Lead Opinion
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Article II, Section 24, of the Montana Constitution, grants individuals accused of crimes the right to a speedy trial. At issue here is whether the right to a speedy trial is violated when, among other things, an accused is deprived of access to rehabilitation programs he would otherwise attend but for his unduly lengthy incarceration in county jail. After conducting a balancing of the applicable factors, the District Court found no violation. We reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶2 Jack Dean Mayes (Mayes) has an extensive criminal record, including primarily drug offenses and other offenses likely related to drugs. Thus, Mayes was already on parole for a prior felony drug conviction when his parole officer arrested him, searched his home in Butte, and found a syringe containing liquid in a jacket pocket that field tested positive for methamphetamine. On August 7, 2014, the State arrested Mayes and charged him with felony criminal possession of the syringe in violation of § 45-9-102, MCA. Mayes made his initial appearance in Justice Court the next day, where his bond was set at $5,500.
¶3 The State filed an information on August 15,2014. Mayes pleaded not guilty on August 28, 2014, and an omnibus hearing was held on September 18, 2014. At the omnibus hearing, the District Court set trial for February 9, 2015, 186 days after his arrest. At the time of Mayes’ arrest, the State Crime Lab had a substantial backlog of cases and notified the State that any analysis would require between seven and nine months to complete. On August 11, 2014, four days after Mayes was arrested, the Sheriff s Office received notification from the State Crime Lab that the contents of the syringe had to be placed into a vial for purposes of analysis. Despite having received such notification, the State waited until November 17, 2014, or 102 days after Mayes’ arrest, to submit the substance for testing. There is no dispute that the State controlled the syringe and its contents during
¶4 Since it appeared the lab would not complete its analysis in time for trial, the State filed a motion on January 20, 2015, to continue the February 9, 2015 trial date. Mayes objected, arguing that the continuance would leave him incarcerated for an excessive amount of time and place the trial date beyond the threshold period of 200 days established in Ariegwe.
¶5 In its order denying Mayes’ speedy trial motion, the District Court analyzed each Ariegwe factor. The court first acknowledged that the delay was beyond the 200 day threshold that would trigger a speedy trial analysis. In addressing the reasons for the delay, the District Court found the delay between Mayes’ arrest and his trial date was attributable to the State for purposes of balancing, but with a lesser degree of culpability. As for the specific delay arising from the State’s late submission of the sample to the lab, a delay of approximately 100 days, the court rejected Mayes’ argument that this delay was a tactical decision by the State to secure “better evidence.” Instead, the court found the delay was institutional, akin to negligence or a lack of diligence, which is the middle tier of the culpability scale in an Ariegwe analysis. The District Court recognized that Mayes had timely asserted his interest in a speedy trial by objecting to the State’s motion to continue trial, and then by motion on April 2, 2015. With respect to whether the delay caused Mayes prejudice, the court found that Mayes was incarcerated after December 11, 2014 as a result of his parole
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶6 We review a district court’s findings of fact underlying a speedy trial claim for clear error. A court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous when they are not supported by substantial credible evidence, if the court misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if a review of the record leaves this Court with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Whether there has been a constitutional violation of the right to speedy trial is reviewed de novo to determine whether the lower court’s interpretation and application of the law are correct. Ariegwe, ¶ 119.
DISCUSSION
¶7 An accused’s right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by United States Constitution Amendments Six and Fourteen, and by Article II, Section 24, of the Montana Constitution. A reviewing court must analyze a potential speedy trial violation by balancing four factors: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) whether the accused asserted his right to a speedy trial; and (4) whether prejudice to the accused resulted from the delay. Ariegwe, ¶ 20. When balancing the four factors, no single factor is dispositive and each is to be considered under the totality of relevant circumstances. Ariegwe, ¶ 112. The speedy trial clock commences once the accused is arrested, a complaint is filed, or an indictment or information is filed. Ariegwe, ¶ 42. A reviewing court must first address the length of delay as a threshold matter to determine if a speedy trial claim merits analysis. Ariegwe, ¶ 38. A minimum 200 days must elapse between the speedy trial clock’s commencement and the date of trial before a speedy trial claim merits consideration. Ariegwe, ¶ 41.
Factor One: The Length of the Delay
¶8 We consider the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the 200 day trigger date because a presumption of prejudice intensifies as the delay exceeds the trigger date: the greater the excess over the trigger date, the more likely the accused suffered prejudice. Ariegwe,
Factor Two: The Reason for the Delay
¶9 A court reviewing a speedy trial claim does not consider in its analysis any action by either the State or the accused which does not postpone the trial date. Ariegwe, ¶ 63. The reviewing court must consider the cause and motive, or reason, behind the particular delay. Ariegwe, ¶ 67. Deliberate delays designed to undermine the defense are heavily weighed, while negligent or institutional delays are weighed less heavily. Ariegwe, ¶ 68. Institutional delays are those inherent in the criminal justice system, and beyond control of prosecutors. Ariegwe, ¶ 68. Negligence is equated with a lack of diligence in bringing the accused to trial. Ariegwe, ¶ 69.
¶10 We have previously recognized that where the State knows the State Crime Lab is significantly backlogged, the failure to inquire about independent lab analysis or other options constitutes a lack of diligence, even when the backlog is due to circumstances beyond the control of the prosecutor. State v. Velasquez, 2016 MT 216, ¶¶ 19-20, 384 Mont. 447, 377 P.3d 1235. In Velasquez, an accused facing felony drug charges was incarcerated in Roosevelt County Jail the entire 309 days he awaited trial. Weeks before his first trial date, the State moved for a continuance because the lab analysis of the evidence had not been completed. As here, the State Crime Lab had informed the State that evidentiary samples were backlogged by an estimated nine months. The District Court granted the continuance despite Velasquez’ objection that he would be denied his right to a speedy trial. The District Court granted two more continuances to allow for completion of lab results. In denying Velasquez’ speedy trial motion, the District Court categorized the delay as institutional, and not attributable to negligence or lack of diligence on the part of the State. Velasquez, ¶¶ 1-5. We reversed, concluding that the failure of the State to pursue possible alternatives to testing at the State Crime Lab, coupled with the State’s awareness that the lab was backlogged by nine months, constituted a lack of diligence which weighed more heavily against the State and tipped the prejudicial scale in favor of the defendant in the Ariegwe analysis. Velasquez, ¶¶ 51-53.
¶11 As in Velasquez, the District Court here mischaracterized the prosecution’s inaction in submitting the sample as part of “the ordinary time required to initiate and prosecute a felony criminal action.” The
Factor Three: The Accused’s Response to the Delay
¶12 Ariegwe not only requires that the District Court determine whether the accused timely asserted his right to a speedy trial, but also whether he actually wanted a speedy trial, given the circumstances. Ariegwe, ¶¶ 76, 79. We agree with the District Court that Mayes timely asserted his right by objecting to the State’s motion to continue and by filing his motion to dismiss on April 2, 2015. We also agree with the District Court that there is no evidence in the record that the Defendant acquiesced or consented to the delay he endured.
¶13 We are compelled, however, to address the State’s argument that Mayes did not actually want a speedy trial because he ultimately pleaded guilty instead of proceeding to trial. Although Ariegwe acknowledges that a guilty plea stops the speedy trial clock, an accused’s constitutional right to a speedy trial is not compromised by
Factor Four: Prejudice to the Accused
¶14 Under factor four, the reviewing court must examine the interests of the defendant that the speedy trial right was designed to protect. Ariegwe, ¶ 86 (citing Barker v, 407 U.S. at 552, 92 S. Ct. at 2193). The United States Supreme Court enumerated these interests: (1) preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2) minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired because of dimming memories and the loss of exculpatory evidence. Ariegwe, ¶ 88 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S. Ct. at 2193; Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 654, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 2692 (1992)). A reviewing court may find prejudice to the accused under any one or all of these factors. Ariegwe, ¶ 88.
A. Whether Mayes’ pretrial incarceration was oppressive.
¶15 We have repeatedly recognized that the delay that can be tolerated for a relatively simple street crime is considerably less than, for example, a complex conspiracy charge. Ariegwe, ¶ 91. In State v. Billman, 2008 MT 326, 346 Mont. 118, 194 P.3d 58, Billman was charged with felony DUI and related driving offenses. Billman remained incarcerated and unable to post bail for 278 days while his trial was continued five times because of docket conflicts and a missing witness. Billman, ¶¶ 4-6. We recognized that Billman’s time incarcerated represented a “considerable amount of delay” and required the State to make a compelling and persuasive showing that this amount of delay did not prejudice him. Billman, ¶ 18. Even though Billman did not challenge the conditions of his incarceration, we found that the length of his incarceration in conjunction with the simple charges he faced sufficed to establish prejudice against him. Billman, ¶ 41; see also Velasquez, ¶ 35. Here, Mayes prosecution was also for a simple charge: possession of dangerous drugs. The charge against Mayes had only two elements: (1) possession; (2) of dangerous drugs. Section 45-9-102, MCA (2013). Therefore, the delay, ostensibly for the purpose of establishing the syringe contained a dangerous drug, is less tolerable and weighs against the State.
¶17 We disagree with both the court’s finding of fact and its application of the law when it determined Mayes was not prejudiced because he was incarcerated pursuant to a parole violation. The record establishes that Mayes would not receive a disposition on his parole violation while the new charges in the instant proceedings remained unresolved. At Mayes’ probable cause hearing for his parole violation, held the day before he met with the parole board, Mayes’ parole officer advised, “[a]ny sanction I would impose, would be determined by... the outcome of those pending charges. ... IB lasically what I am telling you [Mayes] is that you’re stuck here [in Butte-Silver Bow county jail] until those [charges] are adjudicated.” The record further establishes that Mayes was prescreened and accepted for Connections Corrections, followed by pre-release, but that such a placement could not occur until resolution of the new possession charges. Similarly, Mayes was an appropriate referral for NEXUS, but any placement would not occur until resolution of the new felony charges. Parole Officer Martin testified at the speedy trial hearing and explained Mayes’ situation succinctly:
Q: Now going to the December 11 [parole board] hearing, what was the result of that hearing?
A: There was probable cause found by the Hearings Officer Kelley that the [parole] violations had occurred, and he was ordered to be returned back before the Board of Pardons and Parole.
Q: Now, from August 7, the date of his arrest, until currently, has he been able to apply for or enter any programs that the DOC offers?
A: I had him pre-screened for Connections prior to his arrest on August 7. And then after his arrest..., he was pre-screened at the Great Falls Pre-Release Center and accepted.
*419 Q: Okay. But he couldn’t go to those programs because of the August 7 arrest?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: Okay. While he’s been in the county jail, could he apply for any other DOC type of programs?
A: Yes.
Q: Like what?
A: We could screen him for NEXUS, pre-releases and that, just getting that process taken care of for the outcome of the pending charges.
Q: So even though he may have applied for the programs, he couldn’t go until these charges are resolved?
A: No. No. He could not go. He’s not eligible for community placement until the felony charges are adjudicated or dismissed.
¶18 Mayes has established that he was prescreened and accepted for at least one rehabilitative drug program, followed by a community placement, which he could have participated in but for his incarceration in the county jail on new drug charges. We further observe that the sentence Mayes received was imposed concurrently to the sentence he received his at parole hearing and for which his parole officer recommended participation in a drug rehabilitation program followed by community placement. It appears counterproductive, to say the least, to delay drug rehabilitation treatment for an offender obviously suffering from a drug addiction in order to test the substance in a syringe recovered from his person—submission of which did not occur for 102 days, or nearly twice as long as it would take for the offender to complete treatment at Connection Corrections.
¶19 We consider efforts to rehabilitate drug addiction as important, and opportunities to receive treatment are frequently limited, requiring many circumstances to align to effectuate the treatment opportunity. Here, the record established that Mayes had such an opportunity; he had been prescreened and could be placed in a drug rehabilitation program. However, the pending possession charges in the instant proceedings prevented him from doing so. In contrast to the speculative prospects for rehabilitation presented in State v. Betterman, 2015 MT 39, 378 Mont. 182, 342 P.3d 971, aff'd, Betterman v. Montana, _ U.S. _, 136 S. Ct. 1609 (2016), Mayes has met his burden of establishing the availability and placement into drug rehabilitation programs which he was unable to realize because of the pending new drug charges. Thus, we consider the inability of Mayes to participate in drug rehabilitation as a consideration of oppressive pretrial delay and weigh it against the state.
¶20 “[T]he crucial question here is whether the delay in bringing the accused to trial has unduly prolonged the disruption of his or her life or aggravated the anxiety and concern that are inherent in being accused of a crime.” Ariegwe, ¶ 97 (citing United States v. Macdonald, 456 U.S. 1, 8, 102 S. Ct. 1497, 1502 (1982)). In evaluating this interest, the court may infer from evidence that the unresolved charges disrupted the accused’s life, causing him anxiety and concern that led to prejudice. Ariegwe, ¶ 97. But a certain amount of disruption when facing criminal charges is to be expected, and finding prejudice from anxiety and concern hinges on duration and intensity. Ariegwe, ¶ 97.
¶21 Here, the record shows that Mayes alleged anxiety and concern. Mayes alleged that he suffered financially from his incarceration in that he was not employed, and was not able to graduate from college on time with his peers. He alleged that he suffered depression and emotional impairment as the result of his extended confinement. Although Mayes alleged a number of ways he has suffered anxiety and concern, he failed to present any evidence to the District Court to support his allegations. Ariegwe permits a reviewing court to infer from evidence that unresolved charges have disrupted the accused’s life, but Mayes failed to set forth any additional evidence for review under this factor. While Mayes’ testimony alone of his anxiety and concern is evidence for the court to consider, we attribute little, if any, prejudice to Mayes on this factor.
C. Whether the accused’s defense was impaired.
¶22 Preventing impairment of the defense remains the most serious interest the speedy trial right was designed to protect. Ariegwe, ¶ 98. Even though this interest focuses on specific aspects of potential impairment, such as witness reliability and evidence spoliation, an accused who fails to set forth any evidence of specific impairment is not precluded from a finding of prejudice. Ariegwe, ¶¶ 99-100. Rather, a lack of evidence showing impairment allows the court to focus on other speedy trial factors to determine whether the pretrial delay has prejudiced the defense. Billman, ¶ 47. The extent to which an accused may rely on the presumption of prejudice depends on the extent to which the delay exceeds the 200 day trigger date. Ariegwe, ¶¶ 51, 151. ¶23 In Ariegwe, we concluded that Ariegwe’s delay of208 days past the trigger date (408 days total) required the State to make a compelling justification for the delay, and a persuasive showing that he had not been prejudiced by the delay. Ariegwe, ¶¶ 123, 151. However, we further concluded that the extent of that delay, substantial as it was,
¶24 Here, the District Court found that Mayes failed to identify any evidence showing that potential evidence was lost, that witnesses have become unavailable, or that Mayes demanded an independent examination of the evidence. Indeed, the court found, “the Defendant has not alleged or shown any specific limitation on his ability to present an effective defense.” We agree with the District Court. Although “consideration of prejudice is not limited to the specifically demonstrable,” the complete lack of evidence that the defense was impaired should be considered under the totality of the circumstances. Ariegwe, ¶ 151 (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 655, 112 S. Ct. at 2692-93). Here, Mayes’ inability or unwillingness to substantiate with evidence other than his own allegations some impairment to the defense weighs in favor of the State.
Balancing the Factors
¶25 Whether the accused was deprived of his right to a speedy trial is determined by the facts of the case and by weighing each of the factors addressed above. Zimmerman, ¶ 38. We conclude that the State’s failure to submit the lab analysis for 102 days following Mayes’ arrest, while not proven to be in deliberate bad faith, weighed very heavily against the State in the balancing of Areigwe factors. These charges were simple and the State’s reasons for delay, backlog at the State Crime Lab and an unexplained failure to timely submit the
¶26 The remedy for violation of a speedy trial is dismissal of the charges. Betterman, ¶ 24. We therefore reverse the District Court’s denial of Mayes’ motion to dismiss and remand for dismissal of the charges.
Mayes also raises on appeal the District Court’s failure to credit his period of incarceration with 125 days. Based upon our resolution of the speedy trial issue, it is unnecessary to address Mayes’ second issue.
See State v. Ariegwe, 2007 MT 204, ¶ 41, 338 Mont. 442, 167 P.3d 815.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
¶27 The complex and unwieldy Ariegwe test can lead to a parsing of the speedy trial inquiry into such minute pieces that it is easy to lose sight of the big picture. Indeed, as the U.S. Supreme Court has cautioned, the speedy trial factors that make up our Ariegwe test “have no talismanic qualities.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S. Ct. at 2193. The big picture we should see here is that the State was ready to try this felony case less than seven months after Mayes’ not guilty plea put this case on a track for trial, even with the delays associated with the Crime Lab, and, unlike in Velasquez, there was absolutely no impairment to the “most serious” interest to be protected by the speedy trial right—the ability of Mayes to present an effective defense. Ariegwe, ¶ 98; Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S. Ct. at 2193; Doggett, 505 U.S. at 654, 112 S. Ct. at 2692. For these and other reasons stated below, I would affirm.
¶28 The situation with the Crime Lab was likewise not the same as in Velasquez. There, the 309-day delay was occasioned when the prosecution failed to act “after learning of and ‘repeatedly’ confirming the nine-month delay” in processing the evidence, but doing nothing in response. Velasquez, ¶ 19. Here, after an initial unquantified delay in processing that arose when the Crime Lab advised that it could not accept Mayes’ syringe in its original condition, and that the contents would need to be extracted and re-packaged in a different container, the Crime Lab processed the evidence in just four months, providing a report on March 23, 2015—far less time than required in Velasquez. Although by then a trial date was not available for another two months (May 19), that delay was not caused by any lack of diligence by the State.
¶29 The Court assesses the State’s conduct as lying somewhere
¶30 Unlike the Court, I would credit the District Court’s findings of fact on these issues. The District Court rejected Mayes’ arguments about bad faith and lack of diligence, finding Mayes “did not offer any evidence to show a lack of diligence on the part of the prosecution. The Defendant did not argue that the State failed to submit its alleged drug evidence to the crime laboratory in a timely manner.” Given this lack of evidence and argument in the District Court, and the nature and duration of the delay here as compared to Velasquez, I agree with the District Court in not weighing the delay in this case “heavily” against the State, as the Court does. Opinion, ¶ 11.
¶31 The Court also weighs against the State the impact upon Mayes’ ability to seek program placement, rejecting the District Court’s findings of facts and conclusions of law. Opinion, ¶¶ 16-19. However, the record is clear that, while screened for DOC programs before and after his arrest, Mayes’ initial inability to access programs resulted from his arrest, on August 7, and continued for that reason at least four months, through December 11, when his parole violation hearing (probable cause) was conducted. Even thereafter, Mayes was placed on a “parole hold” and subjected to further DOC detention until parole board hearings could be conducted, adding to the delay attributable to his arrest. Although Mayes may then have been able to post bail, he offered no proof that he could or would have done so, especially in light of the “parole hold.” As the District Court found, Mayes “was subject to continued custody regardless of the fact that the original trial date was vacated.” Further, the District Court found that Mayes’ program argument “was not supported by any evidence to identify particular programs at issue or to demonstrate the Defendant’s eligibility for such assistance.” The Court overturns the District Court’s findings on the basis of very thin and, in my view, inconclusive testimony. Opinion, ¶ 17. However, even if, in fact, Mayes sufficiently established his eligibility for programs, any delay in accessing them associated exclusively with the State’s delay in this criminal proceeding was minimal, and I agree with the District Court that it was not extensive enough to be considered oppressive. See State v. Maloney, 2015 MT
¶32 The Court agrees with the District Court that there was no evidence establishing aggravation of anxiety and concern. Opinion, ¶ 21. Further, it affirms the District Court’s findingthat Mayes’ ability to present an effective defense was not hindered in any way. Opinion, ¶ 24. The Court neglects to recognize the importance of this final factor, which, as cited above, has been generally acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court and this Court as the most important consideration of prejudice. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S. Ct. at 2193; Doggett, 505 U.S. at 654, 112 S. Ct. at 2692; Billman, ¶¶ 68-69. Thus, it should be accorded significant weight.
¶33 Making these adjustments in the weight to be given to theAriegwe factors, I would conclude that the record demonstrates that the factors do not weigh in Mayes’ favor. But beyond that, I believe it more important to recognize that the speedy trial factors are not to be “talismanic” in their effect, especially if they hinder seeing the big picture. The delays that occurred in this case are simply not out of the ordinary for the prosecution of a felony case in Montana. Mayes did not demonstrate significant prejudice. I would affirm.
