delivered the opinion of the Court.

The case is here on certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit which affirmed, 99 F. 2d 583, a decree of the District Court for the District of Maine, 23 F. Supp. 59, denying a petition for the allowance of counsel fees and expenses over and above the regular taxable costs. Certiorari was granted, 306 U. S. 623, because an important question of judicial administration pertaining to the exercise of federal equity jurisdiction was raiséd.

This case is another phase of a litigation that has been here before, Ticonic Bank v. Sprague, 303 U. S. 406, the circumstances of which must be summarized to lay bare the problem now before us. On March 28, 1931, Lottie F. Sprague, the petitioner here, delivered $5,022.18 to the Ticonic National Bank of Waterville, Maine, in trust in which she and others had beneficial interests. Under the trust agreement part of the amount was to be deposited by the Bank in its savings department. The rest of the funds was deposited by the Bank in its commercial checking department, as were other trust funds awaiting investment or distribution, secured by an appropriate amount of bonds set aside in its trust department as required by § 11 (k) of the amended Federal Reserve Act, 38 Stat. 262, as amended, 49 Stat. 722. On August 3, *163 1931, the People’s National Bank took over all the assets, including these earmarked bonds, and assumed the indebtedness of the Ticonic Bank. . On March 4, 1933, the People’s Bank closed, and both banks went into the hands of a receiver. Thereafter, on July 29, 1935, the petitioner and her beneficiary filed a bill in the District Court against the banks and their receiver to impress upon the proceeds of the bonds a lien for their trust deposit. The District Court sustained the claim and entered a decree for the discharge of the lien with interest from the date of the filing of the bill and payment to the plaintiffs of “their taxable costs,” 14 F. Supp. 900. On appeal, the Circuit Court of Appeals at first disallowed interest, 87 F. 2d 365, but on rehearing affirmed the decree of the District Court “with costs,” 90 F. 2d 641. This Court then granted certiorari “limited to the question as to the allowance of interest,” 302 U. S. 675. Before its disposition, Ticonic Bank v. Sprague, supra, the present proceedings were begun.

Petitioner alleged that, by vindicating her claim to a lien on the proceeds of the earmarked bonds to the amount of her trust funds, she had established as.a matter of law the right to recovery in relation to fourteen trusts in situations like her own; that she had prosecuted the litigation solely át her Own expense; that although the total assets of the bank were not sufficient to satisfy the unsecured creditors, the proceeds of the bonds were more than sufficient to discharge all trust obligations; and she therefore prayed the court for reasonable counsel fees and litigation expenses to be paid out of the proceeds of the bonds.

The District Court held that it “had no authority to grant the petition” on the ground that, after the appeal from its decree in 14 F.' Supp. 900, it “had no further function to perform other than to carry out the mandate of the Supreme Court when received. The mandate from *164 the Supreme Court simply had the effect of directing this court to carry out the mandate of the Circuit Court of Appeals which in turn, simply, in effect, required this court to execute its original final decree by issuing its execution for a certain sum of money with costs of both courts.” The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed “for the reasons stated” by the District Court, and “for the further reason that the term of court at which the decree was entered, when the petition to amend was filed, had long since passed . . .” .Obviously, both courts disposed of the petition not as a considered disallowance of attorney’s fees and litigation expenses in the circumstances of the particular suit but because they deemed award of such costs beyond the power of the District Court.

Whether action by the District Court on the merits of the petition was foreclosed by this Court’s mandate in Ticonic Bank v. Sprague, supra , and was .further limited by restrictions which terms of court may impose, are questions subsidiary to the power of federal courts in equity suits to allow counsel fees and other expenses entailed by the litigation not included in the ordinary taxable costs recognized by statute.

Allowance of such costs in appropriate situations is part of the historic equity jurisdiction of the federal courts. The suits “in equity” of which these courts were given “cognizance” ever since the First Judiciary Act, constituted that body of remedies, procedures and practices which theretofore had been evolved in the English Court of Chancery, 1 subject, of course, to modifications *165 by Congress* e. g., Michaelson v. United States, 266 U. S. 42. The sources bearing on eighteenth-century English practice — reports and manuals — uniformly support the power not only to give a fixed allowance for the various steps in a suit, what are known as costs “between party and party,” but also as much of. the entire, expenses of the litigation of one of the parties as fair justice to the other party will permit, technically known as costs “as between solicitor and client.” 2 To be sure, *166 the usual case is one where through the complainant’s efforts a fund is recovered in which others share. Sometimes the complainant avowedly sues for the common interest 3 while in others his litigation results in a fund for a group though he did not profess to be their representative. 4 The present case presents a variant of the latter situation. In her main suit the petitioner neither avowed herself to be the representative of a class nor did she automatically establish a fund in which others could participate. But in view of the consequences of stare decisis, the petitioner by establishing her claim necessarily established the claims of fourteen other trusts pertaining to the same bonds.

That the party in ,a situation like the present neither purported to sue for a class nor formally established by' litigation a fund available to the class, does not seem to be a differentiating factor so far as it affects the source of the recognized power of equity to grant reimbursements of the kind for which the petitioner in this case appealed to the chancellor’s discretion. Plainly the foundation for the historic practice of granting reimbursement for the costs of litigation other than the conventional taxable costs is part of the original authority of the chancellor to do equity in a particular situation. 5 *167 Whether one professes to sue representatively or formally makes a fund available for others may, of course, be a relevant circumstance in making the fund liable for his costs in producing it.. But when such a fund is for all. practical purposes created for the benefit of others, the formalities of the litigation — the absence of an avowed class suit or the creation of a fund, as it were, through stare decisis rather than through a decree — hardly touch the power of equity in doing justice- as between a party and the beneficiaries of his litigation. As in much else that pertains to equitable jurisdiction, individualization in the exercise of a discretionary power will alone retain equity as a living system and save it from sterility. In the actual exercise of the power to award costs “as between solicitor and client” all sorts of practical distinctions have been taken in distributing the costs of the burden of the litigation. 6 And so, the circumstances under which the petitioner enforced the fiduciary obligation of the Ticonic Bank — the relation of its vindication to beneficiaries similarly situated but not actually before the court, as well as the interest of the common creditors where the funds of the bank are not sufficient to pay them in full, and doubtless .other considerations — must enter into the ultimate judgment-of the» District Court as to the fairness of making an award, or the extent of such award, “as between solicitor and client” in this case. In any event such allowances are appropriate only in exceptional cases and for dominating reasons of justice. But here we are concerned solely with the power to entertain such a petition.

Without considering the historic authority of a court of equity in such matters,- the District Court deemed itself *168 powerless because foreclosed by the mandate m Ticomc Bank v. Sprague, supra. The general proposition which moved that Court — that it was bound to carry the mandate of the upper court into execution and could not consider the questions which the mandate laid at rest— is indisputable. Compare Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Guardian Trust Co., 281 U. S. 1. 7 But that leaves us still to consider whether the immediate issue now in controversy was disposed of in the main litigation and therefore foreclosed by the mandate. .While a mandate is controlling as to matters within its compass, on the remand a lower court is free as to other issues. See In re Sanford Fork & Tool Co., 160 U. S. 247; Ex parte Century Indemnity Co., 305 U. S. 354. Certainly the claim for “as between solicitor and client” costs was not directly in issue in the original proceedings by Sprague. It was neither before the Circuit Court of Appeals nor before this Court; Its disposition, therefore, by the mandate of either Court could be implied only if a claim for such costs was necessarily implied in the claim in the original suit, and its failure to ask for such costs an implied waiver. These implications are repelled by the basis on which such costs are granted. They are not of a routine character like ordinary taxable costs; they are-contingent upon the exigencies of equitable litigation, the final disposition of which in its entire process including appeal places such a claim in much better perspective than it would have at an earlier stage. Such are the considerations which *169 underlay the decision in Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U. S. 527, in holding that an order allowing costs “as between solicitor and client” was a final judgment for purposes of appeal because “the inquiry was a collateral one, havr ing a distinct and independent character.” 8 We, therefore, hold that the issue in the instant case is sufficiently different from that presented by the ordinary qúestions regarding taxable costs that it was impliedly covered neither by the original decree nor by the mandates, and that neither constituted a bar to the disposal of the petition below on its merits.

Finally, we must notice the separate ground taken by the Circuit Court of Appeals on the basis of what it deemed the requirements of terms of court. The new Rules of Civil Procedure have rendered anachronistic the technical niceties pertaining to terms of court as to both law and equity, 9 but the- ruling of the District Court here *170 in question was made prior to the operation of the new Rules. Since we view the petition for reimbursement as an independent proceeding supplemental to the original proceeding and not a request for a modification of the original decree, the suggestion of the Circuit Court. of Appeals — that it came after the end of the term at which the main decree was entered and therefore too late — falls.

The decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals must be reversed so that the District Court may entertain the petition for reimbursement in the light of the appropriate equitable considerations.

Reversed.