(a) Complaint. The reviewing official will identify the allegations of liability in a complaint. The complaint must identify the following:

1. (1) The allegations of liability against the defendant, including the statutory basis for liability, an identification of the claims or statements that are the basis for the alleged liability, and the reasons why liability allegedly arises from such claims or statements;
2. (2) The maximum amount of penalties and assessments for which the defendant may be held liable;
3. (3) Instructions for filing an answer, including a specific statement of the defendant's right to request a hearing and to be represented by a representative;
4. (4) Identification and contact information for the governmental employee representing the reviewing official in the matter if the reviewing official is not handling the matter personally; and
5. (5) The fact that failure to file an answer within 30 days of service of the complaint will result in the imposition of the maximum amount of penalties and assessments without right to appeal, as provided in § 2419.4(d).
6. (6) At the same time the reviewing official serves the complaint, he or she shall serve the defendant with a copy of these regulations or identify a free online resource where the defendant can access these regulations.

(c) Answer. The defendant may file an answer to the complaint within 30 days of service of the complaint by mail or facsimile to the reviewing official (current mailing address and facsimile numbers posted at https://www.flra.gov/components-offices/offices/office-solicitor).

1. (1) In the answer, the defendant:

   1. (i) Shall admit or deny each of the allegations of liability made in the complaint;
   2. (ii) Shall state any defense on which the defendant intends to rely;
   3. (iii) May state any reasons why the defendant contends that the penalties and assessments should be less than the statutory maximum; and
   4. (iv) Shall state the name, postal address, electronic mail address, and telephone number of the person authorized by the defendant to act as defendant's representative, if any.
2. (2) Hearing. The defendant may request a hearing with the presiding officer within 30 days of service of the complaint. Upon receipt of an answer, the reviewing official shall file the complaint and answer with the presiding officer.
3. (3) General answer. If the defendant is unable to file an answer meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section within the time provided, the defendant may, before the expiration of 30 days from service of the complaint, file with the reviewing official a general answer denying liability and requesting a hearing, and a request for an extension of time within which to file an answer meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. The reviewing official shall file promptly with the presiding officer the complaint, the general answer denying liability, and the request for an extension of time as provided in paragraph (d) of this section. For good cause shown, the presiding officer may grant the defendant up to 30 additional days within which to file an answer meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. The presiding officer shall decide expeditiously whether the defendant shall be granted the additional period of time to file such answer.

(d) Default upon failure to file an answer. If the defendant does not file an answer within the time prescribed in this section, the reviewing official must refer the complaint to the presiding officer within a reasonable time.

1. (1) Upon the referral of the complaint, the presiding officer shall promptly serve on the defendant in the manner prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, a notice that an initial decision will be issued under this section.
2. (2) The presiding officer shall assume the facts alleged in the complaint to be true and, if such facts establish liability under 31 U.S.C. 3802, the presiding officer shall issue an initial decision imposing the maximum amount of penalties and assessments allowed under the statute.
3. (3) Except as otherwise provided in this section, by failing to file a timely answer the defendant waives any right to further review of the penalties and assessments imposed under paragraph (d)(2) of this section and the initial decision shall become final and binding upon the parties 30 days after it is issued.
4. (4) If, before such an initial decision becomes final, the defendant files a motion with the presiding officer seeking to reopen on the grounds that extraordinary circumstances prevented the defendant from filing an answer, the initial decision shall be stayed pending the presiding officer's decision on the motion.
5. (5) If, on such motion, the defendant can demonstrate extraordinary circumstances excusing the failure to file a timely answer, the presiding officer shall withdraw the initial decision in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if such a decision has been issued, and shall grant the defendant an opportunity to answer the complaint.
6. (6) A decision of the presiding officer denying a defendant's motion under paragraph (d)(4) of this section is not subject to reconsideration under § 2419.6(d).
7. (7) The defendant may appeal to the authority head the decision denying a motion to reopen by filing a notice of appeal with the authority head within 15 days after the presiding officer denies the motion. The timely filing of a notice of appeal shall stay the initial decision until the authority head decides the issue.
8. (8) If the defendant files a timely notice of appeal with the authority head, the presiding officer shall forward the record of the proceeding to the authority head.
9. (9) The authority head shall decide expeditiously whether extraordinary circumstances excuse the defendant's failure to file a timely answer based solely on the record before the presiding officer.
10. (10) If the authority head decides that extraordinary circumstances excused the defendant's failure to file a timely answer, the authority head shall remand the case to the presiding officer with instructions to grant the defendant an opportunity to answer.
11. (11) If the authority head decides that the defendant's failure to file a timely answer is not excused, the authority head shall reinstate the initial decision of the presiding officer, which shall become final and binding upon the parties 30 days after the authority head issues such decision.

(e) Presiding officer disqualification and authorities. A presiding officer may be removed from a case on the presiding officer's own initiative or on motion by the parties for disqualification of the presiding officer.

1. (1) Motion and affidavit. The motion shall be accompanied by an affidavit alleging personal bias or other reason for disqualification.

   1. (i) Such motion and affidavit shall be filed promptly with the presiding officer upon the party's discovery of reasons requiring disqualification, or such objections shall be deemed waived.
   2. (ii) Such affidavit shall state specific facts that support the party's belief that personal bias or other reason for disqualification exists and the time and circumstances of the party's discovery of such facts. It shall be accompanied by a certificate of the representative of record that it is made in good faith.
   3. (iii) Upon the filing of such a motion and affidavit, the presiding officer shall proceed no further in the case until the presiding officer resolves the matter of disqualification in accordance with this section.

2. (2) Authority of the presiding officer. The presiding officer shall conduct a fair and impartial hearing, avoid delay, maintain order, and assure that a record of the proceeding is made. The presiding officer has the authority to:

   1. (i) Set and change the date, time, and place of the hearing upon reasonable notice to the parties;
   2. (ii) Continue or recess the hearing in whole or in part for a reasonable period of time;
   3. (iii) Hold conferences to identify or simplify the issues, or to consider other matters that may aid in the expeditious disposition of the proceeding;
   4. (iv) Administer oaths and affirmations;
   5. (v) For the purpose of conducting a hearing, the presiding officer may issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses as well as the production of information as set forth in 31 U.S.C. 3804(b)(2);
   6. (vi) Rule on motions and other procedural matters;
   7. (vii) Regulate the requirements regarding motions including requiring any oral motion to be reduced to writing and establishing the time within which a response to any written motion will be due if the motion will not be due within 15 days after the written motion is served;
   8. (viii) Regulate the scope and timing of discovery;
   9. (ix) Regulate the course of the hearing and the conduct of representatives and parties to include imposing sanctions such as drawing adverse inferences, striking pleadings, deeming items admitted, restricting use of evidence, dismissing an action, or issuing an initial decision—that reasonably relate to the severity and nature of the failure or misconduct;
   10. (x) Examine witnesses;
   11. (xi) Receive, rule on, exclude, or limit evidence;
   12. (xii) Upon motion of a party, take official notice of facts;
   13. (xiii) Upon motion of a party, decide cases, in whole or in part, by summary judgment where there is no disputed issue of material fact;
   14. (xiv) Conduct any conference, argument, or hearing on motions in person or by telephone, videoconference, or other virtual method; and
   15. (xv) Exercise such other authority as is necessary to carry out the responsibilities of the presiding officer under this part.
   16. (xvi) Irrespective of any implications of the above, the presiding officer does not have the authority to find Federal statutes or regulations invalid.

   17. (xvii) Additionally, the presiding officer shall not, except to the extent required for the disposition of ex parte matters as authorized by law:

       1. (A) Consult a person or party on a fact in issue, unless on notice and opportunity for all parties to the hearing to participate; or
       2. (B) Be responsible to or subject to the supervision or direction of the investigating official or the reviewing official.

(f) Prehearing. The prehearing procedures are as follows:

1. (1) Entitlement to review and obtain information. Defendants receiving notice of the hearing from the presiding officer under 31 U.S.C. 3803(d)(2)(B) are entitled to information identified in 31 U.S.C. 3803(e), including a copy of all relevant and material documents, transcripts, records, and other materials, which relate to the allegations and upon which the findings and conclusions of the investigating official are based. Defendants should request any such information from the reviewing official's point of contact identified in the complaint. The reviewing official will provide all requested information expeditiously. Information subject to payment of a fee will be expeditiously provided upon payment of any applicable reasonable duplication fee.

2. (2) Discovery. Unless mutually agreed to by the parties, discovery is available only as ordered by the presiding officer.

   1. (i) The presiding officer may order the following types of discovery:

      1. (A) Requests for production of documents for inspection and copying;
      2. (B) Requests for admissions of the authenticity of any relevant document or of the truth of any relevant fact;
      3. (C) Written interrogatories; and
      4. (D) Depositions.

   2. (ii) A party seeking discovery must file a motion with the presiding officer. Such a motion shall be accompanied by a copy of the requested discovery, or in the case of depositions, a summary of the scope of the proposed deposition. Within 10 days of service, a party may file an opposition to the motion and/or a motion for protective order as provided in § 2419.4(f)(3). The presiding officer may grant a motion for discovery only if he or she finds that the discovery sought:

      1. (A) Is necessary for the expeditious, fair, and reasonable consideration of the issues;
      2. (B) Is not unduly costly or burdensome;
      3. (C) Will not unduly delay the proceeding; and
      4. (D) Does not seek privileged information.
   3. (iii) The burden of showing that discovery should be allowed is on the party seeking discovery.
   4. (iv) The presiding officer shall regulate the timing of discovery.

3. (3) Protective orders. A party or a prospective witness or deponent may file a motion for a protective order with respect to discovery sought by an opposing party or with respect to the hearing, seeking to limit the availability or disclosure of evidence. The presiding officer may issue any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following:

   1. (i) That the discovery not be had;
   2. (ii) That the discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place;
   3. (iii) That the discovery may be had only through a method of discovery other than that requested;
   4. (iv) That certain matters not be the subject of inquiry, or that the scope of discovery be limited to certain matters;
   5. (v) That discovery be conducted with no one present except persons designated by the presiding officer;
   6. (vi) That the contents of discovery or evidence be sealed;
   7. (vii) That a sealed deposition be opened only by order of the presiding officer;
   8. (viii) That a trade secret or other confidential research, development, commercial information, or facts pertaining to any criminal investigation, proceeding, or other administrative investigation not be disclosed or be disclosed only in a designated way; or
   9. (ix) That the parties simultaneously file specified documents.

4. (4) Prehearing orders. The presiding officer shall issue scheduling orders the presiding officer deems appropriate to ensure a fair and impartial hearing, avoid delay, maintain order, and assure that a record of the proceeding is made. At a minimum, the presiding officer must issue an order that:

   1. (i) Sets the hearing in a location permissible under 31 U.S.C. 3803(g)(4);
   2. (ii) Provides the written notice required by 31 U.S.C. 3803(g)(2)(A);
   3. (iii) Governs the exchange of witness lists, statements, and exhibits;
   4. (iv) Ensures the defendant has an opportunity to present their case, to submit rebuttal evidence, and to conduct such cross-examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts; and
   5. (v) Includes in any written notice of a hearing to a defendant a description of the procedures for the conduct of the hearing.