properly taxable undar Artlole 7084 or *9 / pg. 9
0. P. Lookhart,
70647 It has been the oonotruotl~n si this Ds-
partment 00 far that 13020 osmpanies are all
taable umler Astiole 7084 and that Uhapta
oaauolty oampanieo doing e title lnouranos
busl.orso are taxable under Art1010 7064. 10
this construction oorroot?*
. Seotion 7 of Article lgOZa, reads as tollowst
Vhe general levm applioable to paymant OS filing fees and trenchlee taxes of oarporaticmo
having a oapltal stosk are hereby mods ap lloa- ocuulag uadar the pr Qvi OiOUO
~e;;oo~m~satlono Domestio oorporatlons operatirrg under this iaw shall not be required to pay pm-
shun taxes. n
Arjilole -7064 of the Revised Civil Statutes ppo- video in part as followor
*Every Lnsuranoe oorpomtion, Llmyd’o, Qc sodproealo, and eny other srgaaisstien ar o(poI
sarn tranoaotlng the business of fir., matins,
smdne inland, aooldent, orsdit, title, livs-
otosk, fidelity, guaranty, sursty, oaoualty, ce
nny other kind or oharaotcts of lnaeranoe busi-
naoo othar than the business of life lnOPan0m, and other than rratemal bansfit l sormletlms,
within tbio state at the tlmo cd riuag lta an-
nual otatawnt, oimll report to the Bcasd oi I*
ourance Oommlodonoro the groem amount of premiums reoelvad upon propert loaatod in this Ststs cm in tL o Stoto dmlng ths prs-
on risks lasated
Sam .j+axeO.” 7064 or ths Revised Civil Statutso pro-
mlole vides In pnrt aa iollswo a
%very tnsuranoe 0erporation, LloyB~o, 0s reoiprooala, and any other orgonisatlsn Br oea-
aern tranoaotlng the busloass of fire, maurino,
marina l&ml, aaoldant, oradlt, title, llrs-
otosk, rldelltg, guaranty, mrety, Oaauelty, QI
any other kind or aharaoter ai i~uraneo buoi-
neoo other than the businaso oi lit0 isauxaass,
and other than fraternal bsaei%t aooooirtb5o,
wlthln this State at the time of filing its a&-
nual statement, shall repart to the Board or In-
ourenoe Goomls~ldnar8 the groao QaoupLti sf preriUi0 received upon prbperty looat*d,in this Stat@ or
on rlekm loaatsd in this State during the pm
oedlng year, cash of auoh insuranse oerrloro
shall my an annual tqx upon auoh @ass praaf\gl
reosipts aa r0xmst . , .*
Hon. 0. P. Lookhart, page 10
you wll,l note that this statute levies e tax on ln- auranue aarrlers generally with oertaln axoeptlono whlah tar $8 based on gross premium recai ta. He are of the opinion that the tax ievled by Artlole s 064 Is the premium tax re- ferred to in Sectim '2 oi Art1010 1302a and that domeetlo oor- porations operating under Artiole 1302s are not requlred to pay the tax levied by Artiole 7064.
It is true thst Artiole 7064 baa been re-enaoted with certain anendmenta sirroe the passsge of Artlelo 1302e, the spaoial pro- but In our opinion subh aotion did not affect vision or Seotion '7 of Article 13020 regarding pnymant of pre- mium taxes. In this oomeotlon It Is slgnirIoant that at the tlme or the orlgl~l eneotmant or Article 13020 (erraoti+e date, February 29, 1929) Inoludlhg said Section 7, the pre- mium tax statute than In foroe, (Aota 19111 32nd Leg., ah.
108, H. B. 292) provided ror suoh a tax on lnaurenoe aompanlea doing a title lmuranoa bualness.
It lo rurther ux opinion and you aro so advised that In aooordanoe wlth $ otlon 7 ad Article 1302a, all om- poratlona oomlng under the provldo~ of &t$ole 1302a are taxable under Artlqle 7084 whleh provldeo tar general fran- ehlse tnxes on ocxporatlona.
Are Chapter lg oaaualty aompanlea doing a tltla Insurance bua$ness'taxabla undar Artlole 70640 The answer to aueh question depends upon whether or not such crampties are *operatlr& under* Article 13028 80 so to be exeegtad‘trom the premium taxes by tha~tsma of eald Seotlon 7.
It is true that suoh qaaualty eompanlea opernta under the supervIsIon of the Board of Insuranoe %mnnIaolon- ers as provided in Artlole U02a 80 far en the rates and policy f'orm used In their tltlo lnsurenoe bualneas Ia odn- oerned. But under the provisiona ab Artiole 4989 the ISSDL anoe of title Insurema lo only one of the numerous'purposes ror which suoh oaapenloo xay be lmmrporeted. Suoh oaoualty oompsnieo are subjaot to the numerous statutory provlololu of Chtpter 18 of the Ravlsed Civil Ststutes entitled General Casualty Gompanlesl~ and therefore .opsrate under Artlole 1302e only to a lImIted exteat.
It lo our opinion and you are so advised that,%&+ tlon 7 of Article 13020 does not exempt general casualty oom- panics organized under the prwla$ons of oa$d Chapter 18 from the taxes Imposed by Art1ol.e 7064 even though auoh aox- panles are authorized to write title Insureme as wall as general -casualty lnsuranoa.
Your question Ho, 6 reeds no followa: wSeotlon 7 of Art&ala 13G2a refers to and adopts the *general laws appllaablo to payment
I
Eon. 0. P. Le&hart, p* 11
0t rimg rw arsd rren0hie0 tdma 0r 00rp0m- time having a aapitel etook.’ Thla is tha pre- rioion on whioh wa base our oonolusion, mbodlad in question 5 abwa, that the rrtitt0hm tarn8
am to be applied ae provided b9 Artlole 7084
rather than 7064.. Insafar as riling is08 are
oomerned, howavar , t¶oes thle prwlaion rerer
to aa8 adopt Artlole 394 or does it adopt Arti-
cle 3920 as applioebla to these oompanlas?*
Artlole 394 or Revised Civil Statutes aete at eortafn taoa whiah tha Seoratarg of State la authorlzed‘and raqafrad to oharga, among whioh ia the tollowlngl
Tlpon tiling each ehertar, amendment or supplement thereto, of a private oorpmatioz
oraatad for a09 purpoao lntaadad. for mutual pro- ’ rit or benarit,, I rung r0a or Firty (I50.00) lkl Dollara, providod that ii the authorized oa
atook 0r raid otlrparation ahall axoead Tan ho&= B
*ana ($l0,000*00) Dollara It shall be requika 0.00) Dzllam
to pay an additlozal rib0 of Tan ( rar~~woh additional Tan ThauaWd ~10,000.00) P Dollar8 of ita oapital steak or fraiWona1 pgt tharaor arter the rim.*
Artlolo 3920 of the Revised Glvll Statutes rata out oertaiz fare to ba ahergrrd noairad by the Board of xn- euraneo eoplaia8ion0rs whhh reea indluda the roiiOa&r aaoh daolaratlon oartlflsd
Tar flllng oopy of the ohrrtsr oi an in8urenee oompany -
Sa5.oo.r
Roth of the above quoted provialozs war0 in erre0t when &tlola 1302s baeama offeotire.
Ssotltm 7 of Artlola 1302a is eat out In the aza- WeP to your question No. 5. Beotlon 8 of suah artiou road8 ae r0iiOw3n
The ohsrtter of oarrporatlozs inoorporstad hereunder, and the smendmsnte thereto, ahall ba filed with the F3oard of Ineuranga %amisaionara,
whlah asid Board shall oollaot from the a@%& ocaapanies riusg roe8 and rranahiae tams ra-
quirod by law. *
It ;s cle’ar that tha riling ibaa, by wkatovar etat- uts datermlzsd, are to be oollaoted by th? Board ai Ineuramao Commlealon6ws~ Oz riret oousldaratiaz it w&d aeem log&ml that the roes to be aOllaatad b9 the Board should k datawioab by Artlale 3920 whloh amimarat.8 end set8 out the teea to ba sollsotad by suoh Roard. It la alao trua that our Supram Oourt 1 in the aaaa or Daniel ‘(1. me1 & Garth Invaatlarnt Qampanp, S. W. (26) 372. srpraaaly saitr
‘lion. 0. P. Lookhart, pa60 12
, "Title insurenoa Is a kind or type of ln- murenee. * .
Rut we are faoed with Sbotion. 7 whioh apeolrlea: wbenerar laws applioable to riling reea end i,fi;r;yse taxes or oorporetions having a oepital
Artlale 3914 above quoted aete out the riling reea r0r oorporatiana generally. Certainly Artlole 3920, ao rer aa the riung raei or oorporationa are oomeeraad, la not a0 general as Artlole 394,. beoauae Artlole 3920 rlxes the ril- $2mzees of lnauranoa oompauiea and no other kind of oorpara-
. The Legislature has thus IQEmireSt8d its Intention thet the oompanies inoorporatsd under Artiole 13026 ahall pa9 the larger riling rees rixed by mials 39% The reason rer euoh intention ia apparent from the nature of oompanlee in- oorporated uuder Artlole 1302a. Such oorperatioua map ba oreete(l ror a number of purposes In addition to the lnaurlng 0r titles. lhe9 ma9 engage la au abatraot bualnea8, aaoumu- leta end lend azoney, and aot as a truateo. The epeoitio pur- paaea ror which they atap be inoarperalred are eet out in Seotlon 1 Of Artlole 13026. Sines euoh oorparationa ma9 be luoor-
orated for auoh purposer;l in addltlon to the iseuanoe of title La uranoe, it is reasonable thtat the9 ahould be required to pa9 the larger iillng fees raqu5xed of oorporatione geuerally.
You era adtlsed thmt the amount or the rlling reea of oompanles incorporated under Artlole 1302a should be de- termined ‘by the apptioation Or drtiola 3914 or the RSViBed Olril Statutss or Texas.
Pour queatlon No. 7-read8 es rollowar "Sinea by the 1929 lot (Art. 13026) these cmpanloe have been rsoognlasd 88 lnsuranoe oom- penles removed rrom oontrol or the EIeoretery of State end put under the Jurlsdlctlon of this
Board, is our conatrnctiofi oorreot that this makea ma provisions 0r Artio1a 4705 applicable as to far alQ,.lb~lity
requirements or seaurities In
whM~ the caDite1 Stock Or 13026 o0nwanies map - be inveatad?"
Ee also set out herein the portion mental request which deals with question NO.
is a8 follows;
"In oouueotion with qumtjlon No. 7, 8ha at-
torney ror the Cornpang earnestly eontends that
because or. *the peculiar wording Section8 6,
7, and 10 of Artiole 1302A, Artiole 4705 hoe n0 to end doem uot goorern the allgibil- applioatlon~ fty of' the types of eeouritlas in whkoh this tkm- *13 Hon. 0. P, Lo&hart, PW 13
paakmmm&vast or InItIall9 a Its 8apital
Ho, tharaOme, Uea tha positian that al.1 of’tha aoourItioa lietad Ia tha aahadula aooompa Sng.the arrIdavIt of the Inoorpamtore
are elig bla under Article 13OU and l epeoially Y Sections 6, 7, and 10 theraoi. drtlolo 4706
governs the investment ai fuuda 41 atook Inaur-
enoo ocmpanies other than llra, health and aool-
dent cempenlaa, over and abwe the5.r oapltal stook and, of aourfba, whether mtlole 4706 Ie rids; a plAoabla, to this Gaiapany~wlll depend upon
w ether Artlole 4705 Is 6pplIaeble to It. ThIr
Department la going to require the Dompa4 to a surplw rund of at laaat
ay in WtIally
5,OOO.OG (whloh will probably result in
Ita oapltal stock to #lO0,000)
oorporatlng aud lfoaCaIng It; aAd,
will hare diraotly Iwolled also the question
or whether Artiola 4796 Is applIoebla to au& We, tharetorm, desire to au~glcmant
Sarplll8.
quaation X?o. 7 by 1nquIrW whather 4 6 Is up-
plioabla aa to t&L CUpany In the imeebaent
of Its surplus runda over abwe ita autha-
lead oapItal stook ftmd.*
AB we underetend your question No. 7 a8 oupplrment- rd it ma9 bc, ra-stated aa followag Does Article 4705, Reriso$ of preparty GldlStatutea govern the 0UglbtUty tha Initially reodvad in parent of the @apIta% a,toak fir oorpemtlon and doea Artiola 476, Revised .Givil Statutea, govern the eligiMlity af property in Milti its aurplua ftmd8 map be ixmestad? .
That title Inf3mutaa la a type af Issuranao la no longer an open question ainoa t&e oaaa or Daniel. t. !Pymll 0 Garth ln~sstment Gmpany, supa.
A~%iol$ i+7Q&:of the Revised Givfl St@$utaa wMah reads 118 r0mm3t ,:‘r
“Tba oapltal atouk uf any auoh iaauraana oma- panp, axoept any writing Life, Health, and Aaol-
dent Ixiauranoe, Bhal.1 oonsistr fnlaniul money cif the United Statoa; "1. ,
OT
In the bom¶@ oithis'mta cw angoaunty town or &by thar&f, m In the OT inc~&atad
atookof alynatlanalbamk~ or
"3. In riret martgag upm un5noumbarad raal eatata in this State, the title to WM.& ia talld, and the mwkat ralue of whlah $a neb lose .
'then rorty (40) per cat mere than th* apotw
1, Hon. 0. P. Laakhart, paSo l4 Ii any part of the raluo of l uah
loaned thbraon. real eatato 10 In bulldfnga, mmh buIldInga ahall bp luaurod agalnat'losa by Piro Sor not 10s~ than sixty (60) per 6-t at the value ther~~~i#~~~~~ E; gotme pyablo 7 au6h rompany,
0 pror slone of tai8 Artlalr, with rem-' peat to the value af real eatato, aomparad to
the mount laaned tharoon, 8hal.l not apply to
loana seaured by real e&ate whlah are lnmrad
by the Federal Rousing AdmIniatrator.* la iotmd in Chapter 2 of .TItlc 78 of tha RavIse4 bit11 Stat- utos. Chapter 2 1s entitle6 Rlnaorpcestlon af Inauranae Colr panIaa.W The words *any aueh insurance aompuap aoatainbd.* Artialo 4705 rear bak to aorpaaetlmm tormnd under Artlali ,4699, Revised Olvll Sta tutea , whiah 10 styled wParmatlon eb ~gtmlea* end to Artiale 4700 etylad *Articles ai Inaarpara-
. w Artiaiea 4699 and 4705 -0 round with the uaeptioa of aertala later amenbmenta not port&n& Jmro la ttm Itch vised Statutes a? l&V a8 Axtlale8 3028 and 3Oj4 uabr tlu ahuptor elao styled thare aXnaorparatIon of Inauranae Cam- panls8." Xn duaawmlag Artielr 3CZii @ the Ravlsed Statutes on IMuruPae themln oentaiad mar 13ap- oS 1695: and the title ream aourt in tha aaae of State t. Burgess, 109 S. W, glP,mXdt, We ara thus lead to aonaluslan that n~wa8, as I.a its laagw@
Artiale 3028 In Its ori it la, a genaral pror?.e 9 on applleable to ali1 ln- mranaa oarrporatlons exoopt 8-h a# nny be 8x&a& ed by Axtlale 3996.w
Xt Artlole 3028 (nm Astiola 46991 la a Sanaral cltatuto It reasonably rollows that Artialaa 4705 and.4706 in the sun title are statutes of a abaU8r nature, Fro16 the abev* wo ara lead te aonafud% thet Artlala 4705 Is Intahclad aa a ga+ era1 statute gwernIn&z the aspIte stark requixwaaata af In- suranoe corporatloh8 havi.aS a aapltal atoak unlara auah oe poratloru'ara exampted from Ita reQuiremetes by Ita t$nn tams or the terms of acane'ather Artiali,
The attorney for the iuaorporatar6 aaam'to oonae$a that Artiola 4705 aa8 Title 78, Chapter 2, are ep lIaablo to lxmmanoa oarporationa generally but oonteads ~8 s ollowst
"The Statutes applIoable to the rormtion of aorPoratloni3 generally (Saatlon 57, Art.
1302, ol the Revised Statutes) parn&ttad the in- oorparatlon of gaaraaty title oampau$an wlthaut
aupervlalon ot. any ~kfnd ar aharaataT insafar aa .
the Board of Insuraaoe ~QaP*donem we8 oon- ssrned up until passage of ArUole 1gOZa In 1929.
Caasaquantlr, tha geuaral incorporation statutea, luolpains the .statuta govarnlag the aapital steek requiramante o$ all Irate mrparetlom,
gweraec¶ and aoatrolled tl la SyiraatP aampauia8 r
Hoa. a. P. Lookhut, p8&a 15
u until the tlaa' of thi pa88 * Artlelo r Art1010 1302a ob*ngrb h,.~QQU@atiioa 902.. of the general inoerpontioa l tatut*~ eaW 'in .'
the partloulara thorala set 06. Rb ilad BO
referenae of any klad ohsraoter in Art. 1302a to Art. 4705 ur any othar artlole of Title 78,
Chapter 2 applloable to iosuruiee aorperatlona
generally.*
One ai tho pmtloulera lq Artlole 1302a. Rati& Civil Statutes, whleh ohangee the 8p Uoatloa lnoorporatlon ob tke g~~al atatutea la the prwia f on la Cho$loa23 %hd a0 I further oorporatlon shell be aharteroduader aubdlvlmlon 57 or Artiole 1302 whloh ia .thr general statute sot
purpoeea for whiah rlvat~oorpcrratlom may ,br aha
provlelon aeeme to boata the iateatlon @f not=!? . 6roatlon or tit10 lnaru'enoe ampaalea ander th* 8aarml ,q- parrtlon statutea, Rhea the Legla~turo wlahodtomko tb, ier# l ppllaeblr.te general laws ragerdiag illlug title iuaur- en80 eorpavatioar, it illa 80 b l Igprea8 p r ovlmlolb St ia not uureaaouablo to premium that t ho &glalaturo, It ft wished to make the goneral laowpomtloa atatufaa rdbr thur bi18 ib aration atetote*, ap*lleaLle to aa humrum atlr8aoo In aerpor%tIoa~ two&&d hate done 60 by oxp?oaa povi#len.
It la trua that aorp~etloaa iarm& uatlar ArtleSe Guard. Under aartaia ooadltioru tha Roard r$ rowka auah The Aot~ovid0aoaa a oorperratleate oertlfrl8.ate of authority. inmx8am oompd.ea frpr
gww1rs3 lntwbtlon to raxsvo title the ol8sa of private oorporatioaa -ally and plme thaa in the olaaa br statue o? lnsu~anor oorporatioa8.
The mere faati.thit Artlele 1302a appoere in Per-- non*8 Annotated Civil Stetutee~uudor the tItl;;~p~va~
oorporatlons gene-rallg has ue aignltlaenoe.
passed elnao the revision of 192s ead the A6t do06 aot &or, in what chapter of The Revised OltIl Statutes it 8hWld lgnate be plapea.
The fipplioatlon of Artiulr 4705 and'4706 to tlblo -1nauranoe cmpeaiaa, will not nPil%fy th4~prwlalona of SW- tlon 2 @S Article 13028 whiah l hwa lnvratmwdi of a sertala eaaditlon, 10 nmiatained in that Tha toram of both Artlr1ea tema ab Artiolo muat give way wheta ia oeailiot rlth 1302a whluh Is the more aooent 8nb mare partl6uZlar atatulm, *16 Han. 0.P. Imkhart, pa@
In answer to question Na. 7 it la the oplnlon ei I this departmat and you a??8 so advleed that,Artlola 4703,‘.
Revised Qlvil Statutes, la epplioable to Aetiraiaa the ini- tial aapltel atoak requiramanta of a title inaurea6e oarpore- tion to be oraetab under Artiale 1302a RevlaeA Clvll Btat- utas, and that &Mole 4706, Revised 0~~11 Statutes, gwiraa tha Investment of its funds over and above ita paid up aapltal atook, Snd it la further our opinion that aueh artlolea ara eppliaable
only Insofar as they do not oonfllot with einy pro- visions of Axtiols 13028, Revised 01~1~ Statutes.
In aooorAenaa with the Aireatluna in your supple- mental request, question No. 8 la omdtte4 from this oplaloa.
Your question 19,. 9 aontalnwl in your aupplamantal lotter consists or twelve aubdlvlslona and euoh queatloa to- gether with tha exptination in oonnaatIon tjhlsrewith, sea88 es follows: the aahaAule or easeta aa-
"In atud~ng oclqpan@g the affidavit of the l~oorporetara,
,whloh assets will be tendered in payme* ti
aapltal atook end surplus (before eotual fib
lng the obartor will probably be rewrlttra ao
as o divide theae smote u into a n&tlmum of t
$lOO,000,caplt~l at&k and B 5,000 aurplua) we
observe ttist the assets are af?irmatlvaly dia-
olaaed ta ambraoe (6) ia? tltlee to real
(b) reel eetak purahaa& ooatraota,,,Jrsd
or other mouetarg obll@ttlom &eau@#
lion upon real aatate, acane of all~%bxoe af
whloh are located In the State at Rew &!!xiao' end some in the Utate of Texas. Of oourae, ba-
fore either aharterlng or Iioenalngthla Cola, its roe-
Q~IV this Departmsnt will 8laaharge
pona~bllltg of detemalnlngwhether or not tkm in the eahadule to the e~rrlde-
eaaete aa llated vlt @re aotuallp valid fee titles, raal estate purchase contraate and obligations secured by liens upon Pea1 estate, and tha laaatlon
rmit (whather in Toxas or lOen Maxlao) the thereof
value thereof. Eiut, r0r the purpose of deter-
mining the legal ellglblllty of tha varloua
olaeaee of aasata so tanderaA In payment of
the authorized aapltal stoak and tha aurplua in lnoor-
funds whiah may be set up 1nitIelly this C-pa y , we ask you to anawar apa-
porati4j ng queatlona in additfon oirioal p tha r0im
to those propolinded heretofore, regard&ass of
whether you holed Artlalas 4705 and 4706 appll-
aable, ar whether you hold Artlole 13OZA a? aaaia other extialo or artlolea of the statutes eppll-
oabla, with refaranae to the lnveetimant of the
aapltal anA surplus rum30 of this Wspa~r
Boa. 0. P. Lookbart, pa@ “A. Are i6r fltlse to real estate sltwtr
od in Ten8 l llglblr to be raooirad in paJnwn0
ou the'eapltal ‘atook funds of this Company?
"B. Oan iee.titlee to JnLl estata outal& ai Texas ba raerived in payment or oapital
hook OS t&e Campany? q. Otm fee titles to rul eetato otltride
OS Tome bo rooepted in payxmt oi aurplue af
this aon@myt
“% Oanraal estate purahaee oontrectr up- on real property in Taxas k aoaepted in pya#at
of oapltalgtook of this Ocmpanyt
V. Qan real estate purohase oaatraots Up- on real property situated oataide of~Tem8 ~ba l ooapted In paymat oapital stock at this'
-mw Oan rati l stata pur&aae ooatraets up-
on p(to&tf outside or Ton6 be aacepted’ln payment 0r~8orplui~of air Gcmpaaj3
other monetary obllgatloa8 apanraalestata blkni cd aapltal ateak or thlm by first lieno upon real a8tato 6ituated oa,lt8ide in pafment tg aapital stook of Texas ba rowlvad 0r this oampauyt
Can aota a other obli tlona mcrurod by iii% lima upaa raal a6tate s tuated 3.n Taxno '5"
ba raoaived in payment of swplw of thir Qcqaay?
Caa notes artd other obli~ttone aeeured bg ii% lion8 ttptm real ssteto crituated cstttalda at Tmas ba no'*lY~d la payment or the SurpluB
or thb ghmgaay?" to azwuer aubdlvl&mu E,T,,O and We da mt att&pt the term "rmal aetato ptrrohasa wntraots" ~Ha slnw dam sot *18 No& 0. P* La&hart, Pa#$a 18
AUO we dll Ulaxegaxd the pJ&raae *or othw monetary obl&atlona” oontriaed lr~aubdivMbn8 I, J K, and L, koauao to b. the bsaja of an oplnioa, 8u.h phxaa. la too %n~.tiaLt.
Subdivlelous 4 B of qareatlon No. 9 are anawarod See Astio1. 4705, Rlav1s.d Civil statuttea, In th. nsgatlve.
heretoftie quoted. c: snd D ai qwetion FID. 9 am not in Subalvlelow
our aginlon answered by the terms o? Artiole 4706; aoh reads in part a8 followa:
m oompany, aoept any urltiag life, health, ana aooident, lnsuraam; organlaed und.r.tho invest its ruar vlaiow of thl~ ehaptsr shsll
war snd above lte paid up eapltal stook in inn
otbx manner than as follows; . . .* Ztlo txui t&t ttixeot imsstmaut Inrealelrtatr is not par- I dittad by the tsnna of oath artlole, But aa we aoaatrua yaaz allP question the iwtl.rstate ia thla ease fa te In lattax ooavay8d to the ocaipaay on iaeqxpox~tioa a8 a glit or eea-
lsibutlon, ~fhe acioeptsaa. of aaah coatributlon la aot an in- 4706 whfah la a pm+ v.atm.at'dthin the asauingat Artlol.
cf*e statute. Wobnter dttrirats the word wlmwt* as iot Tharafa. otw haZd5.ag a$idar qnastfon.Sa..'I d..s nat mesa that 4706 is declalva ,ai the altuatloa maaentrd ktlole ln cub- dl~lalaar, Oven& r) of quastiwL9. Emover, Artidle 4715 un- der the t&tie on inauranc. prwid.,a. that the 1~~8 fwez%lq eorporatione in gmnewl shall a ply to and g0vSz-n LSUXSM.
sorporotlona lnaorparated la th s~atate ! laaufar as the aam 8~. aot lmonslstent with auah t&St& In Cbir ooaaeotien wa direot year attention to Article U&I uUoh raada aa tollawat author-iaed bay T *AU ~lvato’eorpoxatlona
the mm mxae,.to do bwlnesa In this stat.,
whoso satin pqou. la not the a.qtisiUon or
~ownsrahlp of lands, whloh hava or msy aaqu%ra by lowe, puwhaae or Nhsr*8sr iWar8 land thaa
.is rrsoessary to srreblr them to olrrg on the@ shall, wl)$dn fltteea
bwlnes~ earsgig
date said land Bay b8 aaqUirOd, Ll
isell and eonroy in $00 Illimptb alt landa,aa io* quired *hiah are.not neaesrary rw the txanaa4-
tl* of their bual1#a6,*
Aadtc Artisle l.j64?&iohrradaaa r0lloat
saw aubBjact to iarfalt\tre aad l aehsat poe.wd- The Attornbr Ga&eml, a say distrlot or -65. oounty attorna~, whm either OS tkam ha8 reaa0a
to b6U.m that oorporatlon la holding lands @iI
in vioJbttf0n 0r t a law, dull fa5tltnte l ult In the mum ar the State or Toxaa, in TrWIS
County, or in any oounty in Texas wheti aueh
eorporatlon MS hare an agent, ur ln sn~‘oouat~
whwo anf part cd tha land ma ba sltuatad,
agalaat owh aorporatlon, as f a provided tar the esaheat or astatos Or dewased persons
dyZn& wIthout devise thereof and having no hairs.*
In the case of 0arnpb.U v. Hoodi 35 S. W. (26) 93, (Otau. App.1 Dec.) the oourt mldr “For many yeare it hss born tha astebllshad
poziog or our stats to prohlblt oorporatlona, ’
with eertala axaaptlons, from aaqulrlng l&l.”
l?he aourt .rlrrther saldr
qt 1s true, as ar$wd b the plaLntlii8 lnerror, thst ii tha oorpom Ionhaa eon6umm9 i
od deal by aoqulring the lands no one omald
hsve questioned its title sxaapt the stata.* Wo aan rind no lsa raquirlng the wt&l or a 00~1 poxate sharter beoause it la llk.ly that awh sorpontian it la not Ulmm4 to ma aoqulre by oontribution lands rhieh the question Imlv.d.ln aubdlvl8lma 0 and ha d, f tharerore right ps la& of r&&t to reaefn R as to the corporation'6 and hold euah landa 1s new lar ely l eabnle. St should k dstarmlmd when it aotually ar ses by proper preoaadiaga f: tm- dex tha tarma or Brtlale 1364 abw. quoted. I af uestlon Xo. 9 1. anawexed la th.
Subdlvislon arrimotlve provided. suoh r f rst lleo note6 on Toxw raalta mset the requirements or Artleli 4705, Revlsad Olvll Ststutaa, ee to the value of the seaurlty, fire Iuaummee, et&
SubdIvIsIon J of questi,on No. 9 is awwered in the negative beoauae Artiale 4705, Rsvlrml Civil Etatutee, npeol- r1.a rirst mortgsge notes on rosl estate In this Ststa.
In anawar to aubdlvlslona E cud L of qusatioa Iio. you are sdvlsed that for the s-a ran110118 58t Outi abevo in th. dlsouasion or subdivleloua C and D we do not pass upon the receive br o@ntrIbutlmka end there- aorpoxatlon*s rl&t.to after hold suah first lien notes an a part of it8 aurplu8. However, your attantlon 1s $lreoted to Se&ten (b) of ArtIole invf3stm6as of aurplua rum3 a6 r0uOpILlt
4706 authorizing
"1x3 bonds or rirat 3.l~~ ~n~unlmmbered real estate In this State OR In any other BtSt8,
oountry, or provlnoe la.whio& suoh 0-w ry
k duly llaon6ed to oondliot’4n iMur6noe bu6ln860, ati prorUing in scloh 1tWanao ruoh real eat&o ahall be warth at least ferty (@) p&r oont mm-0 than tho empunt lasnad thqmon: '!ka relua'of
suoh real estate shall be de&ermine6 by a ralua-
tlon nade under oath by two (2) freeholdera of is looqted; end
the oouaty whore the roal ~eateto it the bui.ldlnga are oonaidor6d a part of the value of the real aetato; thoy must be lmwrod loss by fire for not lesa thau qixtr (60)
' against ‘pek oent of the value theroof, *it& loaa-pa3abl.o
~olauee to suah mupang.* . .
You are therefqe advised that a tit&o Mmiranoo 00~ pany my lnveet its surploa funds in first lien note8 on an-' tibarad raal estate either &nthis Stst,e @r w othar atat* is duly l%oelreed to s&z&M (UQ laaaranoo bus&near in which it other ~equlroinents oil.&1010 4706 ire uMo$i&. protidod th%a -oplaloa dll aid in tha detom&&
.Tmitirq t&m of tho probLsm6 b6fare you, wo are
. .
DQt6brJrb