(a) Documentary Exhibits.

1. (1) If a proponent offers into evidence an exhibit such as a letter, report, drawing, map, photograph, or other document that is larger in size than 8-1/2 x 11 inches, the proponent shall ensure that a copy of the document reduced to 8-1/2 x 11 inches (or smaller) is entered into the record.
2. (2) A proponent who provides a reduced copy of an oversized exhibit shall ensure that the reproduced document is clear and capable of further reproduction or transfer to digital media.

(b) Photographs.

1. (1) If a proponent offers into evidence a photograph, the proponent shall ensure that the original or a copy of the photograph in lieu of the original (no larger in size than 8-1/2 x 11 inches) is entered into the record.
2. (2) A proponent who provides a copy of a photograph shall ensure that the reproduced document is clear and capable of further reproduction or transfer to digital media.

(c) Non-documentary Exhibits: Generally.

1. (1) If a proponent offers into evidence a non-documentary exhibit, the proponent shall ensure that a photograph (no larger in size than 8-1/2 x 11 inches) of the exhibit is entered into the record in lieu of the non-documentary exhibit.
2. (2) A proponent who provides a photograph of a non-documentary exhibit shall ensure that the photograph is clear and capable of further reproduction or transfer to digital media.
3. (3) If the exhibit is bulky, oversized or otherwise physically impractical for a court staff-custodian to maintain, the court staff-custodian may direct that the proponent offering the exhibit maintain custody of it and secure it during the court proceeding.

(d) Non-documentary Exhibits: Weapons, Contraband, Hazardous Materials.

1. (1) In any proceeding in which weapons, cash, other items of value, drugs, or other dangerous materials are offered into evidence, the proponent shall secure the exhibits while the court proceeding is in session, as well as during all breaks and recesses.
2. (2) During the proceeding, the proponent shall exercise all appropriate safeguards necessary to protect the public based on the nature of the exhibit.
3. (3) Exhibits comprised of weapons, cash, other items of value, drugs, or other dangerous materials are prohibited from viewing in the jury room. The court may direct alternative viewing arrangements for such exhibits upon the request of the jury.

(f) Duplicates. The court may direct that the original item, and not a duplicate, be entered into the record.

Comment:

If a local rule designates the proponent as the custodian, the proponent will be responsible for the safekeeping of exhibits during the court proceeding. If the proponent is designated as the custodian, in no event is the proponent required to take separate action to transfer an exhibit to himself or herself.

When documents and photographs are reduced in size and copied to comply with subdivisions (a)-(b) of this rule, the proponent must ensure that the quality of the document or photograph is not compromised. All documentary exhibits must be capable of clear reproduction. Subdivision (b) recognizes that a proponent may have a sentimental attachment to a photograph and may not want to relinquish it for inclusion in the record.

In subdivision (c), non-documentary exhibits comprise a broad spectrum of objects, including, but not limited to, jewelry, clothing, automobiles, furniture, as well as the items listed in subdivision (d). Each judicial district shall promulgate a local rule to establish standards for the handling of non-documentary exhibits that are bulky, oversized, or otherwise physically impractical for the custodian to maintain. See Pa.R.J.A. 5104(a)(4).

In subdivision (d), the phrase ‘‘weapons, cash, other items of value, drugs, or other dangerous materials’’ includes, but is not limited to, guns, knives, explosives, controlled substances, narcotics, intoxicants, currency, money, negotiable instruments, toxic materials, and biohazards. For purposes of this rule, ‘‘secured’’ means inaccessible by unauthorized persons. See UJS Pennsylvania Court Safety Manual for best practices on firearms handling. Courts should consider additional safety measures if substances likely to cause bodily harm are present in the courtroom, for example, fentanyl and its derivatives, or other substances known to be especially lethal or toxic.

Neither documentary exhibits of unusual bulk or weight nor non-documentary exhibits should be transmitted unless authorized by a party or by the prothonotary of the appellate court. See Pa.R.A.P. 1931(c). In the case of exhibits under subdivision (d) of this rule, such exhibits should only be transmitted by law enforcement personnel who are authorized to transport such items to the appellate court.

Regarding the use of media in the courtroom, technology is constantly evolving and judicial districts have access to varying levels of technology. As set forth in subdivision (e), a proponent offering an audio, visual, or computer file into evidence is solely responsible for ensuring the court has the means to access it during a court proceeding. Current technology may include the use of portable formats, such as flash drives and compact discs. A judicial district may identify acceptable formats for digital media by local rule.

With regard to other limitations on the use of duplicates, see Pa.R.E. 1003.