Danforth, J.

This case arises upon an application made by the relator, as president of the United States Express Company, for a certiorari requiring the comptroller of the state to return to the Supreme Court his proceedings relating to the imposition of a tax on the franchise or business of that company, to the end that such proceedings might be set aside, and in the meantime the collection of the tax be stayed. So far as is material to the question raised upon this appeal, the return of the comptroller showed that, prior to the 9th of *143 April, 1888, that officer called upon the express company to report as to the amount of its capital stock employed within this State, for the purpose of enabling him to adjust the taxes and penalty due from it to the state under the provisions of the act (Chap. 542 of the Laws of 1880), entitled “ An act to provide for raising taxes for the use of the state upon certain corporations, joint-stock companies and associations,” as amended by subsequent acts (Chap. 361, Laws of 1881; chap. 501, Laws of 1885); that the company refused to comply with his demand, and he, from such data as he could procure, did assess and fix the taxes and penalties recited in the relator’s application. It was thereupon stipulated by the relator and the comptroller that the only question to be argued by either party should be whether the relator was liable for the tax provided for by the third section of the act of 1880 (swpra), and the acts amendatory thereof, and upon hearing of the matter before the General Term of the Supreme Court in the third department the application of the relator to vacate the assessment was denied and the proceedings of the comptroller were ratified and confirmed. From the order then made this appeal is taken by the relator. The discussion is necessarily limited to the point presented by the stipulation already referred to.

The express company was composed of individuals who signed an agreement purporting to have been made April 22, 1854, but which, by its terms, was to take effect on the 1st of May, 1854, and continue in force for ten years thereafter. On November 24, 1859, the articles were amended by the associates so as to continue in force for twenty years from the 1st of May, 1864, and on January 23, 1884, the directors, under power conferred upon them by the associates, passed a resolution continuing the existence of the company for twenty years from May 1, 1884. The association was formed for the purpose of carrying on a forwarding agency, banking, exchange and insurance business between such cities aud towns of the United States, and those of other countries, as the directors, or their successors, might specify.

*144 It is described in the articles as a “joint-stock company,” its cajDital declared to be $500,000, divided into shares of $100 each, subject to increase or decrease, as the board of directors might tliinlc proper, but represented by certificates or scrip, signed by the president and secretary of the company, and countersigned by the treasurer. These shares are made assignable, without restriction, from one person to another, in the usual form, in person or by attorney, and may be forfeited by order of the directors for causes set forth in the agreement. The property and business of the company is to be managed by a board of five directors, who, from their own number, might elect a jdresident, vice-president and secretary, and, except by their permission, “no shareholder in” the company, can use or sign its associate name; in short, into their hands the management of the Avhole business of the company is intrusted. The directors are also empowered to declare dividends from the net earnings of the company as they may from time to time deem expedient. Deeds and other instruments of conveyance, or as security, are to run to the president; and all suits at law or in equity in favor of the company are to be brought in his name. It is also provided that the death of no member, or of any number of members less than a majority of the interest of the whole, shall operate as a dissolution of the company, but its business shall continue as if no death had occurred.

It seems obvious, from these articles, that the arrangement consummate^ by them has little in common with a private partnership, for they provide for a permanent investment of capital, the right of succession, the transfer of property by an assignment of the certificate of ownership, and the prosecution of suits in the name of one person. The company has, therefore, the characteristics of a corporation, and, so far as it can, it assumes to itself an independent personalty, and asserts powers and claims privileges not possessed by individuals or partnerships. It is precisely such an association as, when formed without authority from parliament, was declared in England to be illegal and void, and to be “ deemed a public *145 nuisance” (6 George 1, chap. 18, § 18), the statute in this respect following, it was said, the common law and enforcing its rules by the imposition of penalties. (Buck v. Buck, 1 Camp. 547; Rex v. Stratton, Id. 549n ; Josephs v. Pebrer, 3 Barn. & C. 639.) It was held in Duvergier v. Fellows (5 Bing. 268), that there can be no transferable shares of any stock except the stock of corporations of joint-stock companies created by acts of parliament. (Affirmed in 10 Barn. & C. 826 ; 1 Clark & F. 39), and to the same effect is the decision in Blundell v. Winsor (8 Sim. 601). It is not necessary, however, to assert in what cases such a combination of individuals would now be deemed illegal at common law, for the statutes of the state' render the arrangement possible, and in our opinion the association in question is within their purview. By the act of 1849 (Chap. 258, § 1) a joint-stock company or association was authorized “ to sue and be sued in the name of the president and treasurer,” with like effect as if the names of the associates were stated in the proceedings. It was extended in 1851. (Sess. Laws of 1851, chap. 455 ; Laws of 1853, chap. 153). On March 31, 1854, a bill was introduced into the legislature (See Senate Journal of that date) and passed April 15, 1854 (Laws of 1854, chap. 245), entitled “ An act to amend, and in addition to the several acts relative to joint-stock associations,” the first section of which declared that: “ Whenever, in pursuance of its articles of association the property of any joint-stock association is represented by shares of stock, it may be lawful for said association to provide by their articles of association that the death of any stockholder or the assignment of his stock shall not work a dissolution of the association, but it shall continue as before, nor shall such company be dissolved except by judgment of a court for fraud in its management, or other good cause to such court shown, or in pursuance of its articles of association; ” and by section two, that: “ Said association may also, by said articles of association, provide that the share *146 holders may devolve upon any three or more of the partners the sole management of their business.”

A further act was passed in 1867 (Chap. 289), authorizing “ joint-stock companies and associations to purchase, hold and convey real estate,” and declaring that all conveyances thereof should be made to the president of the company, who might hold and convey the same, free from any claim thereon, against any of the shareholders or any person claiming under them.

In view of the capacities and attributes with which, as we have seen, the United States Express Company is endowed, and in view, also, of the statutes which legalize its assumed capacities and make valid and effective its asserted right of succession, its distinctive name and the alienability of its shares, we find nothing to warrant the contention of the appellant that it is a mere partnership, existing only under its articles of agreement and association. ' It is true those articles contain no reference to any statute of the state, as one under or by which the company was organized, yet, by the very constitution of the body itself and the privileges and powers which it can only exercise by virtue of those statutes, it must be taken to belong to one of those classes of artificial beings described in the act of 1880 (supra) as “ a corporation, joint-stock company or association.” The several persons composing it are made into a collective body and are given capacity in its name, and not their own, to take, grant, sue and be sued. Thus they are united, or organized, or incorporated. The death of a member causes no interruption, and the power of continued existence of this one body, and its organized or corporate action is derived from no inherent power of one or all of its members, but from the law, which sanctions the union. It is doing business within this state, and because it was also formed under the laws of the state it is within the act. Nor does it seem to us that this construction is at all at variance with the literal and precise language of the act. It declares (§ 3 of the act of 1880, as amended in 1881, chap. 36), “Every corporation, joint-stock company or association whatever, now or hereafter incorporated or organized under *147 any law of this state, or now or hereafter incorporated or organized by or under the laws of any other state or country, and doing business in this state (with certain exceptions not now material) shall be subject to, and pay a tax, as a tax, upon it corporate franchise or business into the treasury of this state annually, to be computed,” according to certain specified circumstances, upon the capital stock or its valuation, made in accordance with the provisions of the first section of the act.

The first section thus referred to makes it “ the duty of the president or treasurer of every association, corporation or joint stock company, liable to be taxed on its corporate franchise or business as provided in section three, to make a report to the comptroller,” of its capital and dividends, and, if no dividends, then of circumstances which prevent an appraisal. The phraseology of both sections, the first, “ every association, corporation, or joint-stock company,” and the third, the same words differently arranged, embrace the “ United States Express Company,” and its relation to the class is not changed by the subsequent limitation implied by the words “ incorporated under any law of this state.” The word “ incorporated,” as here used, is not to be taken in a technical or restricted meaning and confined to an association brought into being according to the formula of a statute, but as including any combination of individuals upon terms which embody or adopt as rules or regulations of business the enabling provisionso f the statutes.

In the case before us the agreement, which brought many persons into one artificial body, was so framed as to accomplish that end, and in proposing to conduct its affairs by the power given to it in the mode prescribed by the legislature, they must be deemed, for the purposes of the act in question, to be incorporated, that is, formed or united under the law of the state whether the artificial body be termed a corporation, a joint-stock company, or association.

Uor is the principal question altogether new. In Waterbury v. Merchants’ Union Express Company (50 Barb. 158) the nature and legal character of the defendant, a joint-stock association, created in like manner with the one before us, was *148 held to have all the attributes of a corporation, and all its incidents' except a common seal. The statutes from 1849 to 186T {supra) were examined and held to confer the qualities which distinguish a corporation .from a partnership, and to establish the relations of a member of the association as those of a stockholder in a corporation, and not those of an individual in a. partnership, and that, in controversies affecting them, the analogies afforded by laws and jurisprudence in the case of corporations should be followed, and not those derived from a simple partnership. In Westcott v. Fargo, president of the same company (6 Lans. 319), a like discussion was had upon circumstances calling for a decision as to the nature and character of the association.- A shareholder sued the company for the loss of freight intrusted to it. It was set up as a defense that the plaintiff, as such shareholder, was one of the owners of interest in the express company; but the court held otherwise— that it was no valid objection that the plaintiff was a-member of the company — saying: “ The action is against the corporation,” and, so, the plaintiff prevailed. Upon appeal the case came to this court (61 N. Y. 542), and again the issue was distinctly presented. The appellant contended that the plaintiffs could not maintain an action upon a contract between themselves and the association of which they were members ; that their remedy was in equity for an accounting as in partnership cases; while, for the respondent, it was argued that “ joint-stock companies, organized under the statutes .of the state, are corporations, not partnerships.” This court also examined the statutes relating to joint-stock companies {supra), ■ and came to the conclusion that they conferred powers and privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships.

"We do not overlook the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant that the articles of agreement and association of the express company already contained the provisions embraced in the act of 1854 {supra), and were, therefore, part of the fundamental law of the company. No doubt parties are, in general, deemed to contract with reference to the state *149 of the law as it exists at the time of making the contract, but certainly there is nothing to prevent them from doing so with reference to a state of the law which did not then exist, and more especially is this so if it appears that, by the terms of the agreement, that changed condition of the law might reasonably be expected. The act of 1854 was proposed to the legislature as early as March. It was passed and became a law on the fifteenth of April, and, although by force of the statute (1 R. S. tit. 4, pt. 1, chap. 7, p. 157, § 12), it did not take effect until twenty days thereafter, it was apparently in contemplation ■of the parties when, on the twenty-second of April, and, therefore, after its passage, they prepared an agreement embodying the terms and language of the statute. But, however that may be, the period of its new or extended existence began in 1864 when the law was in full force. The agreement which •effected it might well be deemed equivalent to a new and ■original organization. I do not, however, regard this fact as essential. It is not an answer to the operation of the statute "that the agreement constituting the joint-stock association was ■prepared antecedent to the time when it took effect. It is enough that the powers which it provided for and assumed •to exercise were thereby ratified and made valid. Thenceforth it acted under and by virtue of the statute.

Second. We áre also of opinion that the tax sought to be -enforced is neither in form or substance obnoxious to any provision of the Federal Constitution. It interferes in no respect with commerce with foreign nations, or among the several states. It is confined to capital employed in this state by an entity existing under its laws, and the manner in which its value shall be assessed, and the rate of taxation are matters of legislative discretion. In no aspect does it profess “ to regulate commerce,” nor in any proper sense has the legislation in question that effect.

We, therefore, agree with the Supreme Court and think its •order should be affirmed.

All concur ; Andrews, J., in result.

Order affirmed.