Case Information

John Lee SHUTE, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 013-87

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.

Jan. 6, 1988.

The terms of Article 34.04, supra, and its predecessors have been construed to be mandatory so that an accused may be assured of the opportunity to examine the prospective juror list prior to the voir dire examination. Marshall v. State, 444 S.W.2d 928 (Tex.Cr.App.1969). Complete failure timely to provide such a list to an accused has been grounds for reversal of the accused's conviction. Marshall v. State, supra.

However, in situations where Article 34.04, supra, has been complied with, this Court has found no error when an accused has requested additional time in which to examine the jury list. In Solis v. State, 492 S.W.2d 561 (Tex.Cr.App.1973), Solis' counsel was, in accordance with Article 34.04, supra, provided with a list of all veniremen summoned for the week in Bexar County. The list contained 740 names. When Solis' counsel requested an additional forty-eight hours in order to investigate the background of the jury, the court denied the request. This ruling was upheld on appeal with this Court holding that Solis was not denied "fair notice."

While we may agree with appellant that the two day period for examination of juror lists enunciated in Article 34.04, supra, provides little opportunity in urban counties for investigation of prospective jurors, we must find that the trial court did comply with the letter of the article. This Court is not the legislature. Our duty is to read and apply the law, not write it. Until the legislature deems it necessary to amend Article 34.04, supra, and provide some meaningful review of jury lists for defendants in urban counties, two days notice, as was given in the instant case must suffice.

Although appellant in the title to his point of error invokes the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution in addition to Article 34.04, supra, he makes no argument concerning these constitutional provisions. Our examination of the record reveals no violation of either appellant's due process rights or right to effective counsel. Appellant has not demonstrated in any way that he was actually harmed. As the State points out in their brief, the veniremen were drawn out of the large pool of jurors in groups of six. Each prospective juror was given an information form by the court in addition to the normal juror information form to fill out and these were furnished to the attorneys for both sides. The docket sheet reflects that the first group of six was drawn on January 9, 1984, the next group of six was drawn on January 11, 1984. On January 13, 1984, three more jurors were drawn from the pool. The process continued in this manner until the voir dire examination was completed. Appellant has not furnished this Court with the name of any venireman whose background he alleges he was not allowed to sufficiently investigate or examine. Consequently, we find no violation of appellant's due process rights or his right to effective assistance of counsel. This point of error is overruled.

Having found no reversible error, we affirm the conviction.

CLINTON and TEAGUE, JJ., dissent to overruling the first point of error. See Beltran v. State, 728 S.W.2d 382, at 390 (Tex.Cr.App.1987).

Ken J. McLean (Court-appointed), Houston, for appellant.

John B. Holmes, Jr., Dist. Atty., and William J. Delmore, III and Ruben Perez, Asst. Dist. Attys., Houston, Robert Huttash, State's Atty., Austin, for the State.

OPINION ON APPELLANT'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

McCORMICK, Judge.

Appellant entered a plea of not guilty before the court to the charge of attempted capital murder. He was convicted and the court assessed punishment at imprisonment for thirty-five years. In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals dismissed for want of jurisdiction. Shute v. State, No. C14-86-840 CR (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986). Appellant's petition for discretionary review was granted, challenging the ruling of the Court of Appeals on the sufficiency of appellant's notice of appeal.

Appellant was sentenced on September 30, 1986. Appellant gave oral notice of appeal on September 30, 1986. The oral notice was reduced to writing by the clerk of the court on October 8, 1986. An examination of the writing executed by the clerk shows that the form used was merely an acknowledgment by the court of receipt of appellant's oral notice. It was not an independent written notice of appeal as required by Tex.R.App.Pro. 40(b)(1). While such notice may have been sufficient under the prior statute, Article 44.08(a), the current Rules of Appellate Procedure embody the requirement of written notice. Tex.R.App.Pro. 40(b)(1).

Appellant had until October 30, 1986, to file his written notice of appeal. Tex.R.App.Pro. 40(b)(1), 41(b)(1). No motion for new trial was filed. No timely motion for extension of time to file the notice of appeal was filed. No out-of-time appeal has been granted. The only written notice of appeal on record was filed on November 19, 1986, more than two weeks late. In his brief, appellant concedes he knew the requisites of the Rules of Appellate Procedure but held mistaken beliefs as to the sufficiency of his actions. In the absence of a timely, written notice of appeal, the lower court was correct in stating they were without jurisdiction to entertain the appeal. Martin v. State, 654 S.W.2d 800 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, no pet.).

We have carefully reviewed the briefs of the respective parties and the opinion of the Court of Appeals and have determined the decision of the Court of Appeals correct. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.

DUNCAN, J., not participating.

MILLER, J., concurs in the result.

CLINTON, Judge, concurring.

Appellant's petition for discretionary review implicates certain "new" rules. Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure became effective September 1, 1986, and the instant oral notice of appeal was given September 30, 1986. Presented by his sole ground of review is an issue we determined warranted review pursuant to Tex.R.App.Pro. Rule 200(c)(4), viz:

"The Court of Appeals erred by holding that TRAP 40(b)(1) mandates that written notice of appeal be filed by appellant or his counsel personally in the face of a document in the transcript, filed by the clerk, reflecting that written notice of appeal was indeed given."

Such is an important question, and that the opinion of this Court actually answers it demonstrates that our grant of review was most topical; for reasons about to be given I agree the answer is correct.

Practically from the beginning in this jurisdiction, that a defendant must take the initiative to make known his intent and purpose to appeal has always been the rule. See Lawrence v. The State, 14 Tex. 432 (1855):

"[T]he party aggrieved by the decision of the [trial] court ... must in some way manifest his determination not to abide the decision, but to invoke a revision of the judgment by the appellate court; that is, he must appeal, and that he has done so must appear by the record to enable this court to revise the judgment of the District court in a criminal case."

Within two years thereafter the Legislature adopted its first code of criminal procedure, and article 726 thereof prescribed how an appeal was to be initiated. That statute, soon held "mandatory and imperative," required an appeal be taken "by giving notice thereof in open court, and having the same entered of record." See, e.g. Long v. The State, 3 Tex.App. 322 (Ct.App.1877), and prior Supreme Court cases therein cited; see also Lorance v. State, 20 S.W. 361 (Tex.Cr.App.1892). Though revised in 1965 and again in 1981, former article 44.08, C.C.P., still permitted notice of appeal to be given "orally in open court," while providing an alternative, viz: "in writing and filed in duplicate with the clerk." Common custom and practice opted for oral notice of appeal. See McCormick & Blackwell, Texas Criminal Forms and Trial Manual § 79.05, 8 Texas Practice 189. Whatever its prescribed form, the Court has always held compliance with the applicable statute is jurisdictional. See decisions annotated under former article 44.08, at nos. 35-39.

Then along came the "new" rules of appellate procedure, particularly Rules 40(b)(1) and 41(b)(1) which are our concern today.1 Rule 40(b)(1) is said to have been "based on CCP Art. 44.08 with some modifications and deletions," Proposed Integrated Code, 48 Tex.B.J. 144, at 153 (Comment to proposed rule 20). One main deletion was that notice of appeal "may be given orally in open court."2

Given that the goal of the new rules of appellate procedure is uniformity and the framers deliberately deleted the oral notice of appeal in favor of a written notice such as then required by Tex.R.Civ.Pro. 356(c), we may look to the civil side for guidance in resolving the issue presented in the instant cause.

Germane civil rules went through much the same metamorphosis. See Texas Animal Health Commission v. Nunley, 598 S.W.2d 233 (Tex.1980), which is squarely on point, viz:

"Rule 354(c) requires that appellants, not required to file appeal bonds, 'file a notice of appeal which shall be filed with the clerk.' Before January 1, 1976, Rule 353 allowed a notice of appeal to be made 'in open court, noted on the docket or embodied in the judgment, or-der overruling motion for new trial, or other minute[s] of the Court.' The Commission contends this is still the rule.... The rules were changed by removing the above language in Rule 353 and amending Rule 354 to require the notice of appeal to be filed separately with the clerk. Attempting to provide notice of appeal in the manner previously authorized does not comply with Rule 354(c)."

Id., at 234 (my emphasis).3

Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that "Rule 354(c) requires the filing of a separate notice of appeal with the clerk," and because the Commission had not done so, dismissed its appeal for want of jurisdiction. Ibid. Thus, the opinion below and its order are correct.4

For the reasons given, then, I concur with essential conclusions of the Court and, therefore, join its opinion and judgment.

TEAGUE, Judge, dissenting.

"Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,

Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;

But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,

When two strong men stand face to face, though they come from the ends of the earth."

Kipling, "The Ballad of East and West"

Presiding Judge Onion, in the dissenting opinion that he filed in McIntire v. State, 698 S.W.2d 652, 662 (Tex.Cr.App.1985) (Opinion on Appellant's Motion for Rehearing on Petition for Discretionary Review), correctly observed the following: "The new procedure as to giving of the notice of appeal in criminal cases ... has caused confusion as well as questions of jurisdiction. (Citations omitted.)" 698 S.W.2d at 664, fn. 3. I find that today's majority opinion gives true meaning to those words by our Presiding Judge.

In affirming the court of appeals' decision to dismiss appellant's appeal, which that court did after it found that there was an absence of a timely, written notice of appeal, and notwithstanding the state of the record that then existed, and after it had denied appellant's motion for extension of time to file written notice of appeal,1 I find that the majority opinion by Judge McCormick easily demonstrates why, before such a thing as Rules of Appellate Procedure, that govern the appeal of a criminal case, should ever become part of our law, there should always be public hearings, and the best place for this to occur is in the Legislature of this State. The worst place I find where this should occur is in the closed conference rooms of this and the Supreme Court of Texas, in which no members of the public, and only the judges and justices of those Courts are permitted to enter and vote on what rules will be adopted, and how they shall read.

Because of the unique differences that exist between a civil appeal and a criminal appeal, I, for one, believe that there should always be two sets of rules of appellate procedure: one for the civil appeal and one for the criminal appeal.

Contrary to Judge McCormick's statement, also see Judge Clinton's reference in his opinion on page 3 thereof, that what the clerk of the trial court filed in this cause, which was entitled "NOTICE OF APPEAL", see Appendix "A", attached to this opinion, also see Appendix "B", also attached to this opinion, which is entitled "Pauper's Oath On Appeal", "was not an independent written notice of appeal as required by Tex.R.App.Pro. 40(b)(1)," (Page 1 of slip opinion), that rule does not mandate that "independent written notice of appeal" must be filed by either the defendant or his attorney. Of course, had those who voted for the rules wanted this to be the case, they would have undoubtedly put that requirement in the rule. There is simply nothing in the rule that requires "the written notice of appeal to be filed separately with the clerk."

Rule 40(b)(1) provides in part: "Appeal is perfected in a criminal case by giving time-

ly notice of appeal ... Notice of appeal shall be given in writing filed with the clerk of the trial court. Such notice shall be sufficient if it shows the desire of the defendant to appeal from the judgment or other appealable order ... The clerk of the trial court shall note on copies of the notice of appeal the number of the cause and the day that notice was filed, and shall immediately send one copy to the clerk of the appropriate court of appeals and one copy to the attorney for the State." And that is what occurred here. Cf. post, however.

If Judge McCormick and those who join his opinion or agree with his opinion need more "independent written notice of appeal", then I suggest that they look at the written docket sheet in this cause. The written docket sheet is attached to this opinion as "Appendix C".

Furthermore, soon after the above occurred in the trial court, appellant's counsel filed a written designation of the items he wanted included in the appellate record. See Appendix "D", attached to this opinion.

Although it is without precedential value, I find it interesting that in Wilborn v. State, No. 411-84, June 11, 1986, not published, eight members of this Court, with only the undersigned dissenting, implicitly agreed that recordation on the docket sheet that oral notice of appeal had been given on the same day was sufficient to establish that written notice of appeal was filed on that day. "In the instant case, the docket sheet of the trial court (an integral part of the case file), clearly reflects that appellant gave an oral notice of appeal that was premature. Because that notice was listed on the trial court's docket sheet, the notice was filed on May 10, 1983. Accord-ing to the holding in Panelli v. State [709 S.W.2d 655 (Tex.Cr.App.1986)] the appellant's notice of appeal was sufficient to vest the Tenth Court of Appeals with jurisdiction over the appeal." (My emphasis. Please note that the majority stated that "the notice [of appeal] was filed on May 10, 1983.") In referring to Wilborn, supra, I acknowledge that this Court was not making the determination whether the docket sheet could in fact serve as a written notice of appeal, but by the above statement it certainly appears to me, if no one else, that the Court implicitly held that it was.

In this instance, appellant, through counsel, gave oral notice of appeal, after which the clerk of the court reduced same to a written "Notice of Appeal", see Appendix "A", attached to this opinion. Also see Appendices "B" and "C", attached to this opinion.

Appellant's petition for discretionary review was granted in order to make the determination whether the document entitled "Notice of Appeal", that was prepared and filed by the clerk, could serve as a written notice of appeal. In holding that this may not serve as a written notice of appeal, the majority opinion engrafts onto the rule a requirement that is not found in the rule, i.e., that there must be an "independent" written notice of appeal filed by the defendant or his attorney, if he has one.

Counsel for appellant correctly points out in his petition that "the Rule does not state that 'appellant or his counsel shall generate a document entitled Notice of Appeal, affix signatures thereto, and file with the clerk of the trial court,' it merely says notice of appeal shall be given in writing filed with the clerk. A hypertechnical interpretation herein would dictate that 'with' the clerk of the trial court contemplates a party forward by United States Mail or hand-deliver the document in question for filing 'with' the clerk." (Pp. 2-3 of appellant's brief on petition for discretionary review.) (My emphasis.)

Judge Clinton, in his concurring and dissenting opinion, quotes from Lawrence v. State, 14 Tex. 432 (1855). Sad to say, he has left out the best part of the quote, namely, "No prescribed formulary is necessary to constitute the taking of an appeal ..." I ask Judge McCormick and those who join his opinion: Where in the rule is it prohibited that the required written notice of appeal cannot be like the written "NOTICE OF APPEAL" that the clerk filed?

Rule 83 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure expressly provides that "A judgment shall not be affirmed or reversed or an appeal dismissed for defects or irregularities, in appellate procedure, either of form or substance ..." Today, the majority opinion of this Court runs counter to that benevolent rule of law.

Until this Court got into the business of enacting rules of appellate procedure, the Legislature of this State was constantly on the alert to change the rules that governed an appeal of a criminal case in order to make the appeal of a criminal case as easy as possible. The Legislature strived to make sure that a defendant would never be blind-sided or ambushed by some technical interpretation by this Court. For example of prehistoric times, read Ex parte Moore, 109 Tex.Cr.R. 73, 3 S.W.2d 86 (1928) (Held, even though this Court was the only court in this State at that time that decided criminal appeals from district courts of this State, the defendant's giving notice of appeal to the "Court of Civil Appeals of Texas sitting in Austin", which court did not technically exist, was deemed to be insufficient to vest jurisdiction in this Court over the appeal.)

In fact, until this Court got into the appellate rule making business, as those of us who appealed criminal cases in the 1960's can attest, getting a case before this Court for review purposes was actually a piece of cake. Today, however, appealing a case to a court of appeals closely resembles one walking through an area that has many, many landmines all over the place, just waiting for the unwary to be, figuratively, blown to smithereens.

Today, I believe that this Court gives meaning to what was written about it over 75 years ago in 2 Journ.Am.Inst.Crim.L. and Criminol. 179-180, "The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals enjoys the distinction, we believe, of being one of the foremost worshippers among American appellate courts of the technicality." The members of this Court should, instead, strive to hear that this Court is "unquestionably the ablest criminal court in the United States." 1 Wharton, Criminal Evidence (10th ed. 1912) 491, note; quoted in Potts, Cases on Criminal Procedure (2d ed. 1925).

In this instance, it is clear to me that appellant's counsel relied upon the written "Notice of Appeal" that was filed by the clerk of the court to perfect the giving of notice of appeal, which Hon. William J. Delmore, III, the State's representative in this cause, acknowledges is a form "which is commonly used in Harris County courts to record certain facts pertinent to an appeal from a judgment of conviction."

Contrary to Delmore, I do not find anywhere in the rule that prohibits "that form not to constitute sufficient compliance with Rule 40(b)(1)..."2

I find that appellant's counsel failed to carefully read the statement that I made in the concurring opinion that I filed in Panelli, supra at 658, which opinion was handed down several months before what occurred in the trial court took place: "View future Rule 41(c) with caution because it is not very carefully worded, which is understandable because that rule, like all of the other appellate rules, was never subjected to public scrutiny." Perhaps in the future some defendant will be brave enough to test the statement that I also made in that opinion, that "The first sentence of Rule 41(c), read literally, provides that a defendant who appears for arraignment and then and there gives ... written notice of appeal, and is subsequently convicted, will have timely and properly given notice of appeal." (658). However, after today, I do not recommend that any defendant be that brave.

To the return by this Court to the common law days when technicalities such as here governed the law, in order to deprive the indigent appellant of his appeal, I respectfully dissent.

I must state, however, that I am confident that this is not the last we will see of appellant, because, given what happened, I am confident that someday he will receive, either from this Court or a Federal Court, the appeal he so desires to have in this cause.

Footnotes

1 1. The purpose and objective of "intergrating" rules of appellate procedure was to have them uniformly applicable both to civil and criminal appellate practice. In drafting proposed rules framers made a conscious decision to conform criminal appellate procedure to that in place on the civil side, tracking the civil rule unless the criminal rule was deemed preferable or required by some criminal law aspect. See generally, Guittard, Proposed Uniform Rules of Appellate Procedure, 48 Tex.B.J. 24 (Jan.1985), and Glascow, Appellate Procedure: An Integrated Code, 48 Tex.B.J. 142 (Feb.1985). On the civil side an appeal is perfected by timely filing a cost bond or affidavit in lieu thereof or, if bond is not required, by filing a written notice of appeal with clerk of court. See former rules 354, 355, 356 and 363, Tex.R.Civ.App. On the criminal side a cost bond was not required, so framers went with a written notice of appeal as the closest parallel manner of perfecting an appeal in a criminal case. Also under Tex.R.App.Pro. 41 ordinarily an appeal is perfected when the requisite paper is filed within thirty days after some significant event terminating trial process: on civil side, signing of judgment; on criminal side, imposition or suspension of sentence in open court. When there is a motion for new trial, the time for filing is within ninety days after the respective event. Thus, as they desired and proposed, the framers sought to establish a common beginning for the appellate timetable on both sides. Guittard, op cit., supra, at 25.

2 2. Rule 40(b) is described as "a new provision for criminal cases," id., at 154 (Comment to proposed rule 21).

3 3. Note that after the 1980 opinion in Texas Animal Health Commission, supra, the Supreme Court revised and relocated some related rules. For example, content of former rule 354(c) was moved to rule 356(c), and is now found in Tex.R.App.Pro.Rule 40(a)(2).

4 4. Kipling's Ballad aside, in the first paragraph of his dissenting opinion with manifest delight my Brother Teague quotes from a footnote in a June 26, 1985 dissenting opinion of Presiding Judge Onion to the effect the "new procedure" in giving notice of appeal caused "confusion as well as questions of jurisdiction." Then in the next paragraph Judge Teague declares that in adopting rules of appellate procedure "there should always be public hearings, and the best place for this to occur is in the Legislature of this State." The exquisite irony in the matter is that the "new procedure" critiqued by Presiding Judge Onion was that prescribed in former article 44.08, V.A.C.C.P., enacted by the Legislature in 1981 after much research and study and just such public hearings!

1 1. The State asserts that the motion was untimely filed. See pp. 1-2, State's Brief in Response to Appellant's Petition for Discretionary Review.

2 2. Given the reason why this Court granted appellant's Petition for Discretionary Review, the majority opinion should, but does not, address Delmore's statement, "In the instant case, it may also be noted that the form bears no file mark, so it is questionable whether it was formally 'filed' at all." (Page 6, State's Brief in Response to Appellant's Petition for Discretionary Review.) Although I do not find anything in Rule 40(b)(1) that prohibits anyone from filing the written notice of appeal on behalf of the defendant, the rule does expressly require that "Notice of appeal shall be given in writing filed with the clerk of the trial court." Thus, if the clerk's document, entitled "NOTICE OF APPEAL", was not in fact filed, it could not be considered by this Court. Given the fact that the majority opinion does not address Delmore's statement, I therefore must assume that Judge McCormick, the author thereof, has concluded from the record that it was properly and timely filed by the clerk.