1. (1) the history and effects of discrimination against the protected class; and
2. (2) the extent to which protected class members encounter barriers, disparities, or hostility regarding political participation and civic life.

In determining whether a violation of § 15.7-103(a) of this title has occurred with respect to a protected class, the court may consider evidence relevant to whether protected class members are vulnerable to or otherwise at risk of voting discrimination, including:

Added by Acts 2026, c. 157, § 1, eff. April 28, 2026.