Case Information
*1 October 27, 1987 Honorable Brad Wright Opinion No. Jh-816 Chairman
Public Health Committee Re: Whether a hospital Texas House of Representatives district is required to P. 0. Box 2910 its facilities make Austin, Texas 78769 non- available
therapeutic abortions Dear Representative Wright:
you ask whether the board of managers of the City of Amarillo Hospital District (AHD) may adopt a policy of refusing to make its facilities available for non- therapeutic abortions. We believe such a policy violates the United States Constitution in certain instances. The AHD was created by chapter 136, Acts 1957, 55th Legisla- ture, Regular Session under authority of article IX, section 5, of the Texas Constitution. The pertinent constitutional provision authorizes the creation of a hospital district "to be coextensive withy and have the same boundaries as the incorporated city of Amarillo as such boundaries now exist or as they may hereafter be lawfully extended."1 Tex. Const. art. XI, 55(a).
The district's enabling statute describes the district's purpose as "owning and operating a hospital or hospital system for indigent and needy persons. . . .I' Acts 1957, 55th Leg., ch. 136, 51, at 298. Various
1. A proposed amendment to article IX, section 5 will appear on the ballot at the November 3, 1987 constitutional amendment election. If adopted, amendment authorizes the legislature to expand the service area of the AHD to include certain residents of Randall County and to permit Randall County to provide financial assistance to the district.
Honorable Brad Wright - Page 2 (JN-816) provisions of the act provide for a Board of Hospital Managers to be appointed by the governing body of the city of Amarillo; for the board to contract with other counties cities for the care and treatment and incorporated their residents; for the board to promulgate rules and regulations for the operation of the hospital: and for the transfer of ownership to the AHD of lands, buildings, and equipment that is situated in the district that was owned by the city of Amarillo or Potter County and used to furnish medical services or hospital care to indigents or L at 854, 5. needy persons by those two entities.
The enabling statute was amended by chapter 439, Acts of the 64th Legislature, Regular Session, 1975 to allow the city governing body and the board to fix and collect charges for the occupancy and use of any of the hospital facilities and services in the amount and manner deter- mined by the board. See Acts 1975, 64th Leg., ch. 439, §3A(g), at 1170. 1179-80. The hospital administrator determines a patient's ability' to pay for services. & Acts 1957, 55th Leg., ch. 136, 514, at 298, 304.
You tell us that the AHD operates Northwest Texas Hospital, a general public hospital. It is in the public hospital that nontherapeutic would be pro- hibited.2 Generally, a hospital district's power and any limitations on the exercise of that power are found in the constitution and the hospital district's enabling statute. Attorney General Opinion M-171 (1967). Special purpose districts have only the authority which is clearly granted by the legislature. Tri-Citv Fresh Water SUDD~Y District No. 2 of Harris Countv v. Mann, 142 S.W.Zd 945 (Tex. 1940). See Attorney General Opinion Nos. JM-258, JM-257 (1984). in this opinion
2. The discussion is limited to first and second trimester abortions. House Bill No. 410 enacted by the 70th Legislature took effect on September The bill prohibits the abortion of a viable 1, 1987. fetus during the third trimester except to prevent death or serious impairment of physical or mental health of the mother or because the fetus has been diagnosed as having a severe, irreversible abnormality. e Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 469, at 4100.
Honorable Brad Wright - Page'3 (JM-816)
In 1985, the state constitution was amended to include article IX, section 9A, which allows the legisla- ture to determine the health care services a hospital district is required to provide. No legislation has been enacted pursuant to the amendment. The Indigent Health Care and Treatment Act, article 4438f, V.T.C.S., was also This act expressly enacted in 1985. exempts hospital districts from the mandatory services provision required under section 11.01(d) of the act.
Section 11.02 of the Indigent Health Care Act provides:
A hospital district shall provide the health care services required under the Texas Constitution and the statute creating district.
Neither article IX, section 5, of the constitution, nor the district's enabling statute specifies the medical services to be provided. Both provisions speak in general terms about the provision of medical aid and hospital care. Therefore, absent subsequent legislative enactment, a hospital district may generally determine which services it will provide.
On the issue of abortion, however, the AHD must be guided by federal law. The United States Supreme Court invalidated the Texas laws concerning abortion in Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973). See also Doe v. Belton, 410 U.S.'179 (1973). &g established that the constitutional right of privacy encompasses a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. See id. at 153. A state must demonstrate a compelling interest when restricting a fundamental right. Id. at 155. The court held that the interest during state has no compelling the first of pregnancy and that the decision to abort trimester during that period must be free of interference by the The privacy right involved in the state. Id. at 163. abortion decision is not absolute. Id. at 154. The court found state regulation of abortions during the second appropriate to the extent that the regulation trimester relates to the preservation and protection of the mother's health. Id. at 163. The state's compelling interest in protecting potential life was found to exist from the Id. This interest, point of viability of the fetus. according to Roe, allows the state to proscribe abortion during the third trimester, except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother. Id. at 164. *4 Honorable Brad Wright - Page 4 (JM-816)
Ten years after the w decision, the Court re- by the state in the affirmed its rule of non-interference first trimester abortion decision and the requirement of a for restricting or prohibiting compelling state interest abortions at later stages of pregnancy. Citv of Akron v. Akron Center for Renroductive Health. Inc., 462 U.S. 416 (1983). Speaking for the majority, Justice Powell wrote:
These cases come to us a decade after we that held in Roe v. Wade [citation omitted] the right of privacy, grounded in concept of personal liberty ,guaranteed by wornants the Constitution, encompasses a right to decide whether to terminate her Legislative to the pregnancy. responses Court's decision have required us on several occasions, and again today, to define the limits of a State's authority to regulate the performance of abortions. And arguments continue to be made, in these cases as well, that we e,rred in interpreting the Constitu- tion. Nonetheless, the doctrine of stare never decisis, while perhaps entirely persuasive on a constitutional question, is a doctrine that demands respect in a society governed by the rule of law. We respect it today, and reaffirm Roe v. Wade.
Id. at 419-20.
Shortly after Roe v. Wade was decided, 'this office issued Attorney General Opinion H-369 (1974), a lengthy opinion on the status of state abortion laws and the One of permissibility of certain abortion regulations. the questions discussed in that opinion was whether a hospital may refuse to permit the performance of an The opinion traced the judicially drawn abortion. distinction between public and private hospitals on this issue and concluded that public hospitals may not refuse unless other similar medical to perform procedures are likewise prohibited.3
3. For purposes of this opinion, we assume that Northwest Texas Hospital does perform other medically similar procedures.
p. 3869 *5 Honorable Brad Wright - Page 5 (m-816)
Judicial decisions rendered after Attorney General Opinion H-369 support this conclusion with one limitation. The United States Supreme Court upheld a public hospital's refusal to provide a nontherapeutic abortion to an indigent patient in Poe ke 1 r v. Doe, 432 U.S. 519, reh'cr denied, 434 U.S. 8~80 (1977): Poelker reiterated the Supreme Court‘s position in Wah r v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464 , (1977) that public funding for abortions is not constitu-
tionally required. The Supreme 'Court has not ruled directly on the question of a public hospital's refusal to provide nontherapeutic abortions to paying patients. However, there have been cases in other jurisdictions on this precise question.
Shortly after Roe v. Wade, sunra, the First Circuit court in Doe v. Hale HOSDital, 500 F.2d 144 (1st Cir. 1974), Fez-t. denied, 420 U.S. 907 (1975) denied a Massachusetts municipal hospital's authority to "forbid elective abortions so long as it offers medically indistinguishable procedures, without violating the fundamental rights associated with the decision to terminate pregnancy set out in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton." Doe, 500 F.2d at 147.
Wolfe v. Schroerinq, 541 F.2d 523 (6th Cir. 1976) held unconstitutional a Kentucky institutional conscience clause statute as applied to public hospitals.
However, the conscience clause cannot constitutionally permit 'public' hospitals ('state actors'), to refuse to permit the performance abortions 'ethical' reasons. Such permission would circumvent, if not directly contravene, R&z& SW?3, [citation omitted], which permits the state to interfere with the woman's abortion decision only in the second trimester, and then only to protect maternal health, and in post-viability stage, to protect maternal health and fetal life. The conscience clause, as applied to public hospitals, unconstitutionally interferes with the woman's constitutional right to abortion by permitting public hospitals to proscribe first trimester abortions and to second trimester on proscribe grounds broader than 'maternal health.' [Citations omitted.]
Honorable Brad Wright - Page 6 (JM-816) 541 F.2d at 527. A similar conscience clause was stricken in Minnesota insofar as it applied to public facil,ities. Hodason v. Lawson, 542 F.2d 1350 (8th Cir. 1976).
In Doe v. Charleston Area Medical Center. Inc., 529 F.2d 638 (4th Cir. 1975) the court held unconstitutional a private hospital's policy of refusing to perform non- therapeutic abortions. The Charleston court found the requisite "state action" in the fact that the hospital policy was formulated in order to comply with a West Virginia criminal abortion statute.
In August, 1973, seven months after Roe v. Wade, sunra, an injunction was obtained in federal district court in Minnesota to compel a municipal hospital commis- sion to provide its facilities for the performance abortions and to allow physicians to perform abortions at their discretion in accordance with Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton. The hospital had adopted a resolution proscribing abortions except when necessary to save the life of the mother. Nvbera Citv of -Virainia. Minnesota, 361 F.Supp. 932 (D. MGn. 1973) aff'd, 495 F.2d 1342 (8th U.S. 891 (1974) [herein- Cir. 1974), anneal dism,d, ;19 after Nvbera I]. In 1980 the city of Virginia sought unsuccessfully to vacate the pvbera I injunction. Nvberq . . v. Citv of IraIn ia, 667 F.2d 754 (8th Cir. 1982), ODD eal dism,d, 462'U.S. 1125 (1983) [hereinafter Nvbera II]. The city relied on Maher v. Roe, sunra, Poelker v. Doe, w, and other Supreme Court decisions issued subsequent to Nvbera I in seeking relief from the seven year injunction. The Nvbera II court refused to vacate the injunction, reasoning that the cases relied on dealt with the issue of abortion funding. The hospital resolution found constitutionally offensive in Nvbera I applied to indigents and nonindigents alike. Nvbera II distinguished the Nvbera I requirement that a public hospital make its facilities available for the performance of abortions by staff physicians from the cases in which the availability of direct public expenditures was at issue. the Supreme
In Poelker Court determined that a ciiy hospital was not required a SDend public funds to hire doctors who would perform otherwise provide publicly financed hI:pital services indigent women.
There is a fundamental difference between providing direct funding to effect *7 .
.., Honorable Brad Wright - Page 7 (~~-816)
abortion decision and allowing staff physicians to perform at an existing publicly owned hospital. While it is true public money may have been used to build the hospital, that capital expenditure was to provide facilities for a large number of operations, of which first trimester abortions was but one. The decision that a city must allow staff physicians to perform abortions at the sole community hospital is far removed from those decisions which do not~reguire direct public expenditure to facilitate abortions. (Emphasis in original.)
667 F.2d at 758.
The Fifth Circuit was confronted with the issue of a hospital's policy to prohibit elective abortions in Greco v. Oranae Memorial HOSDital CorDoration, 513 F.2d 873 (5th Cir.), cert. denied 423 U.S. 1000 (1975). The Greco court determined that the hospital was private, that there was no state action involved in the abortion policy, and that the circumstances did not warrant ,,imposition of constitutional restrictions upon Orange Memorial Hospital.,, 513 F.2d at 882. The appellate panel did not expressly state that a different result would have been reached upon a finding that the hospital was public; however, the decision strongly implies this conclusion. Moreover, express language to this effect is found in the district courtrs ruling on this matter. Greco v. Oranae memorial HOSDital COrDoratiOn, 374 F.Supp. 227 (E.D. Tex. 1974). Judge Steger, in dismissing the complaint, wrote:
Therefore, this Court is in accord with the reasoning of recent decisions that a private hospital, whether denominational or not, is free to decide the elective abortion question for itself. On the other hand, a purely public hospital, such as the one involved in Bathawav v. Worcester City tfosnital, could not prohibit elective abortions if it had the available space and performed other personnel and surgical procedures involving no greater risk to the patient.
374 F.Supp. at 233. *8 Honorable Brad Wright - Page 8 (JW-816)
The most recently reported federal decision dis- cussing the issue of a ban on abortions in public facilities is peDrOdUCtiVe Health Services v. Webster, 655 F. Supp. 1300 (W.D. MO. 1987). The court invalidated several provisions of a Missouri statute, including one which made it unlawful
for any public facility to be used for the purpose of performing or assisting an abortion not necessary to save the life of the mother or for the purpose of encouraging or counseling a woman to have an abortion not necessary to save her life.
655 F.Supp. at 1316, n. 47. Discounting the defendant's reliance on earlier Supreme Court abortion funding cases, the district court held that Poelker v. Doe, m, was not controlling. The Missouri statute at issue in Webster would prohibit the use of public facilities for all non- therapeutic abortions, regardless of the patients' ability its to pay. Webster cited Wvbera II sunra, to support conclusion that direct funding rniy be disallowed but use of public facilities may not be prohibited. the relevant federal
In our opinion, cases on abortion may be summarized as follows:
1. state interference with first tri- mester abortions is unconstitutional; 2. second trimester restrictions must be based on an interest in the mother's health; abortions of viable 3. third trimester fetuses may be prohibited except to protect the life or health of the mother: 4. public funding of abortions is not constitutionally required; and 5. public facilities may not refuse to allow the use of their facilities for the performance abortions paying patients, if similar medical procedures are performed there.
It is our opinion, therefore, that the AHD may not adopt a policy that would prohibit the use of its public hospital for the performance of nontherapeutic *9 Honorable Brad Wright - Page 9 (JN-816) for paying patients. Neither state nor federal law requires the AHD to fund nontherapeutic abortions.
SUMMARY Absent specific legislation, the Board of Managers of the City of Amarillo Hospital District may generally determine which medical services it will provide. The board may not adopt a policy to refuse to make its public hospital available for the perfor- mance of nontherapeutic first and second trimester for paying patients. Neither state nor federal law requires City of Amarillo Hospital District to fund nontherapeutic abortions.
, Very/to JIM. MATTOX Attorney General of Texas MARY KELLER
Executive Assistant Attorney General
JUDGE ZOLLIE STEAKLEY
Special Assistant Attorney General
RICK GILPIN
Chairman,,Opinion Committee
Prepared by Karen C. Gladney
Assistant Attorney General