1. (1) One of the following Class A alternatives must be used to reduce pathogen content before the material leaves the facility. Alternative 2 is not applicable for composting and alternative 4 can only be used if the process cannot produce operational data that could be used to meet another pathogen reduction (PR) alternative.

   1. (i) Class A - alternative 1. At the time of product use or disposal, either the density of fecal coliform in the product is less than 1,000 most probable number per gram of total solids (dry weight basis) or the density of salmonella sp. bacteria in the product is less than 3 most probable number per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis). In addition, the waste must be treated by one of the following processes:

      1. (a) Composting. Using the windrow composting method, the waste is maintained under aerobic conditions during the compost process. A minimum of 5 turnings is required during a period of 15 consecutive days when the temperature of the waste is not less than 55° C. Using the aerated static pile composting method or the within-vessel composting method, the temperature of the waste is maintained at 55° C or higher for at least 3 consecutive days.

      2. (b) Heat drying. Waste is dried by direct or indirect contact with hot gases to reduce the moisture content of the waste to 10 percent or lower. One of the following must be achieved:

         1. (1) either the temperature of the waste particles must exceed 80° C; or
         2. (2) the wet bulb temperature of the gas in contact with the waste as it leaves the dryer must exceed 80° C.
      3. (c) Heat treatment. Liquid waste is heated to a temperature of 180° C or higher for at least 30 minutes.
      4. (d) Thermophilic aerobic digestion. Liquid waste is agitated with air or oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions and the mean cell residence time of the waste is at least 10 days at 55° C or greater.
      5. (e) Beta ray irradiation. Waste is irradiated with beta rays from an accelerator at dosages of at least 1.0 megarad at room temperature (approximately 20° C).
      6. (f) Gamma ray irradiation. Waste is irradiated with gamma rays from certain isotopes, such as cobalt 60 and cesium 137, at dosages of at least 1.0 megarad at room temperature (approximately 20° C).
      7. (g) Pasteurization. The temperature of the waste is maintained at 70° C or higher for 30 minutes or longer.
      8. (h) Other methods. Other methods or operating conditions can be approved by the department if the department determines that pathogens are reduced to an extent equivalent to the reduction achieved by the above methods.

   2. (ii) Class A - alternative 2. Treatment by thermophilic aerobic or anaerobic digestion. At the time of product use or disposal, either the density of fecal coliform in the product must be less than 1,000 most probable number per gram of total solids (dry weight basis) or the density of salmonella sp. bacteria in the product must be less than 3 most probable number per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis). In addition, the temperature of the waste must be maintained at a specific value for a period of time, as follows:

      1. (a) When the percent solids of the waste is 7 percent or higher, the temperature of the waste must be 50° C or higher, the time period must be 20 minutes or longer, and the temperature and time period must be determined using the following equation, except when small particles of waste are heated by either warmed gases or an immiscible liquid.

         D = 131,700,000/10^{0.1400 t}

         Where,

         D = time in days.

         t = temperature in degrees Celsius.

      2. (b) When the percent solids of the waste is 7 percent or higher and small particles of waste are heated by either warmed gases or an immiscible liquid, the temperature and time period must be determined using the equation in clause (a) of this subparagraph. The temperature of the waste must be 50° C or greater and the time period must be 15 seconds or longer.
      3. (c) When the percent solids of the waste is less than 7 percent and the time period is at least 15 seconds, but less than 30 minutes, the temperature and time period must be determined using the equation in clause (a) of this subparagraph.

      4. (d) When the percent solids of the waste is less than 7 percent, the temperature of the waste is 50° C or higher, and the time period is 30 minutes or longer, the temperature and time period must be determined using the following equation:

         D = 50,070,000/10^{0.1400 t}

         Where,

         D = time in days.

         t = temperature in degrees Celsius.

   3. (iii) Class A - alternative 3. At the time of product use or disposal, either the density of fecal coliform in the product must be less than 1,000 most probable number per gram of total solids (dry weight basis) or the density of salmonella sp. bacteria in the product must be less than 3 most probable number per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis). In addition, the following conditions must be satisfied:

      1. (a) The pH of the waste must be raised to above 12 and remain above 12 for at least 72 hours.
      2. (b) The temperature of the waste must remain above 52° C for 12 hours or longer during the period that the pH of the waste is above 12.
      3. (c) At the end of the 72-hour period during which the pH of the waste is above 12, the waste must be air dried to achieve a percent solids in the waste greater than 50 percent.

   4. (iv) Class A - alternative 4. At the time of product use or disposal, either the density of fecal coliform in the product must be less than 1,000 most probable number per gram of total solids (dry weight basis) or the density of salmonella sp. bacteria in the product must be less than 3 most probable number per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis). In addition, the following conditions must be satisfied:

      1. (a) The density of enteric viruses in the product must be less than 1 plaque-forming unit per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis).

      2. (b) The density of viable helminth ova in the product must be less than 1 per 4 grams of total solids (dry weight basis).

         (b) Vector attraction reduction.

2. (1) One of the following vector attraction reduction methods must be achieved before the material leaves the facility. Vector attraction reduction methods, except the methods found in section 361-3.5(b)(2)(vi)-(viii) of this Subpart, must be met either after meeting the pathogen reduction requirements or at the same time the pathogen reduction requirements are met.

   1. (i) The mass of volatile solids in the waste must be reduced by a minimum of 38 percent.
   2. (ii) If the volatile solids reduction requirement cannot be met for an anaerobically digested waste, vector attraction reduction can be demonstrated by anaerobically digesting a portion of the previously digested waste in a laboratory bench-scale unit for 40 additional days at a temperature between 30° and 37° C. Vector attraction reduction is achieved if the bench-scale digestion produces less than a 17 percent reduction in volatile solids content.
   3. (iii) If the volatile solids reduction requirement cannot be met for an aerobically digested waste, vector attraction reduction can be demonstrated by aerobically digesting a portion of the previously digested waste that has a percent solids of 2 percent or less in a laboratory bench-scale unit for an additional 30 days at 20° C. Vector attraction reduction is achieved if the bench-scale digestion produces less than a 15 percent reduction in volatile solids content.
   4. (iv) The specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) for waste treated in an aerobic process must be equal to or less than 1.5 milligrams of oxygen per hour per gram of total solids (dry weight basis) at a temperature of 20° C.
   5. (v) Waste must be treated by an aerobic process for a minimum of 14 days. Throughout that treatment time, the temperature of the waste must remain higher than 40° C and the average temperature of the waste must be higher than 45° C.
   6. (vi) The pH of the waste must be raised to 12 standard units or higher by alkali addition and, without the addition of more alkali, must remain at 12 or higher for 2 hours, and then must remain at 11.5 or higher for an additional 22 hours.
   7. (vii) For waste that does not contain untreated solids generated in a primary wastewater treatment process, the percent solids of the waste must be equal to or greater than 75 percent, before mixing with other materials, until use.
   8. (viii) For waste that contains untreated solids generated in a primary wastewater treatment process, the percent solids of the waste must be equal to or greater than 90 percent, before mixing with other materials, until use.

(a) Pathogen reduction.