(b) Prerequisite to final settlement of contracts with nonresident contractor; user personally liable. —

1. (1) Any person contracting with a nonresident contractor subject to the taxes imposed by §11-13-1 et seq., §11-21-1 et seq., and §11-24-1 et seq. of this code, shall withhold payment, in the final settlement of the contract, of a sufficient amount, not exceeding six percent of the contract price, as will in the person’s opinion be sufficient to cover the taxes, until the receipt of a certificate from the Tax Commissioner to the effect that the above referenced taxes imposed against the nonresident contractor have been paid or provided for.
2. (2) If any person shall fail to withhold as provided in subdivision (1) of this subsection, that person is personally liable for the payment of all taxes attributable to the contract, not to exceed six percent of the contract price. The taxes attributable shall be recoverable by the Tax Commissioner by appropriate legal proceedings, which may include issuance of an assessment under this article.

(f) Payment when person sells out or quits business; liability of successor; lien. —

1. (1) If any person subject to any tax administered under this article sells out his, her, or its business or stock of goods, or ceases doing business, any tax, additions to tax, penalties, and interest imposed by this article or any of the other articles of this chapter to which this article is applicable shall become due and payable immediately and that person shall, within 30 days after selling out his, her, or its business or stock of goods or ceasing to do business, make a final return or returns and pay any tax or taxes which are due. The unpaid amount of any tax is a lien upon the property of that person.
2. (2) The successor in business of any person who sells out his, her, or its business or stock of goods, or ceases doing business, is personally liable for the payments of tax, additions to tax, penalties, and interest unpaid after expiration of the 30-day period allowed for payment: Provided, That if the business is purchased in an arms-length transaction, and if the purchaser withholds so much of the consideration for the purchase as will satisfy any tax, additions to tax, penalties, and interest which may be due until the seller produces a receipt from the Tax Commissioner evidencing the payment thereof, the purchaser is not personally liable for any taxes attributable to the former owner of the business unless the contract of sale provides for the purchaser to be liable for some or all of the taxes. The amount of tax, additions to tax, penalties, and interest for which the successor is liable is a lien on the property of the successor, which shall be enforced by the Tax Commissioner as provided in this article.

(j) Refunds; credits; right to offset. —

1. (1) Whenever a taxpayer has a refund or credit due it for an overpayment of any tax administered under this article, the Tax Commissioner may reduce the amount of the refund or credit by the amount of any tax administered under this article, whether it be the same tax or any other tax, which is owed by the same taxpayer and collectible as provided in subsection (a) of this section.
2. (2) The Tax Commissioner may enter into agreements with the Internal Revenue Service that provide for offsetting state tax refunds against federal tax liabilities; offsetting federal tax refunds against state tax liabilities; and establishing the amount of the offset fee per transaction which both agencies may charge each other: Provided, That offsets under subdivision (1) of this subsection shall occur prior to offsets under this subdivision. At the times moneys are received as a result of an offset of a taxpayer’s federal tax refund under the provisions of section 6402(e) of the Internal Revenue Code, the taxpayer is given credit against state tax liability for the amount of the offset less a deduction for the offset fee imposed by the Internal Revenue Service: Provided, however, That the amount of the offset fee imposed by the Internal Revenue Service shall be added to the taxes, interest, and penalties owed by the taxpayer to this state: Provided further, That the amount of the offset fee imposed by the Tax Commissioner shall be deducted from the moneys retained from the taxpayer’s state tax refund and then deposited in the special revolving fund which is hereby created and established in the State Treasury and designated as the Tax Offset Fee Administration Fund: And provided further, That the fees deposited in the Tax Offset Fee Administration Fund may be expended by the Tax Commissioner for the general administration of the taxes administered under the authority of this article.

(k) Spouse relieved of liability in certain cases. —

1. (1) In general. — Under regulations prescribed by the Tax Commissioner, if:

   1. (A) A joint personal income tax return has been made for a taxable year;
   2. (B) On the return there is a substantial understatement of tax attributable to grossly erroneous items of one spouse;
   3. (C) The other spouse establishes that in signing the return he or she did not know, and had no reason to know, that there was a substantial understatement; and
   4. (D) Taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the other spouse liable for the deficiency in tax for the taxable year attributable to the substantial understatement, then the other spouse is relieved of any liability for tax, including interest, additions to tax, and other amounts for the taxable year to the extent the liability is attributable to the substantial understatement.

2. (2) Grossly erroneous items. — For purposes of this subsection, the term “grossly erroneous items” means, with respect to any spouse:

   1. (A) Any item of gross income attributable to a spouse which is omitted from gross income; and
   2. (B) Any claim of a deduction, credit, or basis by a spouse in an amount for which there is no basis in fact or law.
3. (3) Substantial understatement. — For purposes of this subsection, the term “substantial understatement” means any understatement, as defined in regulations prescribed by the Tax Commissioner which exceed $500.

4. (4) Understatement must exceed specified percentage of spouse’s income.

   1. (A) Adjusted gross income of $20,000 or less. — If the spouse’s adjusted gross income for the readjustment year is $20,000 or less, this subsection applies only if the liability described in subdivision (1) of this subsection is greater than 10 percent of the adjusted gross income.
   2. (B) Adjusted gross income of more than $20,000. — If the spouse’s adjusted gross income for the readjustment year is more than $20,000, paragraph (A) of this subdivision is applied by substituting “25 percent” for “10 percent”.
   3. (C) Readjustment year. — For purposes of this subdivision, the term “readjustment year” means the most recent taxable year of the spouse ending before the date the deficiency notice is mailed.
   4. (D) Computation of spouse’s adjusted gross income. — If the spouse is married to another spouse at the close of the readjustment year, the spouse’s adjusted gross income shall include the income of the new spouse whether or not they file a joint return.
   5. (E) Exception for omissions from gross income. — This subdivision shall not apply to any liability attributable to the omission of an item from gross income.
5. (5) Adjusted gross income. — For purposes of this subsection, the term “adjusted gross income” means the West Virginia adjusted gross income of the taxpayer, determined under §11-21-1 et seq. of this code.