Case Information

The WASHINGTON POST COMPANY v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE et al., Appellants.

Nos. 80-1509, 80-1606

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued Oct. 23, 1980. Decided Feb. 24, 1981.

197

diversity cases the substantive law of the forum controls with respect to those issues which are outcome-determinative,25 and it is beyond cavil that statutes of limitations are of that character.26 Similarly, the forerunning question of the statute applicable-in this case that of Virginia or that of the District of Columbia-depends upon the forum's choice-of-law rules, which also are substantive for Erie purposes.27

Thus, the adjudicative pivot at this stage of the litigation is the choice-of-law canon utilized by the courts of the District of Columbia in similar cases, and the highest court of the District of Columbia has on at least two occasions expressed its view on this matter. In May Department Stores v. Devercelli,28 the District of Columbia Court of Appeals stated explicitly that the question whether an action is barred by a statute of limitations "being procedural is governed by the statute of limitations of the forum."29 More recently, in Hodge v. Southern Railway,30 the court reiterated that "[a]ccording to the established rule, a limitation on the time of suit is procedural and is governed by the law of the forum."31 It is thus apparent that the District of Columbia courts would have resolved the limitation issue before us by resort to the District of Columbia statute. Consequently, the District Court must adhere to the same limitation period.32

Since the District of Columbia's three-year limitation period rather than Virginia's two-year statute governs the instant litigation, we reverse the District Court's dismissal order and remand the case for further proceedings.

So ordered.

Bruce G. Forrest, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., with whom Alice Daniel, Asst. Atty. Gen., Charles F. C. Ruff, U. S. Atty., and Barbara L. Herwig, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellants.

Lon S. Babby, Washington, D. C., with whom John B. Kuhns, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appellee.

Before LUMBARD*, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, ROBB and GINSBURG, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

In this Freedom of Information Act proceeding the Washington Post seeks Department of State records that would indicate whether two individuals now residing in Iran are U.S. citizens or hold U.S. passports. The Department withheld the records, claiming that they were exempt from disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) (1976). That provision protects "personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court ordered disclosure of the records. The Department of State appeals from that judgment.

This court's precedent establishes that an agency may not withhold information on the basis of Exemption 6 unless the agency makes two showings: (1) the information is contained in "personnel and medical files" or "similar files" and (2) disclosure would constitute a "clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Simpson v. Vance, 648 F.2d 10, at 12 (D.C.Cir.1980) (quoting the statutory language). We hold that in the circumstances presented, the Department of State is unable to meet the first facet of the statutory test as delineated in Simpson. Therefore we do not engage in the further inquiry the Department invites.

The Department argues initially that the records at issue are similar to personnel files because citizenship is an intimate personal detail. We rejected that argument in Simpson, supra. There we reiterated that to qualify as "similar" files, the recorded data must incorporate "intimate details" about an individual, information "of the same magnitude-as highly personal or as intimate in nature-as that at stake in personnel and medical records." At 13, 14, (quoting Board of Trade v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 627 F.2d 392, 398 (D.C.Cir.1980)). We held, specifically, that a Department of State publication, the Biographic Register, was not similar to personnel files and, therefore, was not protected from disclosure under Exemption 6. The Register contained information such as place of birth, date of naturalization, educational background, and work experience of senior-level and mid-level federal employees involved in this country's foreign policy.1 We conclude that the facts of current citizenship or possession of a United States passport are no more personal than the dates of naturalization held nonexempt in Simpson.2 Without overturning Simpson and our earlier expressions consistent with it, we cannot rule that the information sought here is contained in files "similar" to "personnel and medical files."

The Department urges that release of this information may endanger the lives of the two individuals since they have returned to Iran and "[a]ny individual in Iran who is suspected of being an American citizen or of having American connections is looked upon with mistrust." Affidavit of Harold H. Saunders, at 2; Joint Appendix at 19. The Department pressed a similar point in Simpson, arguing that release of the biographical directory might endanger United States diplomatic personnel abroad. As in Simpson, since we conclude that the files in question do not qualify under the first facet of the Exemption 6 test, we do not reach the issue of balancing interests in disclosure against privacy concerns.

While we are sympathetic to the Department's reluctance to release these records, we find inescapable the response supplied in Simpson: "[T]he Department is attempting to fit a square peg in a round hole"; "Congress did not design Exemption 6 to encompass the withholding of information on the basis of the physical security [of persons stationed or residing overseas]." At 17. The Department's concern is clear, but it is not within our province to recast Exemption 6 or this court's precedent to accommodate that concern.

Affirmed.

LUMBARD, Circuit Judge (concurring):

Were the issue one of first impression in this Circuit, I would note to hold that citizenship or naturalization information is protected from disclosure by Exemption 6 of the Freedom of Information Act. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Although this Circuit held to the contrary in Simpson v. Vance, 648 F.2d 10 (D.C. Cir. 1980), the panel there was concerned with naturalization information relating to State Department employees, one item of information (and an item listed only for those employees who in fact had been naturalized) out of twelve sought by the plaintiffs in that case. The opinion does not include any specific discussion of the personal privacy interests at stake in disclosure of citizenship and naturalization information. I think it quite possible that the Simpson panel failed to envision situations such as the one before us now, in which revelation of American citizenship information relating to officials of foreign governments would be extremely embarrassing to the individuals involved. The facts of the case before us dramatically demonstrate that citizenship and naturalization information is often of a highly personal and potentially embarrassing nature. I also note that while such information is a matter of public record on file in various federal district courts across the country, the information is difficult to locate, and the same appears to be true of the marital and family information which was held excludable in Simpson.

I recognize, however, that Simpson states the law of this Circuit on the issue. Because of this, and only because of this, I now concur. Cf. United States v. Lucchese, 247 F.2d 123, 129 (2d Cir. 1957) (Potter Stewart, J., concurring), rev'd sub nom. Matles v. United States, 356 U.S. 256, 78 S.Ct. 713, 2 L.Ed.2d 741 (1958).

Footnotes

25 Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, supra note 23, 304 U.S. at 74-77, 58 S.Ct. at 820-822, 82 L.Ed. at 1192-1193.

26 Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 89 L.Ed. 2079 (1945).

27 Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 1021, 85 L.Ed. 1477, 1480 (1941).

28 314 A.2d 767 (D.C.App.1973).

29 Id. at 773.

30 415 A.2d 543 (D.C.App.1980).

31 Id. at 544, quoting Kaplan v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., supra note 19, 71 App.D.C. at 252-253, 109 F.2d at 465-466.

32 We appreciate the District Court's analysis of the competing interests at stake in this litigation. But, as the Supreme Court stated in Day & Zimmerman, Inc. v. Challoner, 423 U.S. 3, 96 S.Ct. 167, 46 L.Ed.2d 3 (1975), whatever the relative merits of alternative legal doctrines, "[a] federal court in a diversity case is not free to engraft onto those state rules exceptions or modifications which may commend themselves to the federal court, but which have not commended themselves "to the State in which the federal court sits." Id. at 4, 96 S.Ct. at 168, 46 L.Ed.2d at 5. We also think it worthwhile to point out that the view of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals is the position adopted by the Restatement, see Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 142 (1971), based on the rationale that the primary purpose of statutes of limitations is to protect local courts against the prosecution of stale claims.

* Sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d).

1 In Simpson we did allow the Department to delete information about the employees' marital status. Records revealing marital status had been found to be "similar files" in Rural Housing Alliance v. United States Department of Agriculture, 498 F.2d 73 (D.C.Cir.1974).

2 The Department attempts to distinguish Simpson on the ground that the directory involved there contained information on thousands of employees while the records sought in this case concern only two individuals. But our task is to determine whether the files from which information is sought are "similar" to "personnel and medical files." That determination remains constant; it does not vary with the amount of information the requester seeks.