1. (1) Purpose. This section explains the reciprocity agreements between Wisconsin and other states.

2. (2) Definitions. The following definitions pertain only to Wisconsin. Definitions of the same terms in other states may vary. In this section:

   1. (a) “Personal service income” means all salaries, wages, commissions and fees earned by an employee and all commissions and fees earned by a self-employed person in the conduct of a profession or vocation. Personal service income does not include income derived from activities involving the substantial use of capital or labor of others.
   2. (b) “Resident” means a natural person who is domiciled in this state.

3. (3) Wisconsin law.

   1. (a) Under s. 71.05 (2), Stats., income earned by a nonresident individual for performing personal services in Wisconsin shall be excluded from Wisconsin gross income to the extent the individual’s state of residence imposes an income tax on the personal service income, if the state of residence allows either of the following:

      1. 1. A similar exclusion for personal service income earned by individuals domiciled in Wisconsin while working in that state.
      2. 2. A credit against the tax imposed by that state on the personal service income equal to the Wisconsin tax on the personal service income.
   2. (b) Under s. 71.64 (8), Stats., a Wisconsin employer of a nonresident individual residing in a state with which Wisconsin has a reciprocity agreement under sub. (4) need not withhold Wisconsin income tax from personal service income earned in Wisconsin by the nonresident.

4. (4) Agreements with other states.

   1. (a) Wisconsin has formal reciprocity agreements with:

      1. 1. Kentucky, for the years beginning on and after January 1, 1961.
      2. 2. Illinois, for the years beginning on and after January 1, 1971.
      3. 3. Michigan, for income earned after October 1, 1967 and years beginning on and after January 1, 1968.
   2. (b) Wisconsin practices reciprocity with Indiana, since prior to 1960, on the basis of an informal agreement and acquiescence by Wisconsin and Indiana.

5. (5) Effect of reciprocity.

   1. (a) Personal service income included under reciprocity agreements is taxed by an employee’s state of residence rather than by an employee’s state of employment. Wisconsin will not tax personal service income earned in Wisconsin by residents of states with which Wisconsin has reciprocity, and those states may not tax personal service income which a Wisconsin resident earns in those states, except as described in subs. (6), (7), and (8).
   2. (b) For personal service income included under reciprocity agreements, an employer need only withhold income tax for the state of residence of an employee.

   3. (c) Federal law regulates withholding on wages earned by employees engaged in interstate transportation activities.

      Note: Additional information on withholding on wages earned by employees engaged in interstate transportation activities may be obtained by writing to Wisconsin Department of Revenue, Compliance Bureau, P.O. Box 8902, Madison, WI 53708.

6. (6) Provisions of agreement with Illinois.

   1. (a) The reciprocity agreement with Illinois is limited to “wages, salaries, commissions, and any other form of remuneration paid to employees for personal services.” However, the agreement does not extend to fees of lawyers, accountants and other self-employed persons deriving personal service income, to lottery winnings, or to persons identified in pars. (c) and (d).

   2. (b) The Illinois Income Tax Act, Article 15, section 1501 (a) (20), defines a resident as “an individual (i) who is in this State for other than a temporary or transitory purpose during the taxable year; or (ii) who is domiciled in this State but is absent from the State for a temporary or transitory purpose during the taxable year.” Because of the differences in the definition of resident for Illinois and Wisconsin purposes, a person domiciled in Wisconsin may simultaneously be a resident of Illinois, or a person may be domiciled in Illinois but not be a resident of Illinois.

      Example: A person is domiciled in Wisconsin and takes a job in Illinois. The person does not intend to give up his or her Wisconsin domicile, but instead intends to return to Wisconsin once his or her job in Illinois is completed, in 2 to 3 years. Assume that Illinois considers the person’s stay in Illinois as other than temporary or transitory. Therefore, the person is a resident of Illinois. The person is also a resident of Wisconsin because he or she is still domiciled in Wisconsin.

      Note: The term “temporary or transitory” as used in the definition of an Illinois resident set forth in sub. (6) (b) is not defined in either Illinois law or regulations. Therefore, whether or not the purpose for which an individual is in, or is absent from, Illinois is temporary or transitory in character depends upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case.

   3. (c) The reciprocity agreement with Illinois does not apply to any form of compensation described in par. (a) paid on or after January 1, 1974 to any individual who, at the time of payment, is simultaneously a resident of Illinois and a domiciliary of Wisconsin. All income of this person is taxable by Wisconsin. However, a credit against Wisconsin income tax may be claimed for income tax paid to Illinois.
   4. (d) An individual who is domiciled in Illinois but is not a resident of Illinois is subject to the Wisconsin income tax on income earned in Wisconsin.
7. (7) Provisions of agreement with Michigan. The reciprocity agreement with Michigan is limited to income from “personal services, including salaries, wages or commissions.” The agreement does not include income which Michigan considers to be “business income,” such as fees of self-employed persons such as professionals.
8. (8) Provisions of agreements with Indiana and Kentucky. The reciprocity agreements with Indiana and Kentucky are limited to wages, salaries and commissions.

9. (10) Procedure for nonresidents.

   1. (a) Nonresident persons employed in Wisconsin and residing in a state with which Wisconsin has reciprocity shall file form W-220, “Nonresident Employee’s Withholding Reciprocity Declaration,” with their Wisconsin employers to be exempt from withholding of Wisconsin income taxes. Upon receipt of this form, Wisconsin employers may not withhold Wisconsin income tax from Wisconsin personal service income of the employee.
   2. (c) The reciprocity exclusion does not apply to Wisconsin lottery winnings of nonresident persons.

10. (11) Procedure for Wisconsin residents.

    1. (a) Wisconsin residents employed in a state with which Wisconsin has reciprocity shall file form 1-ES, “Wisconsin Estimated Tax Voucher,” with the Wisconsin department of revenue if their out-of-state employers do not withhold Wisconsin income tax from their personal service income and if they will have a sufficient Wisconsin tax liability to be required to make payments of estimated tax.

       Note: Form 1-ES may be obtained by using the department’s estimated income tax interactive voucher at www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/OnlineServices/voucher-1es.aspx.

    2. (b) Wisconsin residents may have their employers cease withholding the other state’s income tax from their personal service income and may claim a refund from that state if income taxes are withheld from their personal service income after the effective date of a reciprocity agreement.

    3. (c) Wisconsin residents earning personal service income in states where it is taxable by the other state may claim a credit on their Wisconsin income tax returns for net income taxes paid to these states.

       Note: Refer to s. Tax 2.955 for information on the credit for tax paid to other states.

11. (12) Delinquent taxes. Reciprocity agreements do not affect the withholding of delinquent Wisconsin income taxes, interest, penalties and costs under s. 71.91 (7), Stats.

    Note: Forms may be obtained from the department of revenue’s web site at www.revenue.wi.gov.

    Note: Out-of-state employers of Wisconsin residents wishing to withhold Wisconsin income tax from those employees’ incomes may contact Wisconsin Department of Revenue, Compliance Bureau, P.O. Box 8902, Madison, WI 53708.

    Note: The State of Maryland enacted an income tax law, Ch. 1, Laws 1992, 1st Spec. Sess., on May 1, 1992, which resulted in the termination of reciprocity between Wisconsin and Maryland, effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1991. Prior to enactment of Maryland Ch. 1, Laws 1992, 1st Spec. Sess., Wisconsin practiced reciprocity with Maryland since prior to 1960, based on an informal agreement and acquiescence by Wisconsin and Maryland. Under the provisions of prior Maryland law and s. 71.05 (2), Stats., a Wisconsin resident could exclude from Maryland taxation, the income from salaries, wages, and compensation for personal services to the extent Wisconsin taxed the income of and accorded similar treatment to Maryland residents.

    Note: Section Tax 2.02 interprets ss. 71.05 (2) and 71.64 (8), Stats.

    Note: Beginning on January 1, 1968 and ending on January 1, 2010, Wisconsin had a formal reciprocity agreement with Minnesota. The reciprocity agreement was limited to income from personal services, including wages, salaries, tips, fees, commissions, bonuses, or similar earnings, provided the taxpayer personally rendered the service. The reciprocity exclusion for personal service income did not apply where the personal or professional service income was earned as a part of a business operated by the taxpayer which had employees that did more than incidental duties for the business, or where there was the sale or delivery of goods which was more than an incidental part of the business. A partner’s salary from a partnership where the selling of goods or services of the employees was more than incidental was subject to the reciprocity exclusion, but the partnership profits were not excluded. Distributions from a tax-sheltered annuity were also considered subject to the reciprocity exclusion. To qualify for the exclusion, the Minnesota agreement required the taxpayer to have a place of abode in Wisconsin, and the taxpayer was required to customarily return to it at least once a month.

History

History: Cr. Register, April 1978, No. 268, eff. 5-1-78; r. and recr., Register, March, 1991, No. 423, eff. 4-1-91; am. (3) (a) (intro.), 1., (4) (a) 1. to 4., (b) (intro.), (5) (a), (6) (b), (7) and (8), r. (4) (b) 1. and 2. and (9), renum. (10) to (13) to be (9) to (12) and am. (10) (a), (b), (11) (a) and (12), Register, April, 1993, No. 448, eff. 5-1-93; CR 17-019: r. (4) (a) 4., (9), am. (10) (a), r. (10) (b), Register June 2018 No. 750 eff. 7-1-18; correction in (5) (a) made under s. 13.92 (4) (b) 7., Stats., Register June 2018 No. 750.