Lonnie Lynn Johnson v. State, 12-15-00186-CR

Lonnie Lynn Johnson v. State

12-15-00186-CR

| Tex. App. | Dec 1, 2015

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Case Information

*0 FILED IN 12th COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 12/1/2015 10:57:34 AM PAM ESTES Clerk *1 ACCEPTED 12-15-00186-CR TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 12/1/2015 10:57:34 AM Pam Estes CLERK

NO ORAL ARGUMENT R E Q U E S T ED C A U SE N O. 1 2 - 1 5 - 0 0 1 8 6 - CR IN T HE

C O U RT OF A P P E A LS T W E L F TH D I S T R I CT OF T E X AS T Y L E R, T E X AS

L O N N IE L Y NN J O H N S ON A p p e l l a nt

v s. T HE S T A TE OF T E X A S, A p p e l l ee

A p p e al in C a u se N o. 3 1 6 75 On A p p e al f r om t he T h i rd J u d i c i al D i s t r i ct C o u rt of A n d e r s on C o u n t y, T e x as B R I EF F OR A P P E L L A NT P h i l ip C. F l e t c h er T e x as B ar N o. 0 0 7 8 7 4 78 8 00 N o r th M a l l a rd P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 01 T e l e p h o ne N o .: ( 9 0 3) 7 3 1 - 4 4 40 F a c s i m i le N o .: ( 9 0 3 ) 7 3 1 - 4 4 74 E m a i l: f l e t c h l a w @ y a h o o . c om A T T O R N EY F OR A P P E L L A NT *2 T A B LE OF CONTENTS P A GE N O.

T a b le of C o n t e n ts 2

L i st of A u t h o r i t i es 3

A p p e a r a n c es 4

A d d r e ss to t he C o u rt 5

S t a t e m e nt of t he C a se 6

I s s u es P r e s e n t ed 7

S t a t e m e nt of F a c ts 8

S u m m a ry of t he A r g u m e n t, P o i nt of E r r or N u m b er O ne 20

S u m m a ry of t he A r g u m e n t, P o i nt of E r r or N u m b er T wo 21

A r g u m e n t, P o i nt of E r r or N u m b er O ne 22

A r g u m e n t, P o i nt of E r r or N u m b er T wo 26

P r a y er 28

C e r t i f i c a te of C o m p l i a n ce - T e x as R u l es of A p p e l l a te P r o c e d u re 9 .4 (i) ( 3) 14 29

C e r t i f i c a te of S e r v i ce

LIST OF AUTHORITIES C A S E S: P A GE N O.

Amador V. State, 2 21 S . W . Sd 6 66 ( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 2 0 0 7) 22

Guitierrez v. State, 2 21 S . W . 3d 6 80 ( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 2 0 0 7) 22

Levi V. State, 1 47 S . W . Sd 5 41 ( T e x. A p p . - W a co 2 0 0 4, p e t. r ef d) 23

Miranda v. Arizona, 3 84 U . S. 4 3 6 , 86 S . C t. 1 6 02 ( 1 9 6 6) 26

Rhode Island v. fnnis, 4 46 U . S. 2 9 1, 1 00 S . C t. 1 6 82 ( 1 9 8 0 . ). 27

Rodriguez v. United States, 5 75 U . S. , 1 35 S . C t. 1 6 09 ( 2 0 1 5) 23, 24

Saldivar v. State, 2 09 S . W . Sd 2 75 ( T e x. A p p - F o rt W o r th 2 0 0 6, no p e t .) ( m e m. o p .) 23

WolfV. State, 9 17 S . W . 2d 2 70 ( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 1 9 9 6) 26

STATUTES: P A GE N O.

T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re A r t i c le 1 5 . 21 26

T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re A r t i c le 1 5 . 22 26

T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re A r t i c le 3 8 . 21 26

T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re A r t i c le 3 8 . 22 26

T e x as C o n s t i t u t i o n, A r t i c le I S e c. 1 9, T e x as D ue P r o c e ss C l a u se 26

U n i t ed S t a t es C o n s t i t u t i o n, F i f th A m e n d m e nt 26

U n i t ed S t a t es C o n s t i t u t i o n, F o u r th A m e n d m e nt

A P P E A R A N C ES P u r s u a nt to Rule 38.1 (a), T e x as R u l es of A p p e l l a te P r o c e d u r e, A p p e l l a te p r o v i d es a c o m p l e te l i st of a ll p a r t i es a nd n a m es a nd a d d r e s s es of C o u n s e l:

T r i al D e f e n d a n t: L O N N IE L Y NN J O H N S ON

T r i al D e f e n d a n t 's C o u n s e l: J E FF H E R R I N G T ON

A t t o r n ey at L aw

6 17 E a st L a cy S t r e e t, S u i te 1 06 P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 0 1 - 2 9 65 T e l e p h o n e: ( 9 0 3 ) 7 2 3 - 1 9 23 F a c s i m i l e: ( 9 0 3) 7 2 3 - 0 2 69 S T E VE E V A NS

A t t o r n ey at L aw

6 17 E a st L a cy S t r e e t, S u i te 1 06 P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 0 1 - 2 9 65 T e l e p h o n e: ( 9 0 3 ) 7 2 3 - 1 9 23 F a c s i m i l e: ( 9 0 3) 7 2 3 - 0 2 69 T r i al S t a t e 's C o u n s e l: A L L Y S ON M I T C H E LL & S C O TT H O L D EN

A n d e r s on C o u n ty D i s t r i ct A t t o r n ey 5 00 N o r th C h u r ch S t r e et P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 01 T e l e p h o n e : ( 9 0 3) 7 2 3 - 7 4 00 F a c s i m i l e: ( 9 0 3 ) 7 2 3 - 7 8 18 A p p e l l a n t: L O N N IE L Y NN J O H N S ON

A p p e l l a n t 's C o u n s e l: P H I L IP C. F L E T C H ER

A t t o r n ey at L aw

8 00 N o r th M a l l a rd S t r e et P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 01 T e l e p h o n e: ( 9 0 3) 7 3 1 - 4 4 40 F a c s i m i l e: ( 9 0 3 ) 7 3 1 - 4 4 74 A p p e l l e e 's C o u n s e l: A L L Y S ON M I T C H E LL & S C O TT H O L D EN

A n d e r s on C o u n ty D i s t r i ct A t t o r n e y 's O f f i ce 5 00 N o r th C h u r ch S t r e et P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 01 T e l e p h o n e : ( 9 0 3) 7 2 3 - 7 4 00 F a c s i m i l e: ( 9 0 3) 7 2 3 - 7 8 18 *5 C A U SE N O. 1 2 - 1 5 - 0 0 1 8 6 - CR IN T HE

C O U RT OF A P P E A LS T W E L F TH D I S T R I CT OF T E X AS T Y L E R, T E X AS

L O N N IE L Y NN J O H N S ON A p p e l l a nt

v s. T HE S T A TE OF T E X A S, A p p e l l ee

A p p e al in C a u se N o. 3 1 6 75 On A p p e al f r om t he T h i rd J u d i c i al D i s t r i ct C o u rt of A n d e r s on C o u n t y, T e x as B R I EF F OR A P P E L L A NT TO T HE H O N O R A B LE J U S T I C ES OF T HE C O U RT OF A P P E A L S:

C O M ES N O W, L O N N IE L Y NN J O H N S O N, h e r e i n a f t er r e f e r r ed to as A p p e l l a n t, a nd s u b m i ts t h is B r i ef in s u p p o rt of t he A p p e l l a n t 's r e q u e st t h at j u d g m e nt r e n d e r ed in C a u se

N u m b er 3 1 6 75 be r e v e r s e d.

STATEMENT OF THE C A SE A p p e l l a nt w as i n d i c t ed in C a u se N u m b er 3 1 6 75 w i th t he o f f e n s es of F e l on in P o s s e s s i on of a F i r e a r m, F e l on in P o s s e s s i on of B o dy A r m or a nd I m p e r s o n a t i ng a P u b l ic

S e r v a n t. T h is o f f e n se w as a l l e g ed to h a ve o c c u r r ed on J a n u a ry 1 2, 2 0 1 4, in A n d e r s on

C o u n t y, T e x a s. A p p e l l a nt p l ed n ot g u i l ty to t h e se c h a r g e s. On J u ne 2 9, 2 0 1 5, A p p e l l a nt

c h a n g ed h is p l ea to g u i l ty a nd w as s e n t e n c ed to t h i r ty ( 3 0) y e a rs in t he T e x as D e p a r t m e nt

of C r i m i n al J u s t i ce - I n s t i t u t i o n al D i v i s i o n. T he C o u rt c e r t i f i ed A p p e l l a n t 's r i g ht to a p p e al

a ny p r e - t r i al m o t i o n s. On J u ly 2 1, 2 0 1 5, A p p e l l a nt t i m e ly g a ve h is N o t i ce of A p p e al to t h is

H o n o r a b le C o u r t. A p p e l l a nt n ow t i m e ly f i l es t h is B r i ef in s u p p o rt of t he A p p e l l a n t 's r e q u e st

t h at t he j u d g m e nt r e n d e r ed in C a u se N u m b er 3 1 6 75 be r e v e r s e d.

I S S U ES P R E S E N T ED Point of Error Number One; T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st

u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r c h es a nd s e i z u r e s.

Point of Error Number Two: T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng a d m i s s i on of c e r t a in s t a t e m e n ts of A p p e l l a nt t h at w e re m a de w h i le A p p e l l a nt w as in

c u s t o dy in v i o l a t i on of h is F i f th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i o n.

STATEMENT OF F A C TS On O c t o b er 3, 2 0 14 t he C o u rt h e a rd A p p e l l a n t 's M o t i on to S u p p r e s s. T h is w as r e p o r t ed by B r a n di R ay in V o l u me 1. T he S t a te c a l l ed i ts f i r st w i t n e s s, R ob S a d o w s k i, a

T e x as G a me W a r d e ns a nd T e x as P a r ks a nd W i l d l i fe D e p a r t m e nt o f f i c e r. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

h ad r e c e i v ed a c a ll f r om t he A n d e r s on C o u n ty S h e r i f fs O f f i ce t h at a v e h i c le w as s t u ck in

t he s a nd at G us E n g e l i ng W i l d l i fe M a n a g e m e nt A r e a, a p u b l ic a r e a. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 5 - 6)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki e x p l a i n ed t h at y ou a re a l l o w ed to e n t er t he p r o p e r ty w i th a v a l id p e r m i t.

T h e re a re t wo e n t ry p o i n ts t h at a re g a t e d. A p a v ed r o ad a l l o ws t h r o u gh t r a f f ic w h en it is

o p e n e d. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki w as d i s p a t c h ed to L o n n ie J o h n s o n, w ho w as at t he e nd of a d i rt

r o ad t h at e n d ed at t he c a t f i sh c r e ek b o t t o m. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a r r i v ed w i th O f f i c er D a n ny

K e s s el w ho w as in h is o wn p a t r ol v e h i c l e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 6 - 8)

U p on a r r i v i ng a nd m e e t i ng M r. L o n n ie J o h n s o n, O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed f or A p p e l l a n fs d r i v e r 's l i c e n se a nd r an it t h r o u gh t he A n d e r s on C o u n ty S h e r i f fs O f f i c e. It

c a me b a ck t h at A p p e l l a nt w as a c o n v i c t ed f e l o n. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t h en a s k ed A p p e l l a nt

f or h is e n t ry p e r m i t. A p p e l l a nt w as u n a b le to p r o d u ce a v a l id p e r m i t. At t h at t i m e. O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki a s k ed to s e a r ch A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c le a nd w as g i v en c o n s e n t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g.

9) O f f i c er S a d o w s ki b e g an s e a r c h i ng A p p e l l a n fs v e h i c le a nd f o u nd c a m o u f l a ge c l o t h i n g,

a b l a ck d u f f le b a g, a f i s h i ng p o l e, a nd o t h er m i s c e l l a n e o us o u t d o or e q u i p m e n t; O f f i c er

K e s s el f o u nd p r e s c r i p t i on m e d i c a t i o n. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed w h at w as in t he d u f f le b ag

a nd c o u ld he s e a r ch it. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed it w as h is w o rk s t u ff a nd g a ve O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

p e r m i s s i on to s e a r ch t he b a g. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki l o c a t ed a M 4 - t y pe a s s a u lt r i f l e, a t y pe 3A

p o i nt b l a nk b o dy a r m o r, a m i l i t a ry s t y le f i g ht j a c k e t, o ne l o n g - s l e e v ed c o t t on T - s h i rt t h at

s a id " P o l i c e" on it, o ne s h o r t - s l e e v ed T - s h i rt t h at s a id " P o l i c e" on it, a 22 N ew E n g l a nd

f i r e a r ms r e v o l v e r, a nd a 38 R o s si r e v o l v e r, a l o ng w i th m i s c e l l a n e o us o t h er t a c t i c al p o l i ce

e q u i p m e n t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 1 0 - 1 2)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t h en p l a c ed A p p e l l a nt in h a n d c u f f s. At t h at t i m e, A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he w as an u n d e r c o v er o f f i c er f or t he T a r r a nt C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i c e. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

c o n t i n u ed to s e a r ch t he v e h i c le a nd f o u nd 9 - m i l l i m e t er h i d d en in t he c o m p a r t m e nt in

t r u n k, a w h i te c h e m i c al t y pe s u it a l o ng w i th r u b b er g l o v e s, a nd s h a r p e n i ng s t o ne f or a

k n i f e. A p p e l l a nt c o n t i n u ed to s t a te t h at he w o r k ed u n d e r c o v er f or t he T a r r a nt C o u n ty

S h e r i f f 's O f f i ce a nd t h at he w o r k ed u n d er C a p t a in B a i l e y. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki h ad A n d e r s on

C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i ce c o n t a ct T a r r a nt C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i ce a nd w as a d v i s ed t h at t h e re

w as n ot a C a p t a in B a i l ey t h at w o r k ed f or t h e m. T he n e xt m o r n i ng O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

r e c e i v ed a c a ll f r om h is g a me w a r d en l i e u t e n a nt w ho is in T a r r a nt C o u n t y, a nd h is b r o t h er

w o ks f or T a r r a nt C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i c e, a nd he w as u n a b le to c o n f i rm t h at t h e re w as a

C a p t a in B a i l ey t h at e v er w as e m p l o y ed by t he T a r r a nt C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i c e. ( R . R. V o l.

1, P g s. 1 2 - 1 3) A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he r e c e i v ed t he e q u i p m e nt f r om t he T a r r a nt C o u n ty

S h e r i f Ts O f f i ce to a s s i st in r a i d s. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed A p p e l l a nt f or h is P ID n u m b e r,

a n u m b er t h at is g i v en to a ll p e a ce o f f i c e r s, a nd A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed he d id n ot h a ve o n e. At

t h at t i me O f f i c er K e s s el p l a c ed A p p e l l a nt u n d er a r r e st a nd r e ad h im h is M i r a n da r i g h ts in

t he p a t r ol c a r. A p p e l l a n t 's c e ll p h o ne w as s e i z ed a nd a s e a r ch w a r r a nt w as i s s u ed to n e xt

m o r n i ng to s e a r ch h is c e ll p h o n e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 1 3 - 1 4)

D u r i ng c r o ss e x a m i n a t i o n, O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at t he e n t ry g a te w as u n m a n n ed a nd t he r u l es a nd r e g u l a t i o ns w e re p o s t ed at t he e n t ry s t a t i o n. He w as a s k ed

if t he p e r m i ts t h at a re r e q u i r ed w e re a v a i l a b le at t he e n t ry p o i n t. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed

t h at t h ey a re a v a i l a b le w h e re y ou p u r c h a se h u n t i ng a nd f i s h i ng l i c e n s e s. He f u r t h er s t a t ed

t h at it is a c l a ss C m i s d e m e a n or f i ne o n ly o f f e n s e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 1 4 - 1 5)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki w as u n a b le to g i ve an e x a ct t i me of t he c a ll b e c a u se he w as o ut of s e r v i ce w h en he r e c e i v ed t he c a l l. He w as a w a re t h at A p p e l l a nt c o n t a c t ed A n d e r s on

C o u n ty S h e r i f fs O f f i ce h i m s e lf f or a s s i s t a n c e. O f f i c er K e s s el s p o ke w i th A p p e l l a nt on h is

p h o ne to g et h is e x a ct l o c a t i o n. A c c o r d i ng to t he 9 11 c a ll m a d e, A p p e l l a nt c a l l ed at

a p p r o x i m a t e ly 5 : 00 p . m .. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at he a nd h is p a r t n e r. O f f i c er K e s s e l,

h ad to go to M o u nt P l e a s a nt to p i ck up a t r u c k. He s t a t ed he r e c e i v ed t he c a ll on t he w ay

b a c k. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki d id n ot k n ow e x a c t ly w h at t i me t h ey a r r i v ed at t he w i l d l i fe a r e a,

h o w e v e r, he a g r e ed w i th h is p a r t n e r 's r e p o rt t h at it w as a p p r o x i m a t e ly 6 : 00 p . m .. O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki a r r i v ed w i th O f f i c er K e s s el a nd m a de c o n t a c t w i th A p p e l l a nt a nd h is w i f e. ( R . R.

V o l. 1, P g s. 1 5 - 1 7)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at it w as d a rk w h en t h ey a r r i v e d. He f e lt l i ke it w as s u s p i c i o us t h at a n e w er m o d el M e r c e d es B e nz w as s t u ck in t he s a nd in an o ut of r e a ch

p l a c e. He s t a t ed t h at t he p r o p e r ty is u s ed p r i m a r i ly to h u n t, h o w e v e r, a p e r s on c o u ld g et

a l i m i t ed u se p e r m it to j u st e n j oy n a t u re or b i rd w a t c h. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at t he

r e a s on he f e lt A p p e l l a nt a c t i o ns w e re s u s p i c i o us w as b e c a u se he m a de a s t a t e m e nt a b o ut

t h is b e i ng t he s e c o nd t i me he h ad g o t t en s t u ck in t he p a st f ew d a y s. T h is s t a t e m e nt w as

t he r e a s on O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t h o u g ht t he s i t u a t i on w as s u s p i c i o u s. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 1 8-

2 0) O n ce a g a i n. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed t h at he a s k ed A p p e l l a nt f or h is d r i v e r 's l i c e n se

u p on a r r i v i ng at t he w i l d l i fe a r e a. He a l so s t a t ed t h at A p p e l l a n t, at t h is t i m e, w as n ot u n d er

a r r e st a nd O f f i c er S a d o w s ki d id n ot h a ve a s e a r ch w a r r a n t. He r an h is l i c e n se w i th

A n d e r s on C o u n ty S h e r i f fs O f f i ce a nd w as n o t i f i ed t h at A p p e l l a nt w as a c o n v i c t ed f e l o n.

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a d m i t t ed t h at it w as n ot a g a i n st t he l aw f or A p p e l l a nt to be in t he w i l d l i fe

a r e a, b ut it w as s u s p i c i o us to O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t h at he w as a c o n v i c t ed f e l o n. T h at is w hy

he a s k ed to s e a r ch t he v e h i c l e. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed w hy t h ey w e re in t he w i l d l i fe a r ea

a nd A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h ey w e re j u st d r i v i ng t h r o u g h, h o w e v e r, he w as on a d e ad e nd r o a d.

T he o f f i c er d id n ot a sk A p p e l l a nt if t h is w as h is f i r st t i me in t he w i l d l i fe a r e a. D u r i ng

a p p r o x i m a t e ly t h i r ty m i n u t es p r i or to O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k i ng to s e a r ch A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c l e,

b o th o f f i c e rs h ad p u s h ed t he c ar o ut of t he s a nd a nd it w as no l o n g er s t u c k. ( R . R. V o l. 1,

P g s. 2 0 - 2 1)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed t h at he d id n ot i s s ue A p p e l l a nt a c i t a t i on f or b e i ng in t he w i l d l i fe a r ea w i t h o ut a p e r m i t. A w a r n i ng w as i s s u ed to A p p e l l a nt p r i or to O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

a s k i ng to s e a r ch h is v e h i c l e. He a d m i t t ed to d o i ng a v i s u al s e a r ch of t he v e h i c le b ut t h e re

w e re s e v e r al t h i n gs in t he b a ck s e at a nd he w a n t ed to l o ok c l o s e r. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed

A p p e l l a n t, " W o u ld y ou m i nd if I l o o k ed in y o ur c a r ?" A c c o r d i ng to O f f i c er S a d o w s k i,

A p p e l l a nt s a i d, " Go a h e a d ." O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed t h at t h ey b e g an t he s e a r ch in t he

v e h i c le a nd O f f i c er K e s s el l o c a t ed p r e s c r i p t i on m e d i c a t i o n. T h en t h ey m o v ed to t he t r u nk

of t he v e h i c l e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 2 2 - 2 3) O n ce in t he t r u n k. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki f o u nd s o me

c a m o u f l a ge c l o t h i ng t h at he t h o u g ht w as s u s p i c i o us a nd a b l a ck d u f f le b a g. He a s k ed to

l o ok in t he d u f f le b ag a nd a c c o r d i ng to O f f i c er S a d o w s k i, A p p e l l a nt s a i d, " Go a h e a d ."

O n ce O f f i c er S a d o w s ki o p e n ed t he d u f f el b a g, he f o u nd a M4 t y pe a s s a u lt r i f l e, l a t er to be

i d e n t i f i ed as an A i r s o ft r i f l e, a p l a s t ic t oy g u n. He a l so l o c a t ed s o me b o dy a r m or a nd

p l a c ed A p p e l l a nt in h a n d c u f f s, d e t a i n i ng h i m. O n ce O f f i c er S a d o w s ki d e t a i n ed A p p e l l a n t,

he s t a t ed he w as an u n d e r c o v er p e a ce o f f i c er so O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a r t ed a s k i ng

q u e s t i o n s. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 2 4 - 2 6)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed t h at h is v e h i c le d o es n ot h a ve a ny v i d eo or a u d io r e c o r d i n g. He d id n ot h a ve a p e r s o n al r e c o r d i ng d e v i ce e i t h e r. O n ce d e t a i n e d, O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at he b e g an q u e s t i o n i ng A p p e l l a nt a b o ut t he g u n s. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

a d m i t t ed t h at he h as n ot r e ad A p p e l l a nt h is M i r a n da r i g h ts at t h is t i m e. At a p p r o x i m a t e ly

8 : 00 p . m ., o n ce A p p e l l a nt w as p l a c ed in t he p a t r ol c a r, O f f i c er K e s s el p l a c ed A p p e l l a nt

u n d er a r r e st a nd r e a ds h im h is M i r a n da r i g h t s. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 2 6 - 2 7) O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

r e v i e w ed an e x h i b it a nd t e s t i f i ed t h at it is a b o o k - in s h e et f r om t he A n d e r s on C o u n ty

S h e r i f f 's O f f i c e. It s h o w ed c o n t a ct m a de at 8 : 00 p . m. a nd O f f i c er S a d o w s ki b e l i e v es t h at

is t he t i me A p p e l l a nt w as p l a c ed u n d er a r r e s t. A d d i t i o n a l l y, O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed t h at

he s e a r c h ed t he p a s s e n g er c o m p a r t m e nt f i r st a nd t h en t he t r u n k. H o w e v e r, a f t er r e v i e w i ng

h is r e p o r t, he b e l i e v ed h is m e m o ry h ad m i s t a k en h im a nd in f a ct he s e a r c h ed t he t r u nk f i r st

a nd t he p a s s e n g er p o r t i on s e c o n d, ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 2 7 - 2 8)

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a t ed t h at a n y t h i ng s a id b e t w e en A p p e l l a nt a nd h i m s e lf w as n ot r e c o r d e d, t he o n ly e v i d e n ce of a n y t h i ng s a id w as in O f f i c er S a d o w s k i 's r e p o r t. A p p e l l a nt

d id n ot w r i te a s t a t e m e n t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 2 9)

T he s t a te a s k ed O f f i c er S a d o w s ki if it w as u n u s u al f or p e o p le to i l l e g a l ly h u nt in t h at a r e a, a nd he r e p l i e d, " It h a p p e ns on a r e g u l ar b a s i s ." He a l so s t a t ed t h at it is n ot u n u s u al

to c a t ch p e o p le o ut t h e re f i s h i ng w i t h o ut t he l i m i t ed u se p e r m i t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 3 0) On

r e - c r o ss e x a m i n a t i o n. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki c l a r i f i ed t h at he d id n ot g et w r i t t en c o n s e nt f r om

A p p e l l a nt to s e a r ch h is v e h i c l e, o n ly v e r b a l. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 3 1)

T he d e f e n se c a l l ed M s. S h a r m in J a h a m, A p p e l l a n t 's e x - w i f e. M s. J a h am t e s t i f i ed t h at s he h as a m a s t e r 's d e g r ee in b u s i n e ss m a n a g e m e nt f r om t he U n i v e r s i ty of

B a n g l a d e s h. S he s t a t ed s he h as l i v ed h e re f or m a ny y e a r s, h as f a m i ly h e r e, a nd a s on

t h at a t t e n ds t he U n i v e r s i ty of T e x a s. M s. J a h am a d v i s ed t h at at t he t i me of t he a r r e st s he

w as w i th L o n n ie J o h n s on at t he w i l d l i fe a r e a. M s. J a h am t e s t i f i es t h at on t he d ay A p p e l l a nt

w as a r r e s t e d, t h ey w e re on t h e ir w ay b a ck to D a l l as f r om L u f k in a nd h ad j u st s t o p p ed at

a p a id p a rk to e n j oy t he d ay a nd t a ke s o me p i c t u r e s. S he a nd A p p e l l a nt w e re b a ck on t he

r o ad to D a l l a s; s he s aw t he w i l d l i fe a r ea a nd w a n t ed to s t o p, so he t o ok h er t h e r e. M s.

J a h am s t a t ed t h at t h ey do t h is o f t e n, a l m o st e v e ry w e e k e n d. S he w a n t ed to s ee an

a l l i g a t or so t h ey p u l l ed i n to t he w i l d l i fe a r e a. S he s a id t h ey t h o u g ht it w as a p a id p a rk t oo

b ut c o u ld n ot f i nd a n y o ne to p a y. T h e re w as no o ne at t he e n t ry g a t e. T h ey c o u ld n ot f i nd

a n y o ne to p ay or i n s t r u c t i o ns f or a p e r m i t. T h ey d id f i nd a r e g i s t r a t i on c a r d, f i l l ed it o u t, a nd

p l a c ed o ne h a lf in t he b ox a nd t he o t h er h a lf in t he d a s h, a nd c o n t i n u ed to t he c r e ek a r e a.

M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h ey a r r i v ed at a r o u nd 4 : 1 5 - 4 : 30 p . m. a nd t o ok s o me p i c t u r e s. O n ce

t h ey w e re r e a dy to l e a v e, t h ey r e a l i z ed t he c ar w as s t u c k. S he s t a t ed t h at h er h u s b a n d.

A p p e l l a n t, c a l l ed 9 - 1 -1 at a p p r o x i m a t e ly 4 : 4 0 - 4 : 45 p . m. a nd t h ey w a i t ed o v er an h o ur f or

a s s i s t a n c e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 3 2 - 3 7)

M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at o n ce t he o f f i c e rs a r r i v e d, t h ey a s k ed f or A p p e l l a n t 's d r i v e r 's l i c e n se a nd i n s u r a n ce a nd h er d r i v e r 's l i c e n s e. S he s t a t ed t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t o ok t he

i n f o r m a t i on to h is p a t r ol c ar a nd c a me b a ck w i th a f l a s h l i g ht a nd w as s e a r c h i ng t he c a r.

S he t e s t i f i ed t h at at t h at t i me O f f i c er K e s s el p u l l ed A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c le o ut w i th h is t r u ck

a nd s t a t ed t h ey n e e d ed a p e r m it to be in t h at a r e a. M s. J a h am c l a r i f i ed t h at t he t wo

o f f i c e rs d id n ot p u sh t he v e h i c le o ut of t he s a n d, b ut t h at O f f i c er K e s s el p u l l ed it o ut w i th

h is p a t r ol t r u ck a nd s o me r o pe or c a b le a t t a c h ed to t he v e h i c l e. S he s t a t ed t h at o n ce

c ar w as u n s t u ck O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a r t i ng s e a r c h i ng t he v e h i c le w i th h is f l a s h l i g ht t h r o u gh

t he w i n d o w s. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 3 7 - 3 8) M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s aw a

b o t t le a nd a s k ed w h at w as in it a nd t h ey t o ld h im it w as a p r o t e in d r i n k. He a s k ed to s ee

it. S o, A p p e l l a nt h a n d ed it to h i m, a nd he s m e l l ed it a nd h a n d ed it b a c k. M s. J a h am t h en

s t a t ed t h at he s t a r t ed a s k i ng q u e s t i o ns a b o ut t h e ir c l o t h es a nd p e r s o n al h y g i e ne p r o d u c t s.

S he s a id he w as v e ry s u s p i c i o us f r om t he b e g i n n i n g. S he t h en t e s t i f i ed t h at O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki t o ok h er to t he s i de a nd a s k ed h er h ow l o ng s he h as k n o wn A p p e l l a n t. S he

s t a t ed t h at at t h at t i me s he a nd A p p e l l a nt h ad b e en m a r r i ed f r om t h r ee a nd h a lf m o n t h s.

M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t u r ns to A p p e l l a nt a nd a s k ed h im q u e s t i o n s. S he

h e a rd h im a sk A p p e l l a nt if he h ad a ny f i r e a r ms w i th h i m. T he n e xt t h i ng s he h e a rd O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki s ay i s, " O p en y o ur t r u n k ." ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 3 9)

M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at O f f i c er K e s s el e x p l a i n ed to t h em t h ey n e e d ed a p e r m i t; b ut s i n ce t h ey d id n ot k n ow a b o ut t he r e q u i r e m e n t, he w o u ld g i ve t h em a w a r n i n g. H o w e v e r,

if t h ey w a n t ed to c o me b a c k, t h ey w o u ld n e ed a p e r m i t. S he a nd A p p e l l a nt a s k ed h im

w h e re to g et o n e, a nd he a d v i s ed W a l - M a rt or s o me p l a ce l i ke t h a t. M s. J a h am t e s t i f i ed

t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki n e v er a s k ed A p p e l l a nt or h e r s e lf p e r m i s s i on to s e a r ch t h e ir v e h i c l e,

i n s t e ad he o r d e r ed A p p e l l a nt to o p en t he t r u n k. M s. J a h am f u r t h er t e s t i f i ed t h at o n ce

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a r t ed s e a r c h i ng t he v e h i c l e. O f f i c er K e s s el t o ok h er a w ay f r om

v e h i c le a nd h ad h er s t a nd by t he p a t r ol c a r. S he w as n ot a b le to r e a l ly s ee w h at w as

t a k i ng p l a c e, h o w e v e r, s he s aw O f f i c er S a d o w s ki p r e ss A p p e l l a nt up a g a i n st t he v e h i c le

a nd b e l i e v ed t h at is w h en he w as p l a c ed in h a n d c u f f s. At t h at t i m e, t h ey s e a r c h ed h er t oo

b ut f o u nd n o t h i n g. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 4 0 - 4 1)

On c r o ss e x a m i n a t i o n, M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at s he is no l o n g er m a r r i ed to A p p e l l a n t.

H o w e v e r, at t he t i m e, s he w as m a r r i ed to h i m. S he l a t er f i l ed f or an a n n u l m e nt f or

c i t i z e n s h ip p u r p o s e s. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 4 2) M s. J a h am s t a t ed t h at o n ce O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

o r d e r ed h er h u s b a nd to o p en t he t r u n k, O f f i c er K e s s el a s k ed h er to c o me s t a nd by h is

p a t r ol v e h i c l e. M s. J a h am t e s t i f i es t h at A p p e l l a nt h ad t o ld h er t h at he w o r k ed f or T a r r a nt

C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's O f f i ce as an u n d e r c o v er i n f o r m a n t. S he s t a t ed t h at s he k n ew he w as a

c o n v i c t ed f e l o n. W h en a s k ed a b o ut t h e ir m a r r i a g e, M s. J a h am a d v i s ed t h ey w e re t r y i ng

to b uy a h o u se a nd s t a rt t h e ir n ew l i fe t o g e t h e r. T he S t a te a s k ed M s. J a h am if t he o n ly

t h i ng O f f i c er S a d o w s ki d i d n 't t e ll t he t r u th a b o ut w as o r d e r i ng A p p e l l a nt to o p en t he t r u n k,

a nd s he a n s w e r ed he a l so d id n ot t e ll t he t r u th a b o ut t he s i g ns r e g a r d i ng t he p e r m i t. S he

c o n t i n u ed to s ay t h at m a y be he w as c o n f u s e d, b ut s he w as n o t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 4 4 - 4 7)

L o n n ie J o h n s on is c a l l ed n e xt to t e s t i f y. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he a nd h is w i fe h ad b e en on a w e e k e nd g e t a w ay a nd t h ey s t o p p ed at G us E n g e l i n g. A p p e l l a nt s a id t h at t h ey

j u st w e nt in m a y be a m i le a nd a h a l f, a nd t o ok s o me p i c t u r e s. He s t a t ed t h ey s t o p p ed at

t he e n t ry g a t e, f i l l ed o ut a r e g i s t r a t i on c a r d, a nd w r o te t h ey w e re t h e re f or b i rd a nd w i l d l i fe

w a t c h i n g. T h ey d r o p p ed t he p e r f o r a t ed c a rd in t he b o x, k e pt t he o t h er h a l f, a nd p l a c ed it

in t he d a s h b o a rd a r ea of t h e ir v e h i c l e. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h ey l o o k ed f or s i g ns r e g a r d i ng

f e e s, e t c. b e c a u se t h ey h ad j u st v i s i t ed R a t c l i ff P a r k, w h e re a f ee is c h a r g e d. He s t a t ed

t h ey d id n ot s ee a n y t h i ng i n d i c a t i ng a f e e, so t h ey c o n t i n u ed i n to t he p a rk to t he C a t f i sh

C r e ek a r ea to t a ke c o me p i c t u r e s. A p p e l l a nt s a id he n o t i c ed t he l o o se s a nd a nd he w as

a f r a id t h at t he g a te w o u ld c l o se at d u sk so t h ey t u r n ed a r o u nd a nd g ot s t u c k. O n ce he

n o t i c ed t h ey w e re s t u c k, he c a l l ed 9 - 1 -1 to g et a s s i s t a n ce w i th a w r e c k er s e r v i c e. ( R . R.

V o l. 1, P g s. 4 8 - 4 9)

A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at he c a l l ed 9 - 1 -1 at a p p r o x i m a t e ly 4 : 4 5 - 5 : 00 p . m .. He s t a t ed t h at he g a ve t h em h is c e ll p h o ne n u m b er as a c o n t a ct a nd t he c o o r d i n a t es of t h e ir l o c a t i o n.

A p p e l l a nt s a id t h at t he o f f i c er c a l l ed a nd a s k ed w h at s i de of t he r o ad t h ey w e re o n. He

s t a t ed t h at t wo o f f i c e rs s h o w ed up in t wo s e p a r a te v e h i c l e s, G a me W a r d en R ob S a d o w s ki

a nd G a me W a r d en D a n ny K e s s e l. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g. 5 0) W h en t he o f f i c e rs a r r i v e d,

A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he w a l k ed up to t h e m, i n t r o d u c ed h i m s e l f, a nd k i nd of l a u g h ed a b o ut

t he s i t u a t i on he g ot h i m s e lf i n t o. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at w h i le he a nd O f f i c er K e s s el w e re

e v a l u a t i ng t he s i t u a t i o n. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed f or h is d r i v e r 's l i c e n se a nd p r o of of

i n s u r a n ce a nd M s. J a h a m 's i d e n t i f i c a t i o n. A p p e l l a nt a nd O f f i c er K e s s el w e nt b a ck to

w o r k i ng on g e t t i ng t he c h a in h o o k ed i n to f r o nt of t he v e h i c l e. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki

a p p r o a c h ed a nd a s k ed A p p e l l a nt w h at t h ey w e re d o i ng t h e r e. A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at

O f f i c er K e s s el h ad n ot p u l l ed t he c ar o ut w i th a c h a in y et w h en O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed

w hy t h ey w e re t h e r e. A p p e l l a nt a d v i s ed h im t h at t h ey w e re t h e re to t a ke p i c t u r es a nd

e n j oy t he s c e n e r y. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he n e v er r e c e i v ed a c i t a t i on f or n ot h a v i ng a

p e r m i t. He s a id t h at o n ce O f f i c er K e s s el s a id a n y t h i ng to t h em a b o ut it, t h ey e x p l a i n ed t h at

t h ey d id n ot s ee a n y t h i ng a b o ut h a v i ng a p e r m it a nd h ad f i l l ed o ut t he r e g i s t r a t i on c a rd at

t he e n t ry g a t e. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at as O f f i c er K e s s el w as h e a d ed b a ck to h is v e h i c le to

p u ll t he c ar o u t. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki b e g an s h i n i ng h is f l a s h l i g ht in t h e ir v e h i c le l o o k i ng

a r o u n d. O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed A p p e l l a nt a b o ut t he p r o t e in d r i nk m ix in t he b a ck s e at of

t he f l o o r b o a rd of t he v e h i c l e. A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at t h en he g ot in h is v e h i c le to a s s i st

O f f i c er K e s s el in p u l l i ng h is v e h i c le o ut of t he s a n d. A p p e l l a nt s t a t es t h at o n ce he g ot o ut

of h is v e h i c l e, O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed h im if he h ad a ny f i r e a r ms in t he c ar a nd o r d e r ed

h im to o p en h is t r u n k, s t a t i ng he w a n t ed to m a ke s u re he d id n ot h a ve a d e ad d e er or

t u r k ey in t he t r u n k. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 5 0 - 5 3)

A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at he w as n e v er a s k ed to s e a r ch h is v e h i c le a nd t h at he i n t e r p r e t ed w h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s a id as a d i r e ct o r d e r. A p p e l l a nt f u r t h er e x p l a i n ed t h at

he f e lt l i ke he h ad to c o m p ly b e c a u se it w as a l aw e n f o r c e m e nt o f f i c e r. At t h at t i m e,

A p p e l l a nt o p e n ed t he t r u n k. He s a id t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki s t a r t ed r u m m a g i ng t h r o u gh

t h e ir w e e k e nd b e l o n g i n gs in t he t r u n k. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed at t h at t i me O f f i c er K e s s el s h i n ed

h is f l a s h l i g ht in t he t r u nk a nd a s k ed w h at w as in t he d u f f le b a g. A p p e l l a nt s a id t h at he w as

a s k ed w h at w as in t he d u f f le b ag a nd he r e p l i e d, " C l o t h e s ." O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t o ok t he b ag

o ut of t he v e h i c le a nd o p e n ed it. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed he w as n ot a s k ed p e r m i s s i on to l o ok in

t he d u f f le b a g, a nd he d id n ot g i ve p e r m i s s i o n. A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at o n ce O f f i c er

S a d o w s ki l o o k ed at t he c o n t e n ts of t he b ag he t o ld A p p e l l a nt he w as u n d er a r r e s t.

A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at he w as p l a c ed in h a n d c u f fs b ut w as n ot r e ad h is M i r a n da r i g h t s.

H o w e v e r, he d id n ot f e el l i ke he c o u ld l e a v e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 5 4 - 5 6)

A p p e l l a nt t e s t i f i ed t h at he w as n ot a w a re of a ny a u d io or v i d eo r e c o r d i n gs a nd he h ad n ot s e en a n y t h i ng in w r i t i ng t h at l e ad h im to b e l i e ve t h e re w e re a ny r e c o r d i n g s. At t h at

t i m e, A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at O f f i c er S a d o w s ki b e g an h is q u e s t i o n i n g. A p p e l l a nt c l a r i f i ed t h at

he n e v er g a ve c o n s e nt f or t he o f f i c e rs to s e a r ch h is v e h i c le a nd w as n e v er p r e s e n t ed w i th

a s e a r ch or a r r e st w a r r a n t. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 5 6 - 5 7)

D u r i ng c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n. A p p e l l a nt a d m i t t ed t h at he h as a f e l o ny r e c o rd a nd is on p a r o le u n t il 2 0 3 9. A p p e l l a nt a d m i t t ed t h at to an o f f i c er it m ay l o ok s u s p i c i o us t h at a

M e r c e d es s t u ck in t he s a n ds of a r i v er b o t t o m, h o w e v e r, t h e re w as n o t h i ng s u s p i c i o us a nd

t h ey w e re n ot a c t i ng s u s p i c i o u s. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed t h at w h en t he o f f i c er a s k ed a b o ut

d e ad d e er or t u r k ey in t he t r u n k, he t h o u g ht t h ey w e re k i nd of j o k i n g. T h ey w e re n ot

d r e s s ed f or h u n t i n g, a nd t h ey l o o k ed l i ke a c o u p le or f a m i ly o ut e n j o y i ng t he w i l d l i fe a r e a.

A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed a g a in t h at he w as a s k ed if t h e re w e re a ny f i r e a r ms in t he v e h i c l e, a nd t h at

he w as n ot a s k ed f or c o n s e nt to s e a r ch t he v e h i c l e. ( R . R. V o l. 1, P g s. 5 7 - 5 8)

A p p e l l a nt c l a r i f i ed t h at w h en O f f i c er S a d o w s ki a s k ed h im a b o ut t he c a m o u f l a ge c l o t h e s, he d id n ot r e p l y. A p p e l l a nt c o n f i r m ed t h at t h e re w as a f i s h i ng p o le in t he c a r, a nd

t h at t h ey h ad g o t t en s t u ck a m o n th p r i or in T r i n i ty C o u n ty s i g h t s e e i n g. A p p e l l a nt s t a t ed

t h at he n e v er t o ld t he o f f i c e rs he w as an u n d e r c o v er o f f i c e r. He s a id he t o ld t h em he w as

a c o v e rt c o n f i d e n t i al i n f o r m a n t. A p p e l l a nt c l a r i f i ed t h at he w o u ld n ot c l a im to be e m p l o y ed

by T a r r a nt C o u n ty S h e r i f f 's D e p a r t m e nt w h en he k n ew t h at c o u ld be v e r i f i e d. A p p e l l a nt

s t a t ed t h ey a s k ed h im w ho h is h a n d l er w a s, a nd he r e p l i ed C a p t a in J ay B a i l e y. ( R . R. V o l.

1, P g s. 5 9 - 6 1)

At t he c o n c l u s i on of t he h e a r i n g, t he C o u rt d e n i ed A p p e l l a n t 's m o t i on to s u p p r e ss a nd s i g n ed an o r d er i n d i c a t i ng t he s a m e. ( C . R. P a ge 4 7)

On M a r ch 2, 2 0 1 5, a j u ry w as s e l e c t ed in t h is m a t t e r. A p p e l l a nt w as p r o c e e d i ng p ro se in t h is m a t t e r. A f t er j u ry s e l e c t i o n, t he t r i al c o u rt a l l o w ed A p p e l l a nt to r e v i s it t he p o r t i on

of h is m o t i on to s u p p r e ss r e l a t i ng to h is o r al s t a t e m e n ts m a de w h i le A p p e l l a nt w as b e i ng

d e t a i n e d. A p p e l l a nt f e lt t h at t he c o u rt h ad n e v er r u l ed on t h at p o r t i on of t he m o t i o n.

O f f i c er S a d o w s ki t e s t i f i ed at t h is h e a r i ng a nd b a s i c a l ly r e i t e r a t ed h is t e s t i m o ny f r om

p r e v i o us h e a r i n g. At t he c o n c l u s i on of h is t e s t i m o n y, A p p e l l a nt f i l ed a m o t i on to h a ve

c o u n s el a p p o i n t e d. T he C o u rt d id n ot a c t u a l ly r u le on t he m o t i on to s u p p r e s s, b ut s t a t ed

t h at t he o n ly r e a s on A p p e l l a nt w a n t ed c o u n s el a g a in w as b e c a u se he h ad r u l ed a g a i n st

A p p e l l a n t. At t he c o n c l u s i on of t h is h e a r i ng t he c o u rt r e c e s s ed u n t il t he f o l l o w i ng d a y.

( N a n cy A d a m 's R . R. V o l. 9)

On M a r ch 3, 2 0 1 5, t he c o u rt r e c o n v e n e d. T he c o u rt d e c l a r ed a m i s t r i al a nd a p p o i n t ed A p p e l l a nt c o u n s el a f t er A p p e l l a nt a s k ed to h a ve c o u n s el a p p o i n t ed a g a i n. T he

c o u rt d id n ot r u le on t he m o t i on to s u p p r e ss at t h is t i m e, b ut s t a t ed t h at he w o u ld a l l ow

a p p o i n t ed c o u n s el to r e a r g ue it. ( N a n cy A d a m 's R . R. V o l. 1 1)

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT - POINT OF E R R OR ONE T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed I ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r c h es a nd

s e i z u r e s.

T he S u p r e me C o u rt of t he U n i t ed S t a t es of A m e r i ca h as r e c e n t ly r u l ed w i t h o ut r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on t he e x t e n s i on of a t r a f f ic s t op b e y o nd t he t i me n e e d ed to c o m p l e te

t he s t op v i o l a t es t he F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st u n r e a s o n a b le s e i z u r e s.

In t he c a se at b a r, t he C o u rt s h o u ld f i nd t h at no c o n s e nt w as g i v e n. T he C o u rt c o u ld c h o o se to b e l i e ve t he t e s t i m o ny of t he t wo w i t n e s s es t h at c o n t r a d i c t ed t he o f f i c e r 's

t e s t i m o ny c o n c e r n i ng t he a l l e g ed c o n s e n t. T h e r e f o re t he s e a r ch w as i l l e g al b e c a u se t he

o f f i c er l a c k ed p r o b a b le c a u se to c o n d u ct a s e a r c h.

If t he C o u rt b e l i e v es t h at c o n s e nt w as g i v e n, it s h o u ld f i nd t h at c o n s e nt w as g i v en in v i o l a t i on of t he F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r ch a nd s e i z u re in t h at

c o n s e nt w as o b t a i n ed a f t er t he t i me n e e d ed to c o m p l e te I n i t i al s t op or I n t e r v e n t i on

w i t h o ut r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i o n.

T he s e a r ch of A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c le r e v e a l ed t he g u ns a nd b o dy a r m or w h i ch w e re t he b a s is of t he c h a r g es of p o s s e s s i on of a f i r e a rm a nd b o dy a r m or by a f e l o n. As a r e s u lt of

t he c o u r t 's e r r o n e o us r u l i n g. A p p e l l a nt w as f o r c ed to p l ea w h en f a c ed w i th t he

o v e r w h e l m i ng f e ar of a l i fe s e n t e n c e.

T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on by a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st i l l e g al s e a r c h es a nd s e i z u r e s. As

a r e s u l t, t h is C o u rt m u st r e v e r se t he j u d g m e n t.

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT - POINT OF E R R OR TWO T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of c e r t a in s t a t e m e n ts of A p p e l l a nt t h at w e re m a de w h i le A p p e l l a nt w as in c u s t o dy in v i o l a t i on of h is F i f th

A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i o n.

An a d m i s s i on or a s t a t e m e nt i n c u l p a t i ng a d e c l a r a nt b ut n ot o ne w h i ch a c k n o w l e d g es g u i lt m a de u n d er c u s t o d i al i n t e r r o g a t i on by an a g e nt of t he S t a te is

p r e s u m ed to be c o e r c ed a nd i n v o l u n t a ry a nd in v i o l a t i on of a p e r s o n 's F i f th A m e n d m e nt

r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i on u n l e ss Miranda w a r n i n gs a re g i v e n.

In t he p r e s e nt c a s e, A p p e l l a nt w as in c u s t o dy a nd w as t he s u b j e ct of i n t e r r o g a t i o n.

T he w a r n i n gs r e q u i r ed by M i r a n da a nd T he T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re w e re n e v er

g i v e n. E v e ry s t a t e m e nt m a de by A p p e l l a nt at t he s c e ne a f t er he w as p l a c ed in r e s t r a i n ts

in r e s p o n se to t he i n t e r r o g a t o r i es of t he o f f i c er a re i n a d m i s s i b le a nd s h o u ld h a ve b e en

e x c l u d ed by t he T r i al C o u r t. T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on by a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on

of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F i f th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i o n. As

a r e s u lt of t he d e n i al of h is m o t i on to s u p p r e s s, A p p e l l a nt w as f a c ed w i th t he i n t r o d u c t i on

of t h is e v i d e n ce w h i ch w as t he o n ly e v i d e n ce t he S t a te h ad in s u p p o rt of t he I m p e r s o n a t i ng

a P u b l ic S e r v a nt c h a r g e. F a c ed w i th t he p r o s p e ct of a p o s s i b le l i fe s e n t e n c e. A p p e l l a nt

c h o se to p l e a. As a r e s u l t, t h is C o u rt m u st r e v e r se t he j u d g m e n t.

ARGUMENT POINT OF E R R OR NUMBER ONE T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r c h es a nd

s e i z u r e s.

A r u l i ng on a t r i al c o u r t 's m o t i on to s u p p r e ss e v i d e n ce b a s ed u p on an u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r ch a nd s e i z u re in v i o l a t i on of t he F o u r th A m e n d m e nt of t he U n i t ed S t a t es C o n s t i t u t i on

is r e v i e w ed u n d er a b i f u r c a t ed s t a n d a rd of r e v i e w. Amador v. State, 2 21 S . W . Sd 6 6 6 , 6 73

( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 2 0 0 7 ). A l m o st t o t al d e f e r e n ce is g i v en to a t r i al c o u r t 's r u l i ng on q u e s t i o ns

of f a ct t h at i n v o l ve an e v a l u a t i on of t he c r e d i b i l i ty a nd d e m e a n or of t he w i t n e s s e s, b ut a

t r i al c o u r t 's r u l i ng on q u e s t i o ns of f a ct t h at do n ot i n v o l ve an e v a l u a t i on of t he c r e d i b i l i ty a nd

d e m e a n or of t he w i t n e s s es a re r e v i e w ed de n o v o. Id. at 6 7 3. T he F o u r th A m e n d m e nt of

t he U n i t ed S t a t es C o n s t i t u t i on p r o t e c ts a g a i n st u n r e a s o n a b le s e a r c h es a nd s e i z u r es by

g o v e r n m e nt o f f i c i a l s. To s u p p r e ss e v i d e n ce o b t a i n ed in an a l l e g ed v i o l a t i on of t he F o u r th

A m e n d m e n t, a d e f e n d a nt b e a rs t he i n i t i al b u r d en of p r o d u c i ng e v i d e n ce t h at r e b u ts

p r e s u m p t i on of p r o p er p o l i ce c o n d u c t. Id. at 6 7 2. T h is b u r d en is s a t i s f i ed w h en it is

e s t a b l i s h ed t h at a s e a r ch or s e i z u re o c c u r r ed w i t h o ut a w a r r a n t. Id. at 6 7 2. If a d e f e n d a nt

e s t a b l i s h es t h is f a c t, t he b u r d en s h i f ts to t he S t a te to p r o ve t h at t he s e a r ch or s e i z u re w as

r e a s o n a b l e, / d. at 6 7 2 - 6 7 3.

A w a r r a n t l e ss s e a r ch or s e i z u re m ay be f o u nd to be r e a s o n a b le if a d e f e n d a nt v o l u n t a r i ly c o n s e n ts to t he s e a r c h. Guitierrez v. State, 2 21 S . W . Sd 6 8 0, 6 8 6 - 88

( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 2 0 0 7 ). S o me T e x as c o u r ts h a ve h e ld t h at an o f f i c er m ay a sk f or c o n s e nt

to s e a r ch a d e f e n d a nt or t he d e f e n d a n t 's v e h i c le a f t er f i n i s h i ng a t r a f f ic s t o p, w i t h o ut h a v i ng

a ny r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on to do s o, j u st as l o ng as t he o f f i c er d o es n ot c o n v ey a m e s s a ge

t h at c o m p l i a n ce is r e q u i r e d. See Levi v. State, 1 47 S . W . 3d 5 4 1, 5 44 ( T e x. A p p . - W a co

2 0 0 4, p e t. r ef d) a nd Saldivar v. State, 2 09 S . W . Sd 2 7 5, 2 7 8 - 2 79 ( T e x. A p p - F o rt W o r th

2 0 0 6, no p e t .) ( m e m. o p . ).

T he S u p r e me C o u rt of t he U n i t ed S t a t es of A m e r i ca h as r e c e n t ly r u l ed in Rodriguez V. United States, 5 75 U . S. , 1 S 5 S . C t. 1 6 09 ( 2 0 1 5 ), t h at a b s e nt r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i o n,

a p o l i ce e x t e n s i on of a t r a f f ic s t op b e y o nd t he t i me n e e d ed to c o m p l e te t he i n q u i r i es t h at

w e re n e c e s s i t a t ed by t he i n t e r v e n t i on v i o l a t es t he F o u r th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st

u n r e a s o n a b le s e i z u r e s. In Rodriguez, t he C o u rt f o u nd t h at p r o l o n g i ng a t r a f f ic s t op

b e y o nd t he t i me r e a s o n a b ly r e q u i r ed to c o m p l e te t he t r a f f ic s t op to c o n d u ct a d og s n i ff

r e q u i r ed r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on to s u p p o rt f u r t h er d e t e n t i o n.

In t he c a se at b a r, t he C o u rt s h o u ld f i nd t h at no c o n s e nt w as g i v e n. It is i n c r e d u l o us to b e l i e ve t h at A p p e l l a nt w o u ld c o n s e nt to a s e a r ch of h is v e h i c le w h en t h at s e a r ch w o u ld

l e ad to e v i d e n ce of p o s s i b le i l l e g al a c t i v i t y. As s t a t ed e a r l i e r, g r e at d e f e r e n ce is g i v en to

t he t r i al c o u r t 's r u l i ng c o n c e r n i ng t he d e m e a n or a nd c r e d i b i l i ty of w i t n e s s e s. T he t r i al c o u rt

h e a rd c o n f l i c t i ng t e s t i m o ny f r om t he o f f i c er w ho a l l e g e d ly a s k ed f or c o n s e nt to s e a r c h.

A p p e l l a n t, a nd A p p e l l a n fs w i f e. It s t r a i ns b e l i ef t h at A p p e l l a nt w o u ld i n i t i a te c o n t a ct w i th

l aw e n f o r c e m e nt a nd t h en c o n s e nt to a s e a r ch of h is v e h i c l e. T h is C o u rt s h o u ld f i nd t h at

no c o n s e nt w as g i v e n. T h e r e f o re t he s e a r ch w as i l l e g al b e c a u se t he o f f i c er l a c k ed

p r o b a b le c a u se to c o n d u ct a s e a r c h.

c o n s e nt w as o b t a i n ed a f t er t he t i me n e e d ed to c o m p l e te t he i n i t i al s t op or i n t e r v e n t i o n. In

t he p r e s e nt c a se A p p e l l a nt h ad i n i t i a t ed t he c o n t a ct w i th l aw b e c a u se h is v e h i c le w as

s t u c k. A f t er a r r i v i ng to h e l p, l aw e n f o r c e m e nt o f f i c e rs d e t e r m i n ed t h at A p p e l l a nt d id n ot

h a ve a p e r m it to be on t he w i l d l i fe m a n a g e m e nt a r e a. A f t er e x t r i c a t i ng A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c le

f r om t he s a n d, a w a r n i ng f or b e i ng on t he w i l d l i fe m a n a g e m e nt a r ea w i t h o ut a p e r m it w as

i s s u ed to A p p e l l a n t. It w as a f t er t he t i me n e c e s s a ry to c o m p l e te t he m i s s i on of t he i n i t i al

t r a f f ic s t op or i n t e r v e n t i on t h at l aw e n f o r c e m e nt a l l e g e d ly a s k ed f or c o n s e nt to s e a r ch t he

v e h i c l e. A s t he S u p r e me C o u rt h as r u l ed \n Rodriguez, r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on t h at e v i d e n ce

of i l l e g al a c t i v i ty w i ll be f o u nd is n e c e s s a ry to p r o l o ng a s t op b e y o nd t he t i me r e a s o n a b ly

r e q u i r ed to c o m p l e te t he o r i g i n al m i s s i o n. T h e re w as no t e s t i m o ny e l i c i t ed in t he M o t i on

to S u p p r e ss h e a r i n gs t h at i n d i c a t ed t h at t he o f f i c er h ad a r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on to a sk f or

c o n s e nt to s e a r c h. T he o n ly r e a s o ns g i v en f or t he r e q u e st w e re t h at it w as a l a te m o d el

M e r c e d e s, it w as on a b a ck r o a d. A p p e l l a nt w as a c o n v i c t ed f e l o n, a nd A p p e l l a nt s a id he

h ad g o t t en s t u ck b e f o r e. N o ne of t h e se r e a s o ns g i ve r i se to r e a s o n a b le s u s p i c i on to

e x t e nd t he s t op p a st t he o r i g i n al m i s s i on a nd t he i s s u a n ce of t he w a r n i ng a nd a sk f or

c o n s e nt to s e a r ch A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c l e.

T he s e a r ch of A p p e l l a n t 's v e h i c le r e v e a l ed t he g u ns a nd b o dy a r m or w h i ch w e re t he b a s is of t he c h a r g es of p o s s e s s i on of a f i r e a rm a nd b o dy a r m or by a f e l o n. W i t h o ut t he

f r u i ts of t h is i l l e g al s e a r ch a nd s e i z u r e, t he S t a te w o u ld h a ve b e en u n a b le to p r o ve

a l l e g a t i o ns f or t he o f f e n s es of P o s s e s s i on of a F i r e a rm by a F e l on a nd P o s s e s s i on of B o dy

A r m or by a F e l o n. As a r e s u lt of t he c o u r t 's e r r o n e o us r u l i n g, A p p e l l a nt w as f o r c ed to p l ea

w h en f a c ed w i th t he o v e r w h e l m i ng f e ar of a l i fe s e n t e n c e.

a r e s u l t, t h is C o u rt m u st r e v e r se t he j u d g m e n t.

ARGUMENT POINT OF E R R OR NUMBER TWO T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on in a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of c e r t a in s t a t e m e n ts a nd r e s p o n s es of A p p e l l a nt in v i o l a t i on of h is F i f th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f-

i n c r i m i n a t i o n.

p r e s u m ed to be c o e r c ed a nd i n v o l u n t a ry a nd in v i o l a t i on of a p e r s o n 's F i f th A m e n d m e nt

r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i on u n l e ss / W / r a n da w a r n i n gs a re g i v e n. Miranda v. Arizona, 3 84

U . S. 4 3 6, 86 S . C t. 1 6 02 ( 1 9 6 6 ). Miranda w a r n i n gs f i nd c o n s t i t u t i o n al s u p p o rt in t he T e x as

C o n s t i t u t i o n. A r t i c le I S e c. 1 9, T e x as D ue P r o c e ss C l a u se s t a t es t h a t" No c i t i z en of t h is

S t a te s h a ll be d e p r i v ed of l i f e, l i b e r t y, p r o p e r t y, p r i v i l e g es or i m m u n i t i e s, or in a ny m a n n er

d i s e n f r a n c h i s e d, e x c e pt by t he d ue c o u r se of t he l aw of t he l a n d ." See WolfV. State, 9 17

S . W . 2d 2 70 ( T e x . C r i m . A p p. 1 9 9 6 ). F u r t h e r m o re t he T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re

A r t i c le 3 8 . 21 s t a t es t h at a s t a t e m e nt of an a c c u s ed c a n n ot be a d m i t t ed u n l e ss it c an be

s h o wn " t h at t he s a me w as f r e e ly a nd v o l u n t a r i ly m a de w i t h o ut c o m p u l s i on or p e r s u a s i o n,

u n d er t he r u l es h e r e a f t er p r e s c r i b e d ." T h e se r u l es m e n t i o n ed a re f o u nd in A r t i c le 1 5 . 17

a nd A r t i c le 3 8 . 22 of t he T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u r e. T h ey b a s i c a l ly r e q u i re

s a me w a r n i n gs f o u nd in Miranda.

B e f o re t h e se w a r n i n gs a re r e q u i r e d, an i n d i v i d u al m u st be in c u s t o dy a nd t he s u b j e ct of i n t e r r o g a t i o n. A r t i c le 1 5 . 22 of t he T e x as C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re s a ys t h at

an i n d i v i d u al " is a r r e s t ed w h en he as b e en a c t u a l ly p l a c ed u n d er r e s t r a i nt or t a k en i n to

c u s t o dy by an o f f i c er or p e r s on e x e c u t i ng a w a r r a nt of a r r e s t, or by an o f f i c er or p e r s on

a r r e s t i ng w i t h o ut a w a r r a n t ." I n t e r r o g a t i on is e x p r e ss q u e s t i o n i ng or a c t i o ns i n t e n d ed to

e l i c it a r e s p o n s e. Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 2Q^, 1 00 S . C t. 1 6 82 ( 1 9 8 0 ).

In t he p r e s e nt c a s e. A p p e l l a nt w as in c u s t o d y. He h ad b e en p l a c ed in r e s t r a i n t s.

A p p e l l a nt w as a l so t he s u b j e ct of i n t e r r o g a t i o n. He w as s u b j e c t ed to a " f i e ld i n t e r v i e w" by

t he o f f i c er w ho h ad r e s t r a i n ed h i m. T he w a r n i n gs r e q u i r ed by M i r a n da a nd T he T e x as

C o de of C r i m i n al P r o c e d u re w e re n e v er g i v e n. E v e ry s t a t e m e nt or r e s p o n se g i v en by

A p p e l l a nt at t he s c e ne a f t er b e i ng p l a c ed in r e s t r a i n ts a re i n a d m i s s i b le a nd s h o u ld h a ve

b e en e x c l u d ed by t he T r i al C o u r t.

A p p e l l a n t 's s t a t e m e n ts a nd r e s p o n s es to t he f i e ld i n t e r v i ew w e re t he b a s is f or t he c h a r ge of I m p e r s o n a t i ng a P u b l ic S e r v a n t. W i t h o ut t h is i m p r o p e r ly a d m i t t ed e v i d e n c e,

S t a te w o u ld n ot h a ve b e en a b le to m e et t h e ir b u r d en of p r o of in t h is m a t t e r. As a r e s u lt of

t he d e n i al of h is m o t i on to s u p p r e s s. A p p e l l a nt w as f a c ed w i th t he i n t r o d u c t i on of t h is

e v i d e n ce w h i ch w as t he o n ly e v i d e n ce t he S t a te h ad in s u p p o rt of t he I m p e r s o n a t i ng a

P u b l ic S e r v a nt c h a r g e. F a c ed w i th t he p r o s p e ct of a p o s s i b le l i fe s e n t e n c e, A p p e l l a nt

c h o se to p l e a.

T he T r i al C o u rt a b u s ed i ts d i s c r e t i on by a l l o w i ng t he a d m i s s i on of e v i d e n ce in v i o l a t i on of A p p e l l a n t 's F i f th A m e n d m e nt r i g ht a g a i n st s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i o n. As a r e s u l t, t h is

C o u rt m u st r e v e r se t he j u d g m e n t.

P R A Y ER F or t he a b o ve a nd f o r e g o i ng r e a s o n s, A p p e l l a nt p r a ys t h at A p p e l l a n t 's c o n v i c t i on in C a u se N o. 1 2 - 1 5 - 0 0 1 8 6 - C R, a p p e a l ed in C a u se N o. 3 1 6 75 f r om t he T h i rd

J u d i c i al D i s t r i ct C o u rt of A n d e r s on C o u n t y, T e x a s, be r e v e r s e d.

R e s p e c t f u l ly s u b m i t t e d.

A t t o r n ey f or A p p e l l a nt *29 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE TEXAS R U L ES OF A P P E L L A TE P R O C E D U RE 9.4(iU3) I c e r t i fy t h at a c c o r d i ng to t he M i c r o s o ft W o rd p r o g r a m 's w o r d - c o u nt f u n c t i o n, b r i ef f i l ed in t h is m a t t er c o n t a i ns 5 , 5 50 w o r ds e x c l u d i ng t he c a p t i o n, i d e n t i ty of p a r t i es a nd

c o u n s e l, t a b le of c o n t e n t s, i n d ex of a u t h o r i t i e s, s t a t e m e nt of t he c a s e, s t a t e m e nt of i s s u es

p r e s e n t e d, s i g n a t u r e, p r o of of s e r v i c e, c e r t i f i c a t i on a nd c e r t i f i c a te of c o m p l i a n c e.

R e s p e c t f u l ly s u b m i t t e d, P H I L IP C. F L E T C H ER 8 00 N o r th M a l l a rd P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 01 T e l: ( 9 0 3) 7 3 1 - 4 4 40 S t a te B ar N o. 0 0 7 8 7 4 78 A t t o r n ey f or A p p e l l a nt *30 C E R T I F I C A TE OF S E R V I CE I h e r e by c e r t i fy t h at a t r ue a nd c o r r e ct c o py of t he a b o ve a nd f o r e g o i ng B r i ef h as b e en H a nd D e l i v e r ed to A l l y s on M i t c h e ll a nd S c o tt H o l d e n, A n d e r s on C o u n ty C r i m i n al

D i s t r i ct A t t o r n e y 's O f f i c e, A t t o r n ey f or A p p e l l e e, A n d e r s on C o u n ty C o u r t h o u s e, 5 00 N o r th

C h u r ch S t r e e t, P a l e s t i n e, T e x as 7 5 8 Q ; h ' o r i T ? r is t h ^ O ^^ d ay of N o v e m b e r, 2 0 1 5.