(b) The Legislature further finds and declares all of the following:

1. (1) California is recognized as a leader in establishing performance standards for its air quality programs and those standards have been adopted by many other states and countries.
2. (2) Studies show that a minority of motor vehicles produce a disproportionate amount of the pollution caused by vehicle emissions. Those vehicles are referred to as gross polluters.
3. (3) The concept of periodic testing alone does not act as a sufficient deterrent to tampering, or as a sufficient incentive for vigilant vehicle maintenance by a significant percentage of motorists. Gross polluters continue to be driven on the roadways of California.

4. (4)

   1. (A) New technology, known as remote sensing, offers great promise as a cost-effective means to detect vehicles emitting excess emissions as the vehicles are being driven. This type of detection offers many valuable applications, especially its use between scheduled tests, as an inexpensive, random, and pervasive means of identifying vehicles which are gross polluters and targeting those vehicles for repair or other methods of emission reduction.
   2. (B) Another new technology, the development of emissions profiles for motor vehicles, allows the motor vehicle inspection program to accurately identify both high- and low-emitting vehicles. This technology may allow the full or partial exception of certain vehicles from biennial certification requirements to the extent determined by the department.

5. (5) California continues to seek strict adherence to federal and state performance standards and to results-based evaluations that meet the state’s unique circumstances, and which consist of all of the following:

   1. (A) Acceptance of the shared obligation and personal responsibility required to successfully inspect and maintain millions of motor vehicles. Specifically, that obligation begins with this chapter, and extends through those regulators charged with its implementation and enforcement. Through the enactment of the 1994 amendments to this chapter, the Legislature hereby recognizes and seeks to encourage, through a number of innovative and significant steps, the critical role that each California motorist must play in maintaining his or her vehicle’s emission control systems in proper working order, in such a way as to continuously meet mandated emission control standards and ensure for California the clean air essential to the health of its citizens, its communities, and its economy.
   2. (B) A focus on the detection, diagnosis, and repair of broken, tampered, or malfunctioning vehicle emission control systems.
   3. (C) Flexibility to incorporate and implement future new scientific findings and technological advances.
   4. (D) Consideration of convenience and costs to those who are required to participate, including motorists, smog check stations, and technicians.
   5. (E) An enforcement program which is vigorous and effective and includes monitoring of the performance of the smog check test or repair stations and technicians, as well as the monitoring of vehicle emissions as vehicles are being driven.

(c) The Legislature further finds and declares that California is, as of the effective date of this section, implementing a number of motor vehicle emission reduction strategies far beyond the effort undertaken by any other state, including all of the following:

1. (1) California certification standards exceed those of the other 49 states, increasing the cost of a new car to a California consumer by one hundred fifty dollars ($150) or more.
2. (2) State board regulations mandate increasing availability for sale of low-emission, ultra-low emission, and zero-emission vehicles, including, by 2003, 10 percent zero-emission vehicles.
3. (3) Effective in 1996, state board regulations mandate the reformulation of gasoline for reduced emissions, at an estimated increased production cost of 5 to 15 cents per gallon due to refinery modifications and higher production costs.
4. (4) Cleaner diesel fuel regulations, more stringent than federal standards, took effect in California in October 1993, increasing diesel fuel costs by 4 to 6 cents per gallon.
5. (5) California law provides for vehicle registration surcharges of up to four dollars ($4) per vehicle in nonattainment areas for air quality-related projects.
6. (6) California law taxes cleaner fuels at one-half the rate of gasoline and diesel fuel.
7. (7) California law provides tax credits for the purchase of low-emission vehicles.
8. (8) California requires smog checks and repairs whenever a vehicle changes ownership, some 3 million vehicles annually, in addition to the regular biennial tests.
9. (9) Low-value vehicles are discouraged from entering California due to the imposition of a three hundred dollar ($300) smog impact fee on vehicles that are not manufactured to California certification standards.
10. (10) California imposes sales taxes on motor vehicle fuels and dedicates most of those revenues to mass transit. This increases the cost of fuels by seven cents ($.07) per gallon.
11. (11) Transportation sales taxes in most urban counties also generate substantial funding for transit and other congestion-reduction measures, costing the average urban California resident fifty dollars ($50) to one hundred dollars ($100) annually, which would be the equivalent of another 8 to 16 cents per gallon of fuel.