1. (a) Except where the context or circumstances clearly indicate otherwise the word insurer as used in article 23 of the Insurance Law and in these regulations includes two or more insurers:

   1. (1) under common management; or
   2. (2) under common controlling ownership or under other common effective legal control and in fact engaged in joint or cooperative underwriting, investment management, marketing, servicing or administration of their business and affairs as insurers.
2. (b) The terms group, or other organization of insurers which engages in joint underwriting or joint reinsurance, as used in section 2317 of the Insurance Law, shall include a joint underwriting or joint reinsurance arrangement or transaction by two or more insurers with respect to any single risk, regardless of whether such insurers are or are not members of any formal group, association or organization.
3. (c) An improperly charged rate is a rate charged to a policyholder or applicant or to a class of policyholders or applicants which is not in accord with the rating plan, rules, system, manual, or schedules, including prescribed modifications or variations required thereby, then in lawful use by an insurer. It includes cases of misclassification as well as other errors in the application of rates.
4. (d) The term rate service organization as used in article 23 has the meaning assigned it in section 2313 of the Insurance Law.
5. (e) Commercial risk insurance has the meaning assigned it in section 107(a)(47) of the Insurance Law.
6. (f) A dead bolt lock is a lock component, as defined in American National Standard for Auxiliary Locks and Associated Products (ANSI/BHMA A156.5-1992), sponsored and published by the Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association, Inc., 355 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017 having an end which protrudes from, or is withdrawn into, the lock front by action of the lock mechanism. When the door is closed and the dead bolt thrown, it extends into a hole provided in the strike, locks the door, and does not retract with end pressure.
7. (g) Homeowners insurance has the meaning assigned it in section 2351(a) of the Insurance Law.
8. (h) Public entity and public entity insurance have the meanings assigned them, respectively, in section 107(a)(51) and section 107(a)(50) of the Insurance Law.

For the purposes of this Part: